Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle1
FEEDING STANDARDS
Feeding standards have been used since the late 1800s to help guide nutritionists and livestock producers in formulating rations and feeding livestock. Periodically, the standards are updated to encompass the most current research information available. The standards that are now available, entitled "Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle," were updated in 1988 by a subcommittee on Dairy Cattle Nutrition of the National Research Council.Table 1, Table 2 and Table 3 show the nutrient requirements of dairy cattle as developed by the National Research Council (1988).Figures
The energy requirements used from this publication are expressed as net energy for maintenance (NEM), net energy for lactation (NEL) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Even though both TDN and NEL are acceptable measures of energy, NEL is expressed as megacalories (Mcal) whereas TDN is given in pounds.The NEL is defined as the energy contained in the milk produced. Since milk fat is high in energy, cows producing a higher fat testing milk require more energy per pound of milk (Table 2).Protein
As milk production increases, it becomes important that some dietary protein escape degradation in rumen fermentation. Protein that bypasses the rumen is degraded to amino acids and absorbed from the small intestine for utilization. These essential amino acids are needed by the high producing cow and must come either from dietary protein that escapes degradation or microbial protein produced during rumen fermentation and passed along to the small intestine.The 1988 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle discussed for the first time both absorbed and crude protein. The dietary intake protein is described as undegradable intake protein (UIP) and degradable intake protein (DIP). Although a specific percent UIP is not stated, the calculations suggest 35 to 40% bypass protein.Processing or heat treatment of feedstuffs increases the amount of bypass protein in the feedstuff. Commonly used bypass protein supplements are distillers' grains, brewers' grains, corn gluten meal, blood meal, meat and bone meal, feather meal and heat treated soybeans ().For faster usage and convenience, Table 3 has been developed to contain the combined requirements for maintenance and milk production for different sized dairy cows producing milk containing 3.5% fat. The compiled information in Table 3 will save time in calculating requirements.FEEDS AND THEIR COMPOSITION
Table 4 contains a list of the more common feed ingredients used in Florida. Values given on ingredients are dry matter (DM); crude protein (CP); bypass protein (BP); total digestible nutrients (TDN); net energy for lactation (NEL); fat, calcium (Ca); phosphorus (Phos); sodium (Na); magnesium (Mg); potassium (K); and sulfur (S). The TDN and NEL refers to the energy content of the feed; either may be used in formulating rations. Table 5 shows the mineral composition of feeds commonly used in dairy cattle rations (U.S. Fed.).FORMULATING DAIRY RATIONS
Rations are nutritionally balanced and formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of animals performing at different levels. The nutrient requirements for maintenance and milk production for different sized animals including energy, protein, calcium and phosphorus.Consider the following example where a herd receives a known amount of corn silage as the primary roughage. First, the crude protein (OP) and total digestable nutrients(TDN) of the roughage are determined and subtracted from the requirements. The remainder will need to be supplied by the concentrate as shown below.The purchased concentrate should contain about 20% crude protein, 70% TDN, 0.80% Ca, and 0.50% phosphorus so that the 34.5 lb of concentrate provide the needed requirements. Most concentrates contain about 70% TDN (Example 1).Calculations: 23.9 lb TDN needed divided by .70 (TDN) = 34.2% Conc. required.6.49 lb needed CP divided by 34.2 lb conc. = .19 or 20.0% protein needed in conc.The most critical period in the cow's lactation is from parturition until peak production which takes from 5 to 8 weeks postpartum. It is during this period that the stage is set for obtaining the highest possible peak in production and also for the onset of normal reproductive cycling which may occur as early as 2 to 3 weeks in some cows. To be successful, the best strategies must be applied that include many areas such as feeding and management practices, quality and balance of feed, feed bunk management, milk practices, and the maintenance of good health.Tables
Table 1. Daily nutrient requirements for maintenance of mature lactating cows.*
Body |
Crude |
- Vitamins - |
|||||
Wt. |
Protein |
NEL |
TDN |
Ca |
Phos |
A D |
|
(lb) |
(lb) |
(Mcal) |
(lb) |
(lb) |
(lb) |
-(1000 IU)- |
|
| 1000 |
.98 |
7.86 |
7.58 |
.041 |
.029 |
34 |
14 |
| 1200 |
1.18 |
9.02 |
8.70 |
.049 |
.034 |
41 |
16 |
| 1400 |
1.37 |
10.12 |
9.76 |
.057 |
.040 |
48 |
19 |
| *Add 20% for growth of lactating cows during first lactation. |
|||||||
Table 2. Milk production -- nutrients per pound of milk of different fat percentages.
