Elder Companion: Overview
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Elder Companion: Overview

   

Elder Companion: Overview1

Elizabeth B. Bolton2

This document is best viewed as a PDF. Click here to access the PDF.

The Elder Companion Training Program

The Elder Companion training program is designed to train persons interested in becoming employed by local service providers as sitter/companions for the elderly. The objective of the program is to help participants develop the necessary skills to provide high-quality care including: assistance with daily living activities, home management services and companionship for the elderly adult.

This training course is preparatory to studying to become a certified nursing assistant (CNA).

In the Elder Companion training program, the following topics are addressed:

FCS5247/FY587: Elder Companion: Lesson 1 Roles and Responsibilities

FCS5248/FY588: Elder Companion: Lesson 2 Aging

FCS5249/FY589: Elder Companion: Lesson 3 Communication

FCS5250/FY590: Elder Companion: Lesson 4 Nutrition

FCS5251/FY591: Elder Companion: Lesson 5 Home Maintenance and Safety

FCS5252/FY592: Elder Companion: Lesson 6 Stress Management

FCS5253/FY593: Elder Companion: Lesson 7 Time Management

FCS5254/FY594: Elder Companion: Lesson 8 Leisure Activities

FCS5255/FY595: Elder Companion: Lesson 9 Getting a Job

In addition to the nine topics which are taught as Lessons 1 through 9 in a classroom setting, training program participants will be required to make a field observation at an elder care facility. An Agent's guide and observation form are provided in Attachment 1.

Assumptions about the Elder Companion Training

  1. The Elder Companion Curriculum is designed to serve as a training guide for use by Extension county faculty or other professionals with expertise in the subject or content and type of learning activities to be used.

  2. The design of the training should be individualized to meet the needs of the local job market for elder sitters/companions.

  3. Training can be delivered in an approximate time frame of 35-40 hours with a minimum of 5 hours being a field observation at an elder care facility. Teaching/learning activities include short lectures, group discussions, demonstrations, skills practices, role playing, written exercises and hands-on experiences for work with the elderly.

  4. The Elder Companion Training will be used to train people for employment by service providers/agencies. The initial cost of liability insurance and bonding make self-employment prohibitive for most participants.

  5. If the service provider/agency that employs the Elder Companion is required to provide a privacy practices notification in compliance with the Health Insurance Portability Act (HIPAA), it is their responsibility to send the notice to the client.

  6. All participants will be required to sign the form releasing the University of Florida of any liability.

  7. Participants who complete a minimum of 30 hours of class time and the field observation will receive a completion certificate from the agency providing the training.

Program Planning and Implementation Guide

1. Contact your area/local agency on aging. They can provide information on the employers in your area.

2. Assemble a group of people who will be hiring people as elder companions. Involve them in identification of:

3.The following curriculum is available at the EDIS website: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/TOPIC_Family_and _ Consumer Issues

4. Compare local needs and requirements with what Cooperative Extension or other agencies are prepared to offer. Using this information, develop a plan of action.

5. Determine how potential trainees will be identified. Will they be screened for interest in working with the elderly? Will they do background checks?

6. Determine the dates, location and persons who will be involved with the training (i.e. instructors, resource persons). Confirm any outside instructors who will take part in the training. Identify the locations for clients to do their field observations and confirm dates and times.

7. Duplicate any materials needed for the training. Handouts should be provided for each participant. These are a part of each lesson and are designed to be used as overheads. Some of the handouts are EDIS publications and are available from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/TOPIC_Family_and _ Consumer Issues.

8. Conduct the training.

9. Give Pre-tests before each lesson and Post-tests after each lesson to determine how much knowledge each participant absorbed. (See Attachment 2.)

10 After the training, issue certificates to individuals who complete the training. It will be necessary to keep an attendance record for each participant to insure that they complied with the completion requirements. (See Attachment 3.)

11. At the final session, have clients evaluate the training program. Evaluation forms are provided in Attachment 4.

Selection Process Considerations

Background Screening

Many of the companion/sitter jobs being advertised require background screening, drug testing and clearance by the Florida Abuse Registry under the Department of Children and Families. When taking a position with a service provider and/or agency, the background check and abuse registry requirements must be met within five days of the person going to work. There is a nominal fee for the background check. The state no longer registers individuals as companions/sitters so there are no requirements in place for people who are operating as private contractors.

