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Florida Subtropical Peaches: General Concepts and Cultivars Recommended for Grower Trials1
J. Ferguson, P. Andersen, J. Chaparro, and J. Williamson2The University of Florida has developed high quality, low chilling, early maturing peach and nectarine cultivars that can be grown from the panhandle to as far south as Immokalee. Low chilling cultivars can grow and produce fruit under Florida conditions that are much warmer in winter than in northern states. Furthermore, ripening of these cultivars during April and May ensures an early spring market window for tree-ripe fresh fruit in Florida before production from other southeastern states and California comes to market.
The peach industry in central Florida is now developing at the same time that historical production areas in north and north central Florida are replanting. Given this renewed interest in Florida peaches and nectarines, our purpose here is to discuss general concepts of subtropical peach production for commercial growers and homeowners and to recommend cultivars for grower trials.
Peaches and nectarines are the same species, Prunus persica, but nectarines differ from peaches in that they lack "peach fuzz." Therefore the following discussion applies to both peaches and nectarines, but in most cases reference will be made only to peaches. Plums, the only other stone fruit for which we have suitable Florida cultivars, are covered in "Growing Plums in Florida," another fact sheet available at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/HS250
Many peach cultivars or varieties have been developed by plant breeders for California and the southeastern US. However, plant breeding is an ongoing process with newly developed cultivars continuously replacing older cultivars due to better growth and yield, fruit appearance, shelf life and flavor, disease and pest resistance, and other factors. Furthermore, Florida peach trees, on average, come into commercial production in 2-3 years and have about a 7- to 10-year life span because diseases and pests eventually weaken trees and decrease fruit production. In addition, newer cultivars with improved qualities are released frequently to replace older cultivars with problems that were not evident when they were first released.
Geographic Areas, Chilling Units and Average January Temperatures
Depending on the crop, Florida can be divided into production regions. For peach production, Florida can be divided into north, north central, and central Florida down to Immokalee and Ft. Pierce, each region having a characteristic range of chilling hours ( Figure 1 ). Peaches of currently available varieties cannot be grown successfully south of Immokalee because of insufficient chilling.
Figure 1. Map shows hours below 45 degrees received to February 10th in 75% of winters.
Figure 2. Minimum average January temperatures in Florida. All recently released cultivars have low to moderate chilling requirements (100 to 525 chill units) and short fruit development periods (FDP's) (58 to 120 days), and good fruit size, shape, firmness, taste, color, and tolerance to bacterial spot (Xanthomonas campestris pv. pruni). Both chilling requirement and chilling hours are sometimes used interchangeably, but chilling requirement refers to the exposure to cool temperatures (between 32° to 55°F) necessary for the resumption of normal spring growth. The chilling requirement is expressed as the number of chilling units. A chilling hour is defined by the maximum amount of chilling that can be received by the plant in 1 hour.
Chilling usually occurs from about November 1 to February 1 in central Florida, but extends to February 10 in north Florida. Different models have been developed to estimate chilling.
The model most used in the SE United States is the total number of hours below 45°F and above 32°F. Temperatures from 40 to 50°F are most effective, with higher or lower temperatures being less effective. Unseasonal high temperatures greater than 60°F during November - February cancel or negate some of the accumulated chilling. The effect of higher temperatures on previously accumulated chilling has not been clearly defined and higher temperatures are thought to affect only recently acquired chilling.
The average January temperature is closely correlated with winter chilling, and can be used as a guide to identify peach cultivars that are suitable for a geographic area (figure 5). For example, an average January temperature of 58° can be matched with average chilling of 420 hours or (chill units) for Gainesville.
Recommended cultivars should have a chilling requirement less than the average chilling calculated for a given area so that their chilling requirement is met in almost all winters. By following this recommendation the grower would avoid the consequences of lack of chilling in winters with lower than normal chilling. Although the chilling hours estimates and average January temperatures may vary from year to year, the order of bloom of peach cultivars with different chilling requirements will remain the same with the lower chilling cultivars blooming first. Cultivars of the same age and height must be compared. Furthermore, during any year warm temperatures during bloom can shorten the bloom period and cool temperatures can lengthen the bloom period. During the winter and spring of 2006-2007, trees in some areas bloomed in January and February after cool December temperatures. Cool February temperatures also extended the bloom period, almost like a second bloom, with trees in north central Florida still blooming by the middle of March. Temperatures affecting the duration of bloom will also affect the fruit development period and maturity dates.