Crude |
|||||
Fat |
Protein |
NEL (Mcal) |
TDN |
Ca |
Phos |
(%) |
(lb) |
(lb) |
(lb) |
(lb) |
|
3.0 |
.073 |
.29 |
.280 |
.0027 |
.0017 |
3.5 |
.079 |
.31 |
.301 |
.0030 |
.0018 |
4.0 |
.086 |
.33 |
.322 |
.0032 |
.0020 |
4.5 |
.092 |
.36 |
.343 |
.0035 |
.0021 |
5.0 |
.100 |
.38 |
.364 |
.0037 |
.0023 |
5.5 |
.105 |
.40 |
.385 |
.0039 |
.0024 |
Table 3. Combined requirements for maintenance and milk production at various levels for cows of three different sizes producing 3.5% milk fat (NRC 1988.)
Daily Nutrient Requirements |
||||||
lb |
Body |
CP |
NEL |
TDN |
Ca |
Phos |
Milk |
Wt |
(lb) |
(Mcal) |
(lb) |
(lb) |
(lb) |
(lb) |
||||||
30 |
1000 |
3.35 |
17.2 |
16.7 |
.131 |
.083 |
1200 |
3.55 |
18.3 |
17.4 |
.139 |
.088 |
|
1400 |
3.74 |
19.4 |
18.8 |
.147 |
.094 |
|
40 |
1000 |
4.14 |
20.3 |
19.7 |
.161 |
.101 |
1200 |
4.34 |
21.4 |
20.8 |
.169 |
.106 |
|
1400 |
4.53 |
22.5 |
21.8 |
.177 |
.112 |
|
50 |
1000 |
4.93 |
23.4 |
22.7 |
.191 |
.119 |
1200 |
5.13 |
24.5 |
23.8 |
.199 |
.124 |
|
1400 |
5.32 |
25.6 |
24.9 |
.207 |
.130 |
|
60 |
1000 |
5.72 |
26.5 |
25.7 |
.221 |
.137 |
1200 |
5.92 |
27.6 |
26.8 |
.229 |
.142 |
|
1400 |
6.11 |
28.7 |
27.9 |
.237 |
.148 |
|
70 |
1000 |
6.51 |
29.6 |
28.7 |
.251 |
.155 |
1200 |
6.71 |
30.7 |
29.8 |
.259 |
.160 |
|
1400 |
6.90 |
31.8 |
30.9 |
.267 |
.166 |
|
75 |
1000 |
6.91 |
31.1 |
30.2 |
.270 |
.170 |
1400 |
7.30 |
33.4 |
32.4 |
.280 |
.180 |
|
80 |
1000 |
7.30 |
32.7 |
31.7 |
.281 |
.173 |
1400 |
7.69 |
34.9 |
33.9 |
.297 |
.184 |
|
85 |
1400 |
8.10 |
36.5 |
35.4 |
.312 |
.193 |
90 |
1400 |
8.48 |
38.0 |
36.9 |
.327 |
.202 |
100 |
1400 |
9.27 |
41.2 |
40.8 |
.360 |
.230 |
110 |
1400 |
10.06 |
44.2 |
42.9 |
.390 |
.240 |
120 |
1400 |
10.85 |
47.4 |
45.9 |
.420 |
.260 |
Table 4. Composition of feeds commonly used in dairy cattle rations (as fed).