It would seem reasonable that part of the screening process should be to eliminate people who are known to be drug users, or who have criminal or physically/mentally abusive backgrounds. This elimination process will avoid raising false hopes for obtaining employment. Some of the local providers for the job training are going to require the background checks as a prerequisite to participation in the training. Other sites will allow anyone to be trained and require the background checks as a condition of employment.

Issuing a letter along with the completion certificate will serve as a reference for future employment. The letter will state that the background checks, drug use and abuse register clearance are the responsibility of the employer. A sample of this letter follows for your use and/or adaptation.

Sample Letter to Prospective Employers

Dear_______________________:

Attached you will find a list of persons who have successfully completed the 35-hour Elder Companion Class. The content of the training included: sensitivity to aging, communication, nutrition, home maintenance and safety, time and stress management, and leisure activities for elderly clients. They have received their certificate of completion as of (date).

Also enclosed is a copy of their resumes, to familiarize you with their experience and background.

These graduates are trained caregivers whom you may choose to recommend as you receive requests for someone with these skills. We encourage you to suggest that your clients follow through with screening procedures by checking references, completing a background check, etc., since this is not a pre-requisite for our class.

If you have any questions, feel free to contact me at (____) _____________.

Sincerely,

_____________________________

Program Instructor

Desirable Skills

Many of the jobs being advertised require the following skills/resources as a condition for employment:

Ability to Read: The newspaper, the mail, directions on prescription bottles, preparation instructions for food, use of cleaning supplies.

Valid Driver's License: To drive the elderly client to doctor appointments and/or the store.

Reliable Transportation: To get to work and arrive on time.

With the exception of ability to read, these are not requirements to participate in the training, but they would make the person more employable.

Desire to be Elder Companion

Working as an elder companion/sitter is not suitable employment for every individual. Even though there is an increasing need, placing the wrong person in a position with elderly clients could create a potentially harmful situation. It is highly desirable that only participants who are interested or have some experience in this type of employment be trained as Elder Companions.

Suggested Program Outline

This is a suggested outline for the Elder Companion program. It can be adjusted as needed. Time frames allocated will depend on the size of the class. You and your community resource person or other collaborator will determine the amount of time during any given day that the clients can attend training. It may only be possible for a half day and not for an entire 8 hour day.

DAY ONE

Roles and Responsibilities

Aging

DAY TWO

Communication

Nutrition

DAY THREE

Home Maintenance and Safety

Stress Management

Time Management

DAY FOUR

Leisure Activities

Getting a Job

DAY FIVE

Field Observation

DAY ONE

Suggested Daily Schedule

DAY ONE

Time


Content


Resource Person(s)


8:30 - 9:45


Welcome

Registration

Get-acquainted

Overview & Objectives

Agreement


County Faculty
9:45 - 10:30
Introduction to the Job

10:30 - 10:45


Break


10:45 - 12:00 noon


Introduction to the Job (continues)

• Clients' Rights

• Roles and Responsibilities

• Personal Appearance

• Personal Qualities

• Ethics

• Do's and Don'ts

• Emergency Situations

• Daily Activity Log


County Faculty and person

from hiring agency


12:00 noon - 1:00
Lunch

1:00 - 3:00
Aging

• Who are the Elderly?

• Facts about Older Americans


County Faculty; person from

Area Local Agency on Aging


3:00 - 3:15
Break

3:15 - 4:30
Aging (continues)

• Physical Changes of the Elderly

• Elder Abuse


County Faculty; person from

Area Local Agency on Aging


DAY TWO

Suggested Daily Schedule

DAY TWO

Time


Content


Resource Person(s)


8:30 - 10:30
Communication with the Elderly

  • Communication Process

  • Basic Human Needs

  • Self-Awareness

  • Sending A Message


County Faculty
10:30 - 10:45
Break

10:45 - 12:00 noon
Communication (continues)

  • Active Listening

  • Physical and Emotional Blocks to Communication


County Faculty
12:00 noon - 1:00
Lunch

1:00 - 3:15
Managing Nutrition

Nutritional Health

Food Guide Pyramid

Are My Hands Clean?

How to Measure

Food Safety Guidelines


County Faculty; local dietitian


DAY THREE

Suggested Daily Schedule

DAY THREE

Time


Content


Resource Person(s)


8:30 - 10:30
Home Maintenance and Safety

  • What is Clean?