The Florida Agricultural Weather Service (FAWN) at http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/data/chart_historical.asp also provides searchable data from 33 weather stations from Monticello in Jefferson county to Homestead in Miami-Dade county. For example, Table 1 contains average chilling hours (32° to 45°F) from November 1 to February 15 for 1999 to 2007 for weather stations located in or near Tallahassee (Monticello), Jacksonville (Macclenny), Alachua, Orlando (Avalon in Lake County), Tampa (Dover), Ft. Pierce and Immokalee.
Determining Chilling Requirements for New Cultivars
New cultivars are grown in different locations but close to older, "standard" cultivars with a clearly established chilling requirement. The chilling requirement of these new peach and nectarine cultivars can be estimated based on their bloom time and foliation (leaf development) relative to standard cultivars. Recommendations are then made to match new peach cultivars with locations that would result in normal flowering and leaf development in spring. Note that after the chilling requirement is satisfied, temperatures required for initial growth of flowers and leaves may differ among cultivars. That is, a tree may produce flowers and leaves at the same time or may produce flowers first and then produce leaves or vice versa, depending on the cultivar.When a peach or nectarine cultivar is grown outside of its recommended area and has insufficient chilling, it may bloom late and not fruit normally. By contrast, if peach and nectarine cultivars have too low a chilling requirement for a given location, they tend to bloom early and can sustain fruit and tree damage during late winter freezes unless overhead irrigation is used to protect flowers and young fruit. For example, 'Tropicbeauty' (chilling requirement: 150 chilling units) and 'UFGold' (chilling requirement: 200 chilling units) have been grown successfully in a relatively warm (few spring frosts) site near Citra, Florida. Some freeze damage has occurred on this site during February and March, but overhead irrigation was sufficient to protect young fruit. Note also that when Florida peach breeders select new peach cultivars, they choose cultivars that have an extended bloom period (about 14 days). Therefore unopened blossoms, which are freeze hardy to about 20°F, can potentially survive late freezes that could kill opened blossoms (freeze hardy to about 26° to 28°F).
Melting versus Non-Melting Flesh, Clingstone and Freestone Peaches
Peaches and nectarines can be categorized as having either melting or non-melting flesh, terms referring originally to the condition of peach flesh after canning. Non-melting peaches do not bruise as easily as melting flesh peaches during harvest and remain firm after canning. All non-melting types released by the University of Florida are clingstone, meaning that the flesh adheres to the pit or stone when fruit is ripe. Melting flesh peaches become soft when canned, have ragged edges when sliced during processing and can be either clingstone or freestone (flesh does not adhere to the pit when the fruit is ripe). Many melting flesh peach cultivars have been developed for the fresh market. However, when these melting flesh cultivars are harvested ripe, the fruit bruise easily and have a short shelf life. One solution to this problem is to harvest melting flesh peaches when they were not fully ripe, so that they were firm enough to resist bruising and last longer in grocery stores. However, although peaches become sweeter as they ripen on the tree, they do not become sweeter after they are harvested, especially when they are harvested before they are ripe. Note that most peaches can become softer when you leave them in your fruit bowl because the walls of individual plant cells break down, but the fruit will not become sweeter. Consequently, peach breeders have developed non-melting-flesh peaches for the fresh market so that growers can harvest and ship tree-ripe fruit with firm flesh that resists bruising and has a longer shelf life. Many of the recently released cultivars from the University of Florida peach breeding program have non-melting flesh.All melting flesh peaches and nectarines released from the University of Florida breeding program begin with the prefix Florida and Sun, respectively. All non-melting flesh peaches and nectarines from the University of Florida share the prefix UF. Joint releases between University of Florida and the USDA and the University of Georgia have the prefix Gulf.
Ripening Peaches: Bloom Date and Fruit Development Period (FDP)
Early ripening depends on bloom date and fruit development period (FDP). Note that chilling requirement is not necessarily related to the fruit development period (number of days from bloom to fruit maturity (Table 2). For example, 'UFSun' requires 100 chilling units and an FDP of 80 days whereas 'Flordaking' peach requires 350 chilling units but has an FDP of only 68 days. The FDP of recent melting flesh cultivars varies from 60 to 85 days for all cultivars except 'Flordario' (95 days). The FDP of non-melting flesh cultivars varies from 80 ('UFGold') to 110 ('Gulfprince') days.The FDP will vary with temperature during fruit growth and development with warmer temperatures resulting in shorter FDPs and cooler temperatures resulting in longer FDPs. Although FDPs are measured in days, this is not an exact measurement and cannot be projected for a specific harvest and marketing date. General Cultivar descriptions are represented in Table 4.
