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Swine: Planning Swine Facilities1
Randy Walker2CONSIDERATIONS IN ESTABLISHING SWINE UNITS
When planning facilities for swine, many facets of the industry must be taken into consideration, such as:(1) Location of the facilities in regard to zoning in a particular county.
(2) Sufficient land to provide for future expansion.
(3) Waste disposal- consider use; such as lagooning, separation of solids from liquids, transferring to pasture or crops via pumping or mechanically injecting into the soil.
(4) Drainage and soil type in relation to development of lagoon systems for animal wastes.
(5) Prevailing winds in relation to housing by the owner as well as potential neighbors.
(6) Decision on type of swine enterprise to be initiated, feeder pig production, farrow to finish unit or feed out unit.
(7) Feed source economics of supplying the unit with feed ingredients required to be able to compete with other areas of the country.
(8) Market outlet marketing facilities available in an area, livestock markets, packing houses and outlets for breeding stock.
(9) Capital requirements- sufficient capital should be available to finance the operation for at least two years, and preferably three years, to allow adequate market flow.
(10) Availability of information in the area that producers can draw on--county agents, experiment stations, and related swine feed equipment resources in the area.
(11) Availability of qualified veterinary services.
SWINE PRODUCTION GUIDE
Swine Table 1 , showing the swine production guide, gives guidelines for varying size units, background with needed requirements of space, equipment needs, water and storage. Careful study of this table along with the following tables 2-16 furnishes the needed information for modern swine production.
Tables
Table 1. Swine Production Guide.
Number of Farrowing Stalls (pens) 10
10
10*
20
20
20
30
30
30
40
40
40
Number of Sows 10
20
50
40
80
100
60
120
150
80
160
200
Number of Groups of Sows 1
2
5
2
4
5
2
4
5
2
4
5
Number of Farrowing Periods 2
4
12
4
8**
12
4
8**
12
4
8**
12
Number of Pigs Farrowed Per Year When Litter Size Is: 8-
160
320
960
640
1280
1920
960
1920
2880
1280
2560
3840
9-
180
360
1080
720
1440
2160
1080
2160
3240
1440
2880
4320
10-
200
400
1200
800
1600
2400
1200
2400
3600
1600
3200
2200
Nursery Space Required Sq.Ft.*** +
+
550
+
500
1100
+
750
1650
+
1000
2200
Max. Number of Pigs in Finishing at One Time: 80
80
360
160
320
720
240
480
1080
320
640
1440
Max. Finishing Area (8 Sq. Ft./Hog)+ 640
640
2880
1280
2560
5760
1920
3840
8640
2560
5120
115
Number of Feeder Spaces++ Nursery:
--
--
27
--
110
120
--
160
180
---
220
240
Finishing:
27
27
120
55
110
240
80
160
360
110
22
480
Waterers Needed --
--
9
--
20
18
--
30
27
20
40
36
5
5
18
10
20
36
15
30
54
20
40
72
Avg.Gal. Water Needed Per Day (Sows Included) 150
300
900
600
1200
1800
900
1800
2700
1200
2400
3600
Avg.Gal. Manure Storage Per Month (Increased 50% for Water Wastage) 4K
8K
24K
16K
32K
48K
24K
48K
72K
32K
64K
96K
* When considering large units, 100-500, multiples of the 10 stall units could be used as a guideline. ** When 8 farrowings per year is followed, then 5 to 6 week weaning may be practiced with a 4to 5 week stay in the nursery. *** Based on Pen Space of 2.5 to 3.0 Per Animal. + In 2 and 4 farrowings per year, pigs can be left in the farrowing house from weaning until they weigh approximately 50-75 lbs. No nursery will be needed. Completely slotted farrowing pen floors work best in this system. ++ See the section "Estimated Amounts of Feed Required Per Hog by Periods". Table 2. Feeders and Waterers Per Pig.
Weaning to 75 lb
75-125 lb
125 lb to Market
Number of pigs per automatic waterer
20-25
20-25
20-25
Number of pigs per self feeder hole (or per linear foot) Confinement:
4
3
3
Pasture:
4-5
3-4
3-4
Table 3. Average Feed Consumption Per Day.