NEL |
||||||
DM (%) |
CP (%) |
BP* (%) |
TDN (%) |
Milk (Mcal) |
Fat (%) |
|
| Alfalfa hay, early bloom |
89 |
18.0 |
20 |
52 |
53 |
2.0 |
| Alfalfa hay, full bloom |
89 |
13.0 |
30 |
48 |
48 |
1.8 |
| Alfalfa, haylage |
50 |
8.0 |
25 |
28 |
28 |
1.5 |
| Alfalfa pellets |
90 |
17.0 |
35 |
50 |
50 |
1.8 |
| Alfalfa silage |
35 |
6.0 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
1.0 |
| Bahia hay |
88 |
6.0 |
30 |
42 |
43 |
1.4 |
| Bakery, dried product |
91 |
10.0 |
20 |
80 |
82 |
13.6 |
| Barley, grain |
89 |
11.0 |
27 |
74 |
77 |
1.8 |
| Beet pulp, dried |
91 |
7.2 |
45 |
70 |
74 |
0.6 |
| Bermuda hay (coastal) |
89 |
9.0 |
35 |
42 |
40 |
1.7 |
| Bermuda silage |
32 |
3.8 |
30 |
19 |
18 |
0.6 |
| Bermuda pellets |
89 |
8.5 |
40 |
46 |
44 |
0.9 |
| Blood meal |
92 |
80.0 |
82 |
61 |
63 |
1.3 |
| Brewers grains |
91 |
24.0 |
54 |
62 |
62 |
5.3 |
| Brewers grains, wet |
30 |
7.9 |
50 |
21 |
21 |
1.7 |
| Canola meal (Rapeseed) |
91 |
35.0 |
30 |
63 |
64 |
---- |
| Carrot, roots |
12 |
1.2 |
50 |
10 |
10 |
0.2 |
| Citrus pulp |
90 |
6.2 |
35 |
70 |
72 |
3.0 |
| Citrus pulp, silage |
20 |
1.3 |
30 |
17 |
17 |
1.6 |
| Citrus pulp, pelleted |
90 |
6.2 |
40 |
72 |
72 |
3.0 |
| Clover hay, alsike |
88 |
12.3 |
35 |
50 |
48 |
2.4 |
| Clover hay, ladino |
90 |
17.0 |
35 |
54 |
52 |
2.5 |
| Clover-grass mix |
88 |
11.0 |
50 |
50 |
48 |
2.8 |
| Corn meal |
89 |
8.6 |
50 |
80 |
82 |
3.5 |
| Corn, high moisture |
72 |
6.2 |
70 |
63 |
65 |
2.8 |
| Corn, high moisture ear |
70 |
6.7 |
50 |
52 |
53 |
2.4 |
| Corn ear, snapped |
89 |
7.8 |
40 |
70 |
70 |
2.9 |
| Corn silage |
30 |
2.4 |
30 |
20 |
20 |
---- |
| Corn cobs, ground |
90 |
2.5 |
40 |
45 |
40 |
0.4 |
| Corn gluten feed |
90 |
21.5 |
25 |
74 |
74 |
2.2 |
| Corn distillers |
92 |
27.0 |
52 |
78 |
80 |
9.0 |
| Corn gluten meal |
91 |
60.0 |
55 |
81 |
82 |
2.2 |
| Corrugated boxes, ground |
92 |
---- |
-- |
70 |
72 |
--- |
| Cottonseed, whole |
91 |
22.0 |
25 |
89 |
91 |
21.0 |
| Cottonseed meal |
92 |
41.0 |
40 |
70 |
71 |
3.6 |
| Cottonseed hulls |
90 |
4.0 |
40 |
40 |
34 |
1.0 |
| Cowpea hay |
90 |
16.0 |
30 |
42 |
40 |
2.5 |
| Fats and oils |
99 |
---- |
-- |
80 |
36 |
--- |
| Feather meal |
90 |
80.0 |
70 |
63 |
64 |
2.5 |
| Fish meal |
90 |
60.0 |
65 |
63 |
64 |
7.2 |
| Hominy feed |
89 |
10.5 |
50 |
82 |
83 |
6.0 |
| Lespedeza hay |
92 |
12.0 |
30 |
44 |
42 |
2.8 |
| Linseed meal |
91 |
35.0 |