Fruit Grading
Fruit size can be affected by genetic potential, crop load, climatic conditions, cultural and related management practices, and soil type. Fruit yield per tree can also be affected by tree age and size and the degree of fruit thinning done after fruit set. It is especially difficult to breed cultivars that produce large fruit with a short FDP. It follows that cultivars that have a longer FDP will tend to have larger fruit size because they are on the tree longer. Florida peach fruit size can best be increased by adequate thinning at the earliest stage after frost danger is past and by supplemental irrigation, especially during final fruit swell.Fruit Color refers to ground color (background color) and overcolor (red color). When fruit ripen, ground color changes from green to yellow. Changes in ground color are not affected by fruit position in the tree and exposure to sunlight and can therefore be used by harvesting crews to indicate fruit maturity. Changes in overcolor or red coloring in the fruit skin or flesh are affected by fruit position in the canopy and sunlight interception. A high percentage fruit red overcolor (i.e., >70%) and bright yellow ground color are most desirable for attractiveness and sales in U.S. markets. Percentage red overcolor is at least 50% for many recently released cultivars.
Fruit shape, firmness, taste, flesh browning, and overall attractiveness are also rated subjectively. Round to oblong fruit shape is desirable, and ratings are lowered by the degree of protruding tips and sutures. Fruit with high aroma, moderate acidity, and sweet taste are the most desirable. A high degree of rapid browning from cuts and bruises on soft ripe fruit is not desirable. Total attractiveness of fruit is related to shape, size, color, and flesh browning.
Cultivars Recommended for Grower Trials
Peach and nectarine cultivars suggested for use or trial in Florida are presented in Tables 2 and 3. Estimated chilling requirements are included to help in choosing zone of adaptation, and fruit development periods to help in determining season of ripening for zone of adaptation, and flesh color. General cultivar descriptions are given in Table 4.North Florida is roughly denoted by a line north of Perry to Jacksonville, and peaches and nectarines adapted to this region have chilling units from 350 to 600 hours and an average January temperature of 55 to 59°F. The north central region (Gainesville south to Ocala) is associated with 200 to 350 hours and an average January temperature of 62° to 58°F. Lastly, the central region of Florida below Ocala and south to Immokalee is associated with 100 to 200 chilling hours and an average January temperature of 64° to 65°F. Note that recommended cultivars are slightly lower in chilling requirement than the average for the zone so that winter chilling is met most years.
Tables
Table 1. Chilling hours (32 to 45°F from Nov. 1 to Feb. 15. Based on Florida Automated Weather Network (FAWN) data*.
Year
Location
Tallahassee (Monticello)**
Jacksonville (Macclenny) **
Alachua
Orlando (Avalon) **
Tampa (Dover) **
Ft. Pierce
Immokalee
1999 - 2000
NA
NA
490
251
271
141
168
200-2001 NA
NA
609
388
394
223
217
2001-2002 NA
NA
407
156
170
95
88
2002-2003 NA
759
751
388
440
267
256
2003-2004 674
518
538
227
284
126
180
2004-2005 602
542
517
196
222
139
177
2005-2006 590
545
560
212
298
153
195
2006-2007
564
456
438
98
167
75
81
http://fawn.ifas.ufl.edu/data/chart_historical.asp NA: Not Available.
**(Closest Weather Station)
Table 2. Flower, leaf and tree characteristics of low-chill peach nectarine cultivars from the University of Florida Breeding program.
Cultivar
January mean temperaturez
Flower typey
Estimated chill units
Bacterial spot resistancex
Flower bud setx
Leaf glandsw
(°F)
(°C)
Peach
Flordaking
58
14.4
N
350
10
6
G
Flordaprince
64
17.8
S
150
4
8
R
Flordabest
61
16.1
S
250
9
10
R
Flordacrest
58
14.4
S
350
10
8
G
Flordaglo
64
17.8
S
150
8
9
R
Gulfcrest
54
13.6
S
525
10
9
G
Gulfcrimson
56
13.5
S
400
10
9
R
Gulfking
56
13.5
S
350
10
9
R
Gulfprince
56
13.5
S
400
9
9
R
Tropicbeauty
64
17.8
S
150
5
8
R
UF2000
59
15.0
S
300
9
9
R
UFBeauty
59
15.0
S
200
10
8
G
UFBlaze
62
16.7
S
300
10
8
G
UFSharp
59
14.9
S
325
9
9
G
UFO
61
16.1
S
250
10
8
R
UFSun
63.3
17.4
S
100
7
10
R
Whiterobin
54
13.6
S
500
8
8
R
Nectarine
Sunbest
61
16.6
S
225
9
9
R
Suncoast
58
14.0
N
375
10
9
R
Sunraycer
61
16.1
N
250
10
8
R
UFRoyal
61
16.1
S
250
10
9
R
z Areas with this average temperature or a lower one will provide sufficient chilling to grow this peach or nectarine successfully. y S= Showy, N= Non-showy.
x 1 = least desirable, 10 most desirable.
w G= Globose, R= Reniform
Table 3. Fruit characteristics of low-chill peach and nectarine cultivars from the University of Florida breeding program.