Sow Size
Method
Amount Daily*
Daily Gain
During Gestation
Limit feed
(Pasture)
3 lb
---
(Confinement)
4 lb
---
Lactation
Full Feed
12 lb
---
Growing Hogs
10 lb
Full Feed
.5 lb
.3 lb
30 lb
Full Feed
1.9 lb
1.0 lb
75 lb
Full Feed
4.6 lb
1.6 lb
150 lb
Full Feed
7.0 lb
2.0 lb
220 lb
Full Feed
9.5 lb
2.1 lb
* Properly balanced diet that meets animal's daily nutrient requirements. Table 4. Average Water Consumption.
Weight of Hog
lb of Water Daily*
Gallons
12
4.0
0.5
50
8.0
1.0
100
8-12
1.0-1.5
150
12-17
1.5-2.0
200
17-21
2.0-2.5
250
21-25
2.5-3.0
Sow during gestation
25.0
3.0-4.0
Sow during lactation
50.0
4-7
* When water is used for cleaning and mist coolers, double water requirements given in table.
Note: As a rule of thumb, water consumption by swine will be about twice the feed intake. They will tend to drink somewhat more in hot weather. Lactating sows will have a water intake of about three times their feed intake.
Table 5. Slatted Floor Material.
Material
Expected Life*
Advantages
Disadvantages
Aluminum
8-10
Easy Installation and long life
Temperature-cold
Concrete
10
Long life
Temperature-cold
Expanded metal
3
Dry, easily cleaned
Short life
Expanded metal (plastic coated)
3-8
Comfortable, easily cleaned
Questionable life span
Plastic fiberglass
4-6
Easily installed
Questionable life span
Steel
3-5
Easily installed and cleaned
Temperature-cold
Stainless steel
10
Easily installed and cleaned
Temperature-cold
Wood
3
Lowest installation cost
Short life
* Quality of material installed determines life expectancy.
Table 6. Slatted Floor Spacing.
Type
Width
Space Farrowing
3"-5"
3/8"*
Early weaning**
2"-4"
3/4"
Nursery
4"-5"
1"
Growing
4"-5"
1"
Finishing 4"-8"
1"
* Widen spacing to 1 1/4 inch at rear of sow and cover with grate while farrowing.
** Early weaning at 2 weeks or older.
Square Feet Per Animal
Weight of Pig
Slatted
Solid Floor
Win
Sum
Win
Sum
10-25 2
2
3
3
25-40
3
3
4
4
40-100
4
4
5
5
100-150
6
6
7
8
150-210
7
8
8
10
Sow
15
17
15
17
* Win - Winter season
Sum - Summer season
Size of Pig
Optimum
Maximum
Weaning to 75 lb
16
30-30
75 lb to market
5-15
25-50
Ventilation rates, cfm
Life stage
Unit
Cold
weather
Mild
weather
Hot*
weather
cfm/hd
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (or sow + litter) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Prenursery pig
12-30 lb.
2
10
25
Nursery pig
30-75 lb.
3
15
35
Growing pig
75-150 lb.
7
24
75
Finishing pig
150-220 lb.
10
35
120
Gestating sow
325 lb.
12
40
150
Boar/Breeding sow
400 lb.
14
50
300
* These rates may be reduced when supplemental cooling is available in hot weather; and may be increased when air velocities on pigs are low in summer. ** 500 cfm is the generally recommended hot weather rate in farrowing, however local recommendations range from 250 cfm in northern areas of the United States to 1000 cfm or more in the southeast and southwest.
The rate for each season is the total capacity needed. For sow and litter: 20 cfm/unit (cold weather) + 60 cfm/unit = 80 cfm unit (mild); add 420 cfm/unit for 500 cfm/unit total hot weather rate.
Cold weather rate: In some cases, this airflow needs to be adjustable, due to a change in the number of animals in the room or due to their growth. Ideally, at least one fan should operate at all times when the inside temperature is above 350°F. Set a thermostat to shut the fan off when the inside temperature drops below 350°F and activate an alarm to notify the operator. This fan should supply the cfm rate listed in Table 1 under "Cold weather rate". The should exhaust the air from above any stored liquid manure
Mild weather rate: Provide additional airflow, thermostatically set to start in 3-5 degree steps, from lowest desired temperature to prevent sudden drops in temperature. These fans, together with the cold weather fans, provide the capacity for outdoor temperatures up to about 550°F.