35 |
73 |
74 |
5.0 |
| Malt sprouts |
90 |
25.0 |
40 |
65 |
67 |
--- |
| Meat and bone meal |
93 |
50.0 |
49 |
66 |
68 |
9.6 |
| Molasses, cane |
70 |
6.0 |
-- |
62 |
65 |
--- |
| Molasses, cane, dehyd. |
96 |
4.8 |
-- |
80 |
82 |
--- |
| Millet silage |
30 |
1.8 |
20 |
13 |
14 |
--- |
| Milo, grain |
88 |
11.0 |
50 |
70 |
74 |
2.8 |
| Oats, grain |
89 |
11.0 |
40 |
70 |
72 |
4.4 |
| Oat silage |
30 |
3.1 |
25 |
18 |
18 |
1.0 |
| Oat hay |
88 |
7.4 |
30 |
48 |
46 |
2.7 |
| Oats, fresh |
20 |
2.1 |
20 |
14 |
15 |
0.6 |
| Pangola hay |
90 |
6.0 |
30 |
38 |
38 |
1.0 |
| Pea seed, field |
90 |
22.0 |
25 |
74 |
75 |
1.2 |
| Peanut meal |
92 |
50.0 |
25 |
74 |
74 |
1.0 |
| Peanut hulls, coarse |
89 |
6.0 |
30 |
20 |
16 |
1.0 |
| Peanut hulls, pelleted |
92 |
6.0 |
40 |
24 |
20 |
1.0 |
| Peanut skins |
90 |
17.0 |
40 |
60 |
62 |
16.0 |
| Peanut hay |
90 |
8.5 |
30 |
46 |
45 |
3.1 |
| Ryegrass silage |
28 |
2.5 |
22 |
16 |
17 |
0.5 |
| Ryegrass hay |
90 |
10.0 |
30 |
54 |
56 |
1.8 |
| Rye seed, grain |
89 |
12.0 |
40 |
74 |
74 |
2.1 |
| Rye silage |
28 |
3.4 |
25 |
16 |
16 |
1.0 |
| Rice bran |
91 |
12.4 |
35 |
60 |
62 |
12.0 |
| Rice hulls, ground |
92 |
2.8 |
60 |
15 |
10 |
0.9 |
| Rice millfeed |
90 |
6.0 |
30 |
30 |
32 |
3.0 |
| Sorghum, grain, silage |
30 |
2.4 |
50 |
18 |
17 |
--- |
| Sorghum, forage silage |
30 |
2.1 |
50 |
17 |
16 |
--- |
| Soybean meal |
89 |
44.0 |
28 |
74 |
76 |
4.5 |
| Soybean meal |
89 |
48.0 |
25 |
74 |
76 |
0.8 |
| Soybean hulls |
91 |
11.0 |
10 |
68 |
70 |
2.0 |
| Soybeans |
90 |
37.0 |
26 |
84 |
89 |
18.0 |
| Soybean silage |
32 |
17.0 |
40 |
17 |
16 |
1.0 |
| Soybean hay |
88 |
13.0 |
30 |
45 |
46 |
2.4 |
| Sudex silage |
26 |
2.1 |
30 |
13 |
12 |
0.8 |
| Sugarcane bagasse |
92 |
1.8 |
40 |
40 |
35 |
--- |
| Sugarcane silage |
30 |
0.8 |
-- |
19 |
18 |
--- |
| Sunflower meal |
90 |
28.0 |
30 |
58 |
62 |
1.0 |
| Sunflower meal |
90 |
40.0 |
30 |
64 |
65 |
1.0 |
| Urea |
99 |
281.0 |
-- |
-- |
-- |
--- |
| Wheat, whole |
89 |
12.6 |
22 |
78 |
82 |
1.6 |
| Wheat, midds |
89 |
16.0 |
21 |
76 |
74 |
4.5 |
| Wheat silage |
26 |
3.0 |
30 |
18 |
16 |
1.0 |
| Whey, lacto |
61 |
44.0 |
-- |
68 |
70 |
--- |
| Whey, dehy. |
93 |
13.0 |
-- |
72 |
75 |
--- |
| Yeast, brewers |
93 |
44.0 |
42 |
72 |
75 |
1.0 |
| *BP = bypass or escape protein. |
||||||
Table 5. Mineral composition of feeds commonly used in dairy cattle rations (as fed).