Fruit Dev. (days)
Size (g)
Pit freenessz
Flesh typey
Flesh colorx
Overred (%)
Backgroundw
Shapev
Firmnessv
Tastev
Flesh browningv
Attractiveness
Peach
Flordaking
68
96
SC
M
Y
50
DY
7
7
7
9
5
Flordaprince
78
82
SC
M
Y
80
Y
9
8
8
8
8
Flordabest
82
138 C
M
Y
100
Y
9
9
8
9
7
Flordacrest
75
92
SC
M
Y
80
BY
7
9
8
9
9
Flordaglo
78
94
SC
M
W
80
CW
9
9
8
9
8
Gulfcrest
78
106
SC
NM
W
90
Y
8
9
9
9
8
Gulfcrimson
92
135
SC
NM
Y
80
Y
8
9
8
8
8
Gulfking
75
120
SC
NM
Y
85
Y
9
9
9
8
8
Gulfprince
100
150
SC
NM
Y
50
DY, O
9
10
8
10
9
Tropicbeauty
89
100
SC
M
Y
80
BY
10
9
9
9
10
UF2000
97
150
SC
NM
Y
60
OY
9
10
8
10
10
UFBeauty
83
110
SC
NM
Y
95
Y
9
9
9
9
9
UFBlaze
83
110
SC
NM
Y
95
Y
9
9
10
9
9
UFSharp
102
160
SC
NM
Y
60
Y
8
9
9
9
8
UFO
95
70
SF
NM
Y
60
DY
----
10
9
10
--
UFSun
90
130
SC
NM
Y
30
OY
9
9
10
9
9
Whiterobin
90
120
SF
M
W
70
Y, CW
6
7
9
9
8
Nectarine
Sunbest
83
95
SF
M
Y
95
Y
9
9
9
9
9
Suncoast
77
110
SC
M
Y
90
Y
8
9
9
8
9
Sunraycer
85
110
SC
M
Y
90
BY
9
9
9
8
9
UFRoyal
85
138
SC
NM
Y
100
Y
9
9
10
9
8
z SC = Semicling, SF = Semifree, F = Freestone y M = Melting NM = nonmelting
x Y = Yellow W = White
w BY = Bright Yellow, Y = Yellow, DY = Dull Yellow, CW = Cream White, OY = Orange Yellow, Orange
v 1 = Least desirable to 10 = Most desirable
Table 4. Additional characteristics of some low-chill peach and nectarine cultivars from the University of Florida breeding program.
Cultivar
Characteristics
Peach
Flordaking
Large size for an early peach. Split pits increase with lower crop load. Lacks red in skin.
Flordaprince
A standard for lowest chill and early ripening. High red skin color.
Flordabest
Firmest of melting flesh. Large size and full red skin.
Flordacrest
Excellent yellow ground color. Follows Flordaking in north Florida.
Flordaglo
The best of white flesh cultivars for central Florida
Gulfcrest
Variable in fruit size on the tree. Twiggy growth in tree.
Gulfcrimson
Excellent fruit size. Reliable crops in north Florida
Gulfking
Early variety with good shape, size and color in north Florida.
Gulfprince
Reliable cropper. Fruit browning in flesh associated with high nitrogen.
Tropicbeauty
A standard for lower central Florida and upper south Florida
UFbeauty
Cropping has been unreliable in south Florida
UFBlaze
Cropping has been unreliable south of Gainesville.
UFSharpe
Reliable cropping, excellent fruit size, shape and firmness.
UFO
A donut-shaped fruit with super flavor. Prune heaviest summer and less in winter for reliable crops.
UFSun
Very low chilling. Sets well in south Florida.
Whiterobin
A standard reliable cropper with white flesh for north Florida.
Nectarine
Sunbest
Similar to Sunraycer, but slightly larger fruit and short intermediate length in stems.
Suncoast
Very large for season.
UFRoyal
Excellent firmness and flavor. Good fruit size and shape. Dark red skin.
Footnotes
1. This document is HS1125, one of a series of the Horticultural Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date January 2008. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.2. J. Ferguson professor, J. Williamson, professor, J. Chaparro assistant professor, Horticultural Sciences Department; P. Andersen, professor, North Florida Research and Education Center - Quincy, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.
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