Hot weather rate: Provide additional fans to supply the cfm rates listed under "Hot weather rate". Some or all of these fans should be operated when the inside building temperature is above 750°F. Hot weather rate airflow capacity of sows and litters and breeding animals can be reduced somewhat by utilizing drip cooling or zone cooling (water evaporation or mechanical air conditioning) of sows and boars.
Most growing-finishing facilities in the southeastern U.S. are curtain sided buildings that utilize natural ventilation. The curtains can be opened or closed depending upon temperature. This type of ventilation works well if the building is not too wide.
Table 10. Liquid Manure Capacity Conversion Guides.
Cu. Ft.
= Length x width x depth
1 Cu. Ft.
= 7.5 gal.
1 gal.
= 8.35 lb
1 Cu. Ft.
= 62.5 lb
1 Ton
= 32 Cu. Ft.
1 Cu. Yd.
= 27 Cu. Ft.
Storage Capacity Needed
No. animals x daily manure production x days storage time desired + extra water.
Table 11. Approximate Daily Manure Production.
Weight of Hog
Cu.Ft./Day-Solid & Liquid
Gallons/Day
50 lb
1/15
.5
100 lb
1/8
1.0
150 lb
1/5
1.7
200 lb
1/4
2.0
250 lb
1/3
2.6
Bred Sows
1/8
1.0
Lactating Sows
1/2
3.5
Table 12. Manure Disposal Systems.
Type
Requirements
Storage Tank
1-2 gal. per day per head. Plan for 2-6 month storage capacity. Manure is removed and spread on crop land. Commercial pumps and spreaders available.
Lagoon System
50-100 square feet of surface per pig. Water volume required: 2 cubic feet X number of animals X max. animal weight.
Table 13. Manure Tank Storage Needs.
Size of Hog
1 Month
3 Months
6 Months
50 lb
16 gals
48 gals
96 gals
100
30
90
180
200
60
180
360
Gestating Sow
30
90
180
Lactating Sow
105
315
630
Table 14. Tank Storage Size (Capacity of Tank 5 Feet Deep).
When Tank Length is:
Inside Tank Width
10 Feet
20 Feet
30 Feet
40 Feet
4 feet
1,500 gals.
3,000
4,500
6,000
6 feet
2,250
4,500
6,750
9,000
8 feet
3,000
6,000
9,000
12,000
Table 15. Approximate dry matter and fertilizer nutrient composition of swine manure at time applied to the land.1
Manure
Handling
Dry
Ammonium
Total
System
Matter
N2
P2O53
K2O4
N5
Solid
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - lb./ton - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Without bedding
18(15-20)
7( 6- 9)
9( 7-13)
8( 6-10)
10( 9-11)
With bedding
18(17-20)
6( 5- 8)
7( 5-10)
7( 6- 9)
8( 7-10)
Liquid
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - lb./1,000 gal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Anaerobic storage
4( 2- 7)
26(21-31)
27(13-30)
22(12-30)
36(28-55)
Lagoon6
1(.3- 2)
4( 2- 5)
2( 1- 4)
4( 2- 6)
4( 3- 6)
1 - Application conversion factors: 1 bu. = 40-60 lb. solid manure; 1,000 gal. = about 4 tons.
2 - Ammonium N, which is available to the plant during the growing season.
3 - To convert to elemental P, multiply by 0.44. 4 - To convert to elemental K, multiply by 0.83. 5 - Ammonium-N plus organic N, which is slow releasing. 6 - Includes feedlot runoff water and is sized as follows: single cell - 2 cu. ft./lb. animal weight; two-cell lagoon-cell 1, 1-2 cu. ft./lb. animal wt. and cell 2, 1 cu. ft./lb. animal weight.
Table 16. Concrete Conversion Guide.
Cu. Yd.
= 81 Sq. ft. 4" floor
= 54 Sq. ft. 6" floor
* Recommended minimum 3,000 psi and maximum 4,000 psi concrete and use medium aggregates.
Flush systems: Two different types of flush systems are presently being used, dump and syphon, in confinement housing. They do an excellent job when constructed properly. Contact University of Florida Extension Agriculture Engineer for assistance before construction begins, to be assured of a working system.
Footnotes
1. This document is RF-AA082, one of a series of the Animal Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date December 1, 1992. Reviewed June 1, 2003. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.2. Former Extension Swine Specialist, Department of Animal Science, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0910.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.
Copyright Information
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