  • Keeping the Client's Home Clean

  • Organizing for Cleanliness


County Faculty


10:30 - 10:45
Break

10:45 - 12:00 noon
Home Maintenance (continues)

  • Managing the Laundry

  • Sanitation Procedures

  • Safety

  • Agreement with Client


County Faculty and person who works doing home maintenance
12:00 noon - 1:00
Lunch

1:00 - 3:00
Stress Management

  • Stress... What is Yours?

  • Warning Signs of Stress

  • Job Stress for the Elder Companion

  • Strategies to Deal with Stressors


County Faculty, Psychologist, Mental Health Professional


3:00 - 3:15
Break

3:15 - 4:30
Time Management

  • How do I Spend My Time?

  • Prime Time

  • Making Better Use of My Time


County Faculty

DAY FOUR

Suggested Daily Schedule

DAY FOUR

Time


Content


Resource Person(s)


8:30 - 10:30
Leisure Activities

  • Purposes of Leisure Activity for the Elderly

  • Possible Activities for My Client


County Faculty

and/or Recreation Staff

Member


10:30 - 10:45
Break


10:45 - 12:00 noon
Leisure Time Exercises

  • Simple Exercises to Use with Clients


Exercise Physiologist
12:00 noon - 1:00
Lunch

1:00 - 3:00
Obtaining Employment

  • Things I Like About Me

  • What Do Employers Look For?

  • Resume Writing and Application Completion

  • Getting Letters of Reference


County Faculty and

employer of Elder

Companions


3:00 - 3:15
Break

3:15 - 4:30
The Interview Process

  • Preparing for the Interview

  • The Job Interview

  • Contract for the Elder Companion


County Faculty or Human

Resources Director


Elder Companion Training Outcomes and Student Performance Standards

Required Section (25 hours)

Required Section (25 hours)

Assist in the Care of the Elderly

Behavioral Outcome

Activities

Handouts

Describe the role of the companion in providing care and assistance to an elderly person.
View clips from "Driving Miss Daisy" video. (Available at most video rental stores.)

Make a list of the roles performed by a companion


Roles and Responsibilities of the Elder Companion

Guidelines for Personal Appearance

Personal Qualities

Ethics

Client Rights


Describe the physical, social, emotional and mental changes that may take place in aging.
Sensory Exercises
Physical Changes of the Elderly and Ways to Help
Describe the special needs of the elderly.
Sensory Exercises
Physical Changes of the Elderly and Ways to Help
Identify own feelings toward the elderly.
Case Study

Describe problems of clients with decreased mobility, decreased vision or hearing, decreased tactile acuity, low energy, and confusion.
Sensory Exercises

Describe symptoms of abuse and neglect.
Exercise: Abuse and Neglect of the Elderly
Emergency Reporting
Review the laws in reporting abuse or neglect of an elderly person.


Apply Effective Human Relationships and Interactions

Apply Effective Human Relationships and Interactions

Behavioral Outcome

Activities

Handouts

State four physical needs that all humans share.
Human Need Scenarios
Basic Human Needs
State three psychological needs that all humans share.


Describe how individuals and families differ.
Case Study

Describe the need for dignity and circumstances which contribute to loss of self-esteemin elderly.
Case Study

Demonstrate how emotional control affects human interactions and changing relationships and/or communication.
Case Study

Explain what is meant by communication, and what is verbal and non-verbal communication.
Exercise: Self-Awareness and Communication
Suggestions for Communicating Behaviors Which Interfere With Listening
Demonstrate active listenings kills. Communication skills.
Exercise: Receiving Messages

Exercise: Stating and Listening to Differences

Exercise: Active Listening


Suggestions for Active Listening
Demonstrate patience and techniques for working with other family members.


Assist Clients with Personal, Social, and Recreational Matters When Needed

Assist Clients with Personal, Social, and Recreational Matters When Needed

Behavioral Outcome
Activities
Handouts
Explain the importance of family and friends as part of the support system.




Explain the role of the companion in assisting a client with social and leisure activities such as reading, board games, music or other social and recreational activities.



Possible Activities
Identify accountability tools to show interaction with the clients... daily log/schedules.



Daily Log
Demonstrate Exercises for Older Adults.


Role Playing of Exercises for Older Adults


Exercises for Older Adults
Describe client's need for privacy and confidentiality.