NEL |
||||||
Ca (%) |
Phos (%) |
Na (%) |
Mg (%) |
K (%) |
S (%) |
|
| Alfalfa hay, early bloom |
1.40 |
0.20 |
0.13 |
.24 |
2.20 |
.24 |
| Alfalfa hay, full bloom |
1.30 |
0.20 |
0.13 |
.24 |
2.20 |
.24 |
| Alfalfa, haylage |
0.70 |
0.14 |
0.08 |
.14 |
1.10 |
.17 |
| Alfalfa pellets |
1.40 |
0.20 |
0.13 |
.20 |
2.30 |
.24 |
| Alfalfa silage |
0.50 |
0.10 |
0.05 |
.10 |
0.80 |
.12 |
| Bahia hay |
0.30 |
0.20 |
0.36 |
.18 |
1.30 |
.10 |
| Bakery,dried product |
0.05 |
0.10 |
0.32 |
.32 |
0.80 |
.02 |
| Barley, grain |
0.04 |
0.27 |
0.02 |
.10 |
0.31 |
.15 |
| Beet pulp, dried |
0.62 |
0.10 |
0.17 |
.24 |
0.18 |
.20 |
| Bermuda hay (coastal) |
0.30 |
0.15 |
0.36 |
.15 |
0.95 |
.26 |
| Bermuda silage |
0.16 |
0.06 |
0.14 |
.07 |
0.50 |
.03 |
| Bermuda pellets |
0.35 |
0.15 |
0.36 |
.15 |
0.95 |
.26 |
| Blood meal |
0.29 |
0.24 |
0.32 |
.22 |
0.09 |
.34 |
| Brewers grains |
0.30 |
0.48 |
0.24 |
.12 |
0.08 |
.34 |
| Brewers grains, wet |
0.10 |
0.15 |
0.07 |
.04 |
0.03 |
.11 |
| Canola meal (Rapeseed) |
0.68 |
1.10 |
--- |
.60 |
1.20 |
.09 |
| Carrot, roots |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.12 |
.02 |
0.30 |
.02 |
| Citrus pulp |
1.50 |
0.12 |
0.09 |
.14 |
0.68 |
.06 |
| Citrus pulp, silage |
0.30 |
0.02 |
0.02 |
.03 |
0.11 |
--- |
| Citrus pulp, pelleted |
1.50 |
0.12 |
0.09 |
.14 |
0.68 |
.06 |
| Clover hay, alsike |
1.10 |
0.20 |
0.40 |
.28 |
0.10 |
.14 |
| Clover hay, ladino |
0.80 |
0.30 |
0.10 |
.40 |
1.80 |
.18 |
| Clover-grass mix |
0.90 |
0.30 |
0.10 |
.35 |
2.10 |
.18 |
| Corn meal |
0.02 |
0.30 |
0.01 |
.09 |
0.26 |
.12 |
| Corn, high moisture |
0.02 |
0.25 |
0.01 |
.08 |
0.24 |
.10 |
| Corn, high moisture ear |
0.03 |
0.16 |
0.03 |
.09 |
0.29 |
.12 |
| Corn ear, snapped |
0.04 |
0.20 |
0.04 |
.11 |
0.36 |
.15 |
| Corn silage |
0.09 |
0.06 |
--- |
.08 |
0.31 |
.02 |
| Corn cobs, ground |
0.10 |
0.03 |
0.01 |
.06 |
0.75 |
.36 |
| Corn gluten feed |
0.30 |
0.76 |
0.90 |
.30 |
0.60 |
.20 |
| Corn distillers |
0.09 |
0.36 |
0.09 |
.06 |
0.18 |
.42 |
| Corn gluten meal |
0.02 |
0.62 |
0.02 |
.13 |
0.41 |
.40 |
| Corrugated boxes, ground |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Cottonseed, whole |
0.14 |
0.68 |
0.18 |
.27 |
0.82 |
.29 |
| Cottonseed meal |
0.15 |
0.90 |
0.05 |
.50 |
1.20 |
.38 |
| Cottonseed hulls |
0.14 |
0.10 |
0.27 |
.32 |
0.90 |
.23 |
| Cowpea hay |
1.20 |
0.30 |
0.24 |
.35 |
1.70 |
.20 |
| Fats and oils |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Feather meal |
0.20 |
0.72 |
0.70 |
.20 |
0.27 |
1.40 |
| Fish meal |
5.3 |
3.1 |
0.50 |
.17 |
0.70 |
0.45 |
| Hominy feed |
0.04 |
0.60 |
0.08 |
.23 |
0.60 |
0.02 |
| Lespedeza hay |
0.90 |
0.20 |
0.06 |
.22 |
0.90 |
0.16 |
| Linseed meal |
0.39 |
0.82 |
0.10 |
.60 |
1.20 |
0.03 |
| Malt sprouts |
0.20 |
0.70 |
1.10 |
.18 |
0.20 |
--- |
| Meat and bone meal |
9.0 |
4.4 |
0.71 |
1.00 |
1.32 |
0.25 |
| Molasses, cane |
1.00 |
0.08 |
0.20 |
.58 |
4.00 |
0.87 |
| Molasses, cane, dehy. |
0.82 |
0.25 |
0.15 |
.40 |
3.50 |
0.50 |
| Millet silage |
0.08 |
0.05 |
0.08 |
.10 |
0.40 |
0.04 |
| Milo, grain |
0.02 |
0.28 |
0.02 |
.16 |
0.32 |
0.16 |
| Oats, grain |
0.05 |
0.34 |
0.15 |
.16 |
0.36 |
0.20 |
| Oat silage |
0.12 |
0.10 |
0.35 |
