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Insect and Mite Management Suggestions for Commercial, Field-grown Gladiolus Production1
James F. Price, Curtis Nagle and Elzie McCord2Gladiolus is grown largely in Collier and Manatee counties with smaller acreages in Putnam and St. John's counties and elsewhere. It is produced for its floriferous spike and for its corms, the underground reproductive structure. Most production occurs in open fields on narrow, non-mulched, raised beds.
The extraordinary height of the plant and typical bed cause pesticide spraying to require specialized equipment during much of the season. Major arthropod pests include wireworms that can attack the corms in the soil, armyworms and loopers that feed on leaf blades, and thrips that are problematic on stored corms, foliage and particularly on florets.
Table 1 presents the chemical control measures available to commercial gladiolus producers in Florida and includes microbial insecticides that also are components of biological control. The arthropod pests most likely to damage gladiolus are presented alphabetically as section headings. For each arthropod pest presented commercial products available for control are grouped by active ingredient. Usually only one example of any particular formulation is given. Other examples or other formulations may exist that are as effective as those mentioned. Notes taken from labels are provided to qualify some uses and precautionary statements and re-entry intervals are given to aid in the safe use of the pesticides. Hyperlinks to product labels are provided in the electronic forms of a separate publication, Insecticides, Miticides & Molluscicides Available to Florida's Floricultural Industry (ENY-679 ). These hyperlinks are to business or governmental Web sites and not to any source maintained by the University of Florida and may change without notice.
Many pesticides are decomposed (hydrolyzed) in the spray tank when mixed with water above pH 7. Growers should be aware of their water pH and when above 7, a buffering solution should be added to maintain pH in the 6.5 to 7 range.
This summary is only a guide to aid in selection of pesticides. Care has been given to provide accurate and up-to-date information, but it is possible that, through label changes, author error, etc., improper uses may be indicated. In all cases it is the applicator's responsibility to read and comply with the label that accompanies each pesticide container.
Tables
Table 1. Pesticides available to control insects and mites on field-grown gladiolus in Florida.
Common Chemical Name
Trade Name/
Formulation1
Pre- Caution
REI
(Hrs)2
Notes from Label3
Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Abamectin Avid 0.15EC Warning 12 Suppression Acephate
Orthene TT&O, S Caution
24
Address T/O, WSP Acephate Pro 75 WSP Acetamiprid TriStar 70WSP Caution 24 Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides. Azadirachtin
Azatin XL Caution
4
Ornazin 3EC Warning
12 Azinphos-Methyl Guthion Solupak Danger Note Nursery stock; Variable REIs, See Label Beauveria bassiana
Naturalis T&O
Caution
4 Botanigard 22WP Warning
12 Nursery & Shade House Botanigard ES Warning
12 Nursery Bifenthrin Talstar N Caution 12 Nursery and Shade House. Do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Chlorpyrifos
Dursban 50W WSP Danger 12 Duraguard ME Caution 24 Chlorpyrifos Pro 2 Warning 24 Nursery Stock Chlorpyrifos Pro 4 Warning 24 Nursery Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil
Triact 70 Caution 4 Cyfluthrin
Decathlon 20WP, WSP
Caution 12 Deltamethrin
Deltaguard GC 5SC Caution 12 Diazinon KnoxOut NL Caution 12 Nursery Diazinon AG500 Caution
12
Diazinon Insecticide Diazinon 5WB, 50W
Dimethoate
Dimethoate 4EC Warning 48 Dimethoate 400, 4E, 267
Warning 48 Do not use on propagation stock Dimethoate 5LB Danger 48 Fenpropathrin
Tame 2.4EC Warning 24 Nursery & Shade House Imidacloprid
Marathon 60WP, 1G, II
Caution 12 Lambda-Cyhalothrin
Scimitar GC Caution 24 Malathion
Gowan Malathion 8F Caution 12 Atrapa 5E Malathion 5, 5EC Warning 12 Oxydemeton-Methyl
Metasystox-R Warning 48 Field-grown nursery stock; Variable REIs, See label Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids
Insecticidal Soap 49.52 CF Warning 12 M-Pede Warning 12 Combine with other pesticides Pymetrozine
Endeavor Caution 12 Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide
Diatect Multipurpose
Caution 12 Pyreth-It Pyrenone Crop Spray Pyrethrins & Rotenone & Other Cube Resins
Pyrellin EC Caution 12 Pyriproxyfen
Distance IGR Caution 12 Suppression Refined Petroleum Distillate
Ultra-Fine Oil Caution
4 Saf-T-Side Spray Oil Tau-Fluvalinate Mavrik Aquaflow Caution 12 Thiamethoxam Flagship 25WG Caution 12 Container, nursery or shade house grown. Do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, whichever is shorter. Armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) See also: Caterpillars