Case Study

Assist in Maintaining a Safe and Sanitary Environment for Clients and Provide Personal Care Services for Clients

Assist in Maintaining a Safe and Sanitary Environment for Clients

Behavioral Outcome

Activities

Handouts

Demonstrate proper hand washing techniques.
Hand washing exercise using black light.
When to Wash?
Demonstrate proper storage and preparation of hot and cold foods.
Practice Demonstration

Safety in the Kitchen

Check Sheets on Kitchen Hazards


Prevent Food Poisoning Food Safety and Storage
Describe how the spread of disease is controlled in the home in relationship to kitchens, bathrooms, laundry, dusting and food handling. Demonstrate sanitation as it relates to laundry...if the person has an accident and soils themselves or bed, action has to be taken.
What Is Clean?

Tools to Do the Job

Cleaning Agents to Do the Job

How to Clean

Organizing to Get the Work Done


Household Tasks - Rules of Organization

House Cleaning Plan

Weekly Plan for Household Cleaning


Describe emergency response...numbers, directions to the house, fire extinguishers
Role play emergency situation
Emergency Reporting
Identify safety measures necessary for maintaining a safe environment such as clear traffic areas or walkways, loose rugs, electricity and safety bars.
View pictures and/or video which illustrate home hazards and identify them.
Household Safety Checklist

Safety for Older Adults


Provide Personal Care Services for Clients

Explain the difference between administering medication and assisting with medication.
Role playing assistance with medication
Do?s and Don?ts

Demonstrate Stress Management

Demonstrate Stress Management

Behavioral Outcome

Activities

Handouts

Identify factors that create negative stress and explain how they affect behavior. (Needs to include alcohol.)
Know Your Stressors

Warning Signals of Stress


Stress Diary

Check for Behavior Warning Signals


Describe methods of managing stress such as diets, leisure activities and exercise.
Role play what can be done forstress management
Steps to Manage Stress

Handout on Exercise

Handout on Leisure Activities


Explain how problem-solving techniques help in stress management.
Stressful Situations Scenarios
Stress for an Elder Companion

Demonstrate Employability Skills

Demonstrate Employability Skills

Behavioral Outcome

Activities

Handouts

Look for a job.
Things I Like About Me

Secure information about a job; skills and training required by the job.
Job Search

Describe documents that maybe required when applying for ajob. Information needed to apply for a job.
Resume Writing

The Application



Complete a job application form correctly.
The Application

Demonstrate competence in job interview techniques. (Do's and Don'ts in the interview.)


Preparing for A Job Interview
Questions You Can Ask

Questions Not to Ask


Identify acceptable work habits. (No smoking.)


What Do I Have to Offer

Demonstrate acceptable employee health habits.


Write a resume for this specific job.
Resume Writing
My Practice Resume
Identify personal characteristics desired for working with people.
What Are Employers Seeking?
Top 20 Positive Characteristics Employers Are Seeking
Participate in a Field Observation program with someone who is an Elder Companion (5 Hours)


OPTIONAL SECTIONS (7 hours is required in one of the following areas)

Provide Basic Homemaker Services to Client and Family

Provide Basic Homemaker Services to Client and Family

Behavioral Outcome

Activities

Handouts

Identify a logical order for performing tasks to save time and energy.
Organizing to Get the Job Done
Housekeeping Task- Rules of Organization

Household Cleaning Schedule

Weekly Plan for Household Cleaning


Demonstrate correct procedures for basic household cleaning tasks performed daily, weekly, monthly, and occasionally.
What Is Clean?

How to Clean


How to Clean
Demonstrate correct procedures for selection, use, care and storage of supplies and equipment.
Tools to Do the Job

Cleaning Agents to Do the Job



Demonstrate correct procedures for laundry including stain removal.
Managing the Laundry
Eight Basic Steps to Clean Laundry

Develop Plans for Meeting Nutritional Needs of Clients and Families

Develop Plans for Meeting Nutritional Needs of Clients and Families

Behavioral Outcome

Activities

Handouts

Evaluate own diet for one week in relation to the Food Guide Pyramid
Nutritional Health

The Food Guide Pyramid


What Did you Eat?
Assistance with preparation and serving of foods or meals according to the Food GuidePyramid considering client?s cultural preferences and personal needs.
When Do I Wash?