.12 |
0.60 |
0.02 |
| Oat hay |
0.22 |
0.17 |
0.14 |
.13 |
1.20 |
0.15 |
| Oats, fresh |
0.06 |
0.06 |
0.02 |
.08 |
0.35 |
0.01 |
| Pangola hay |
0.30 |
0.20 |
0.25 |
.15 |
1.20 |
0.10 |
| Pea seed, field |
0.10 |
0.40 |
0.04 |
.10 |
1.00 |
0.15 |
| Peanut meal |
0.20 |
0.60 |
0.40 |
.02 |
1.10 |
0.29 |
| Peanut hulls, coarse |
0.20 |
0.06 |
0.20 |
.15 |
0.90 |
0.08 |
| Peanut hulls, pelleted |
0.20 |
0.06 |
0.20 |
.15 |
0.90 |
0.08 |
| Peanut skins |
0.34 |
0.18 |
0.02 |
.11 |
0.78 |
0.15 |
| Peanut hay |
1.00 |
0.15 |
0.08 |
.44 |
1.20 |
0.20 |
| Ryegrass silage |
0.18 |
0.08 |
0.02 |
.04 |
0.40 |
0.05 |
| Ryegrass hay |
0.54 |
0.27 |
0.08 |
.12 |
1.40 |
0.15 |
| Rye seed, grain |
0.06 |
0.32 |
0.02 |
.12 |
0.47 |
0.15 |
| Rye silage |
0.10 |
0.10 |
0.30 |
.10 |
0.60 |
0.02 |
| Rice bran |
0.06 |
1.40 |
0.02 |
.90 |
1.70 |
0.18 |
| Rice hulls, ground |
0.08 |
0.06 |
--- |
--- |
0.12 |
0.01 |
| Rice millfeed |
0.08 |
1.30 |
0.05 |
.35 |
0.90 |
0.09 |
| Sorghum, grain, silage |
0.09 |
0.05 |
0.01 |
.09 |
0.46 |
0.01 |
| Sorghum, forage silage |
0.08 |
0.05 |
0.01 |
.08 |
0.40 |
0.01 |
| Soybean meal |
0.30 |
0.65 |
0.27 |
.26 |
1.90 |
0.40 |
| Soybean meal |
0.30 |
0.65 |
0.27 |
.26 |
1.90 |
0.40 |
| Soybean hulls |
0.40 |
0.15 |
0.04 |
.14 |
0.72 |
0.09 |
| Soybeans |
0.30 |
0.65 |
0.28 |
.26 |
1.90 |
0.42 |
| Soybean silage |
0.40 |
0.15 |
0.02 |
.12 |
0.30 |
0.09 |
| Soybean hay |
1.10 |
0.18 |
0.10 |
.26 |
0.80 |
0.20 |
| Sudex silage |
0.07 |
0.05 |
0.01 |
.06 |
0.42 |
0.04 |
| Sugarcane bagasse |
0.80 |
0.20 |
0.18 |
.08 |
0.40 |
0.09 |
| Sugarcane silage |
0.07 |
0.05 |
0.04 |
.04 |
0.70 |
0.03 |
| Sunflower meal |
0.40 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
.60 |
0.90 |
0.25 |
| Sunflower meal |
0.40 |
1.00 |
1.00 |
.70 |
1.00 |
0.25 |
| Urea |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
--- |
| Wheat, whole |
0.05 |
0.34 |
0.02 |
.10 |
0.42 |
0.15 |
| Wheat, midds |
0.10 |
0.90 |
0.17 |
.50 |
1.20 |
0.16 |
| Wheat silage |
0.07 |
0.07 |
0.02 |
.16 |
0.36 |
0.06 |
| Whey, lacto |
0.18 |
0.44 |
0.74 |
.07 |
1.20 |
0.04 |
| Whey, dehy. |
0.90 |
0.72 |
1.00 |
.12 |
1.10 |
0.95 |
| Yeast, brewers |
0.12 |
1.40 |
0.07 |
.20 |
1.70 |
0.38 |
Footnotes
1. This document is DS38, one of a series of the Animal Science Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date July, 1992. Reviewed June, 2003. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
2. Professor, Dairy Science Dept.; Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville.The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal
Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational
information and other services only to individuals and institutions
that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed,
color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital
status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations.
For more information on obtaining other extension publications,
contact your county Cooperative Extension service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service,
University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative
Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.
