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Seed Germination Testing ("Rag-Doll" Test)1
Y.C. Newman (editor), C. G. Chambliss and M. B. Adjei 2It is often important to determine the potential germination rate of seeds that have been held over from previous years. A fairly simple procedure can be conducted at home. Seeds that will not germinate in a "rag doll" most likely will not germinate in the field.
Properly used, the rag-doll test is very useful. After a simple, quick test, you will know if you need to buy new seed because the leftover seed has deteriorated, or if you need to plant at a higher rate because some reduction in germination has occurred and you recognize that you will not have ideal seedling vigour.
The following steps describe the "rag doll" test and provide suggestions for obtaining the most reliable results.
Table 1. Seed Germination Time for Common Forage Plants in Florida*
- Use a firm paper towel such as a brown hand towel or equivalent (the soft, very absorbent paper towels often used in a kitchen make poor rag dolls because they allow roots and shoots to penetrate into the fiber, making seedlings difficult to remove during counting). If no other type of towel is available, the soft towels can be used, but it is best to use a double layer. These towels often hold too much water, which drowns the seeds.
- Wet the paper towel and allow free water to drip off for a minute. Lay the wet towel on a clean surface (bleached if possible) and add seeds.
- Count out 100 seeds (50 for larger seeds like corn, peanuts, and soybeans) and place them on one half of the towel. Fold the towel over and roll it into a moderately tight tube. Rolling it around a pencil works well. If there is more than one rag-doll, be sure to label each one. It works well to put a piece of paper with identification written in pencil in the upper margin of the ragdoll. Either tie at the end to make a "rag doll", or place the tube in a jar or sealable plastic bag.
- Position the rag doll so the tube is upright--doing this causes roots to grow down and shoots to grow up so that seedlings are more easily removed during counting. The rag doll should be kept in a warm place (between 75° and 85°F). A little water in the bottom of the jar or plastic bag ensures adequate moisture.
- Make the first germination count in about three days, for most crops. Open the towel and count the seedlings as you remove them. Fold and roll back the into a tube. After another three to four days make another count. If you had 100 seeds, the number of seedlings removed equals the percentage germination. If you had 50 seeds, the number of seedlings removed multiplied by 2 equals percentage germination. Germination time for most forage seeds is approximately between 7-20 days (Table 1).
- You can distinguish hard or firm (dormant) seeds from dead seeds by pushing down on each nongerminated seed with the flat part of a pencil eraser. If the seed does not flatten with gentle pressure, it is considered hard. Hard seed are dormant and may germinate later on in the same season or next season. These are counted as good seed. Dead seeds are usually moldy at the end of the test and will flatten under an eraser.
Common Name Approximate
Germination
Time (days)
Alfalfa 7
Alyceclover 21
Austrian Winter Pea 8
Bahiagrass 21
Clovers 7-10
Corn 7
Cowpea 8
Crabgrass (aged) 12
Dallisgrass 21
Indiangrass 21
Millet 7
Peanut 8
Ryegrass, annual 7
Small grains (Barley, Oats and Wheat) 7
Sorghum 10
Soybean 7
Sudangrass 7
Switchgrass 21
Velvetbean (mucuna) 14
Vetch, hairy 10
*Adapted from Ball, Donald M., Carl S. Hoveland and Garry D. Lacefield, eds. Southern Forages, 3rd ed. Atlanta: Potash & Phosphate Institute, 2002.
Footnotes
1. This document is SS-AGR-179, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First published 1999. Revised September 2007. The information in this document was adapted from Production and Utilization of Pasture and Forages in North Carolina, Technical Bulletin 305, North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University and is published with their permission. This publication is also part of the Florida Forage Handbook, an electronic publication of the Agronomy Department. For more information you may contact Y.C. Newman (ycnew@ufl.edu). Please visit the Edis website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.2. Y.C. Newman (editor), assistant professor, extension forage specialist, Agronomy Department; C. G. Chambliss (deceased), associate professor, Agronomy Department; M. B. Adjei (deceased), associate professor, Agronomy Department; Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.
Copyright Information
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