Apply the principles of special diets that may be used in the plan for care of the client; i.e., measure food accurately by using correct procedures and equipment.
How Do I Measure?

Explain ways to assist a client with feeding without feeding the client.

Do?s and Don?ts
Apply the principles of food safety and storage.
Keeping Food Safe
Smart Not Sorry- Keep Food Safety in Mind

Prevent Food Poisoning


Adapted by Extension Professionals attending Elder Companion Training, March, 1999. Original source: Florida Department of Education, Curriculum Framework, Elderly and Disabled Care Services, July 1998.

Elder Companion Teaching Activities

Roles and Responsibilities

Overview of Training

Roles and Responsibilities

Dos and Don'ts for the Elder Companion

Handling Emergencies

Clients' Rights

Aging

Who Are the Elderly?

Physical Changes

Elder Abuse

Communication

Basic Human Needs

Self Awareness/Sending Messages

Active Listening

Nutrition

Nutritional Health

The Food Guide Pyramid

How Do I Wash My Hands?

How Do I Measure?

Food Safety


Home Maintenance and Safety

What is Clean?

Tools to Do the Job

Cleaning Agents to Do the Job

How to Clean

Organizing to Get the Job Done

Managing the Laundry

General Home Safety

Safety in the Kitchen

Stress Management

What Is Your Stress?

Warning Signals of Stress

Handling Stress

Stress for the Elder Companion

Time Management

Time Analysis

Prime Time

Organizing Time


Leisure Activities

Why Engage in Leisure Activities?

Leisure Activities for the Elderly

Exercises for Older Adults

Getting the Job

Things I Like About Me

What Are Employers Seeking?

Job Search

Resume Writing

The Application

Preparing for a Job Interview

Interview Questions You Might Be Asked

The Job Interview

Sample Contract for the Elder Companion

Field Observation

Field Observation (5 hours)

Debriefing the Observation


Credits and Acknowledgments

The Elder Companion Training curriculum was originally developed as a component of the UF/IFAS Welfare-to-Work Initiative (Grant #A6218) funded by the Florida Agency for Workforce Innovation (formerly Florida Department of Labor and Employment Security); Principal Investigator, Elizabeth B. Bolton, professor of Community Development, Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences.

The curriculum was developed by Linda D. Cook, former professor, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Family, Youth and Community Sciences, and revised for electronic publication by Elizabeth B. Bolton, professor of Community Development, University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences.

Parts of the Elder Companion program were adapted from the Home Care Companion program first developed by the Alabama Cooperative Extension Service, Auburn University, and the Senior Series developed by the Center for Rural Elderly and the University of Missouri.

ATTACHMENTS

Attachment 1

Agent Guide Field Observation

Time: 5 hours...all at one time/or at various intervals in the training.

Introduction: The best way to see what the job of Elder Companion will be like is to shadow someone for a period of time during their work day. We have arranged for each of you to make a field observation in the community. After your field observation, we will reconvene to discuss what you observed.

DO:

REFLECT:

APPLY:

Field Observation Sheet

Date of Field Observation: __________________________________________________.

Location of Field Observation: _______________________________________________.

List of the Job Responsibilities Observed:

Describe the elderly person being cared for:

Describe the relationship between the elderly person and the companion:

List things that you learned during the Field Observation:

Identify any areas where you would have dealt with the situation differently:

Name of Person Observed:________________________________________________.

Name of Person Doing the Observation:______________________________________.

Attachment 2

Knowledge Tests: Roles and Responsibilities

Name:______________________

Date:_______________________

Agent Fill In:

Pre Test - Post Test (Circle one)

T F A companion always knows what is best for the client.

T F A companion may wear the same clothes two days in a row if the clothes don't look dirty.

T F A companion's shoes should not have open toes or high heels.

T F It's always okay for a companion to wear perfume.

T F When caring for elderly clients, you should encourage self-care and independence.

In dealing with the client's medicines, a companion should NEVER:

_____(a) put pills in a client's mouth.

_____(b) hand the client a medicine bottle when asked.

_____(c) remind a client when to take a medicine.

_____(d) tell the person in charge if a client is not taking medicine.

Name two responsibilities that a companion may have.

Knowledge Tests: Aging

Name:___________________________

Date:____________________________

Agent Fill In:

Pre Test - Post Test (Circle one)

T F Elderly people are all alike.

T F Changes in hearing can affect a person's behavior.

T F As we age, our bones are more brittle and more likely to break.

T F Older people have some of the same basic human needs as do young people.

Name three senses that aging affects.

(a)___________________________________________________

(b)___________________________________________________

(c)___________________________________________________

Name two steps to take in an emergency situation.

(a)___________________________________________________

(b)___________________________________________________

Knowledge Tests: Communication

Name:___________________________

Date:____________________________

Agent Fill In:

Pre Test - Post Test (Circle one)

T F For good communication, it is important to listen well.

To improve communication with persons who have a hearing problem, you can do which of the following? (Check as many as apply.)

_____(a) speak at a shout.

_____(b) speak clearly in a moderate voice.

_____(c) vary the loudness and tone of your voice.

_____(d) face the person directly.

_____(e) talk faster.

Knowledge Tests: Nutrition

Name:___________________________

Date:____________________________

Agent Fill In:

Pre Test - Post Test (Circle one)

T F Hand washing is very important in preventing the spread of disease.

Older people may not eat well because:

_____(a) they can't afford the right food.

_____(b) they are physically unable to shop and prepare food.

_____(c) they don't like eating alone.

_____(d) all of the above.

Name three occasions when the companion should wash her/his hands.

(a)_____________________________________________________

(b)_____________________________________________________

(c)_____________________________________________________

Name three of the five major food groups.

(a)_________________________________

(b)_________________________________

(c)_________________________________

Knowledge Tests: Home Maintenance

Name:___________________________

Date:____________________________

Agent Fill In:

Pre Test - Post Test (Circle one)

T F Keeping a house clean means different things to different people.

T F Baking soda is good for deodorizing the refrigerator.

T F Sorting is an important step in doing laundry.

Knowledge Tests: Stress/Time Management

Name:___________________________

Date:____________________________

Agent Fill In:

Pre Test - Post Test (Circle one)

T F Stress can be both good and bad.

T F Time management helps you have more time.

T F Prime time is when the soap operas are on.

T F Sleeplessness is a warning sign of stress.

Knowledge Tests: Leisure Activities

Name:___________________________

Date:____________________________

Agent Fill In:

Pre Test - Post Test (Circle one)

T F Confused individuals are not able to enjoy recreational activities.

T F Elderly people can engage in physical activities.

T F Physical and leisure activities address the social needs of clients.

Record of Attendance

Attachment 3

RECORD OF ATTENDANCE

Name

Dates

































































































Evaluation of Training

Please complete the following to help us evaluate the Elder Companion Training.

1. Of the information presented and experiences offered, how helpful do you think each lesson will be to you? (Circle one for each lesson.)

Roles and Responsibilities

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

Aging

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

Communication

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

Nutrition

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

Home Maintenance and Safety

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

Stress Management

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

Time Management

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

Leisure Activities

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

Getting a Job

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

Field Observation

Very Helpful

Helpful

Not Helpful

2. How do you plan to use the information you learned? (Check all that apply.)

_____ as an elder companion employed for wages

_____ as a volunteer companion

_____ to care for family member or friend

_____ I probably won't use it

_____ other (please explain)_________________________________________

3. How would you rate this program?

Excellent ____ Very Good ____ Good ____ Fair ____ Poor ___

4. What suggestions would you make for improving this program? (If you need more room, write on the back of this sheet.)

5. Have you ever attended an Extension activity before? _____Yes ____No

6. Would you like to receive information about other Extension educational opportunities?

___Yes ___No

If yes, give address below.

Additional Comments:______________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Name (optional)________________________________________________________________

Address:_________________________________________________________________


Footnotes

1. This document is FCS5246, one of a series of the Family Youth and Community Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date October 14, 2003. Revised June 30, 2007. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

2. Elizabeth B. Bolton, PhD, professor, Community Development, Department of Family, Youth and Community Sciences, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, UF/IFAS, Gainesville, 32611.


The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.



Copyright Information

This document is copyrighted by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) for the people of the State of Florida. UF/IFAS retains all rights under all conventions, but permits free reproduction by all agents and offices of the Cooperative Extension Service and the people of the State of Florida. Permission is granted to others to use these materials in part or in full for educational purposes, provided that full credit is given to the UF/IFAS, citing the publication, its source, and date of publication.