Acephate
Orthene TT&O, S
Caution 24 Fall, southern & yellowstriped armyworm Address T/O Acephate Pro 75 WSP Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai
XenTari, DF Caution 4 Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki
Javelin WG Caution 4 Dipel Pro DF, 2X Troy-BT 2WP Biobit HP Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki EG7841
Crymax WP Caution 4 Beauveria bassiana
Naturalis L
Caution 4 Bifenthrin Talstar N Caution 12 Nursery & shade house. Do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year. Chlorpyrifos
Dursban 50W WSP Danger 24 Chlorpyrifos Pro 2 Warning 24 Nursery stock Chlorpyrifos Pro 4 Warning 24 Nursery Diazinon
Diazinon AG500 Caution 12 Diazinon Insecticide Diazinon 5WB, 50W
Diflubenzuron
Adept Caution 12
Shade House
Dimilin SC Dimilin 25W Caution 12 Beet armyworm; Shade House Fenpropathrin Tame 2.4EC Warning 24 Beet armyworm; Nursery & Shade House Heterorhabditis indica
Grubstake 100 Caution 0 Novaluron Pedestal Caution 12 Container grown in shade house or nursery; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of Pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle. Permethrin
Pounce 25WP, WSB
Warning 12 Beet armyworm; Field-grown nursery stock
Ambush Pounce 3.2EC Caution 12 Beet armyworm; Field-grown nursery stock
POBs of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Spodoptera exigua
Spod-X LC Caution 4 Beet armyworm Steinernema carpocapsae
Millenium Caution 0 Nursery Tebufenozide Confirm T/O Caution 4 Nursery Caterpillars (Lepidoptera)
(See Also: Armyworms and Loopers)
Acephate
Orthene TT&O, S
Caution 24 Cutworms Address T/O Acephate Pro 75 WSP Azadirachtin
Ornazin 3EC Warning 12 Azatin XL Caution 4 Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki
Javelin WG Caution 4 Dipel Pro DF, 2X
Troy-BT 2 WP Biobit HP Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai
XenTari, DF Caution 4 Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki EG7841
Crymax WP Caution 4 Beauveria bassiana
Naturalis L
Caution 4 Bifenthrin Talstar N Caution 12 Shade House & Nursery; Leaf-feeding caterpillars; Do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year. Cyfluthrin Decathlon 20WP, WSP
Caution 12 Leaf-feeding caterpillars Diazinon
Diazinon AG500 Caution 12 Cutworms Diazinon Insecticide Diazinon 5WB, 50W
Deltamethrin Deltaguard GC 5SC Caution 12 Nursery; Leaf-feeding caterpillars Lambda-Cyhalothrin Scimitar GC Caution 24 Leaf-feeding caterpillars
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids M-Pede Warning 12 Cutworm Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide
Diatect Multipurpose Caution 12
Pyreth-It Pyrenone Crop Spray Pyrethrins & Rotenone & Other Cube Resins Pyrellin EC Caution 12 Spinosad Conserve SC T&O Caution 4 Lepidopterous larvae Tau-Fluvalinate
Mavrik Aquaflow Caution 12 Leaf-feeding caterpillars Loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
(See Also: Caterpillars)
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki
Javelin WG Caution 4 Dipel Pro DF, 2X
Troy-BT 2WP
Crymax WP Biobit HP Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai
XenTari, DF Caution 4 Permethrin
Pounce 3.2EC Caution 12 Cabbage looper; Field-grown nursery stock
Ambush Warning 12 Cabbage looper; Field-grown nursery stock
Pounce 25 WP, WSB
Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Abamectin Avid 0.15EC Warning 12 Suppression Acephate
Orthene TT&O, S Caution 24 Address T/O Acephate Pro 75 WSP Acetamiprid TriStar 70WSP Caution 24 Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides. Azadirachtin Azatin XL Caution 4 Gladiolus thrips Azinphos-Methyl Guthion Solupak Danger 48 Nursery stock; Variable REIs See Label Beauveria bassiana
Naturalis L
Caution 4 Botanigard 22WP Warning 12 Nursery & Shade House Botanigard ES Warning 12 Nursery Bifenthrin Talstar N Caution 12 Shade House & Nursery; Do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year. Carbaryl Sevin SL Caution 12
Exposed thrips Chlorpyrifos
Dursban 50W WSP Danger 24 Nursery; Exposed thrips Duraguard ME Caution 24 Cyfluthrin Decathlon 20WP, WSP
Caution 12 Diazinon
KnoxOut NL Caution 12 Nursery Diazinon AG500 Caution 12 Diazinon Insecticide Diazinon 5WB, 50W
Dimethoate
Dimethoate 4EC Warning 48 Dimethoate 400, 4E, 267
Warning 48 Do not use on propagation stock
Dimethoate 5LB Danger 48 Fenpropathrin Tame 2.4EC Warning 24 Nursery & Shade House Imidacloprid
Marathon 60WP, 1G
Caution 12 Suppression; Field Nurseries, Container Stock & Plants in Flats, Benches or Beds Marathon II Caution 12 Suppression on foliage only; Field Nurseries, Container Stock & Plants in Flats, Benches or Beds Lambda-Cyhalothrin Scimitar GC Caution
24 Shade House & Nursery Malathion
Gowan Malathion 8F Caution 12 Atrapa 5E Malathion 5EC Warning 12 Methiocarb Mesurol 75W Warning 24 Nursery; Western flower thrips Novaluron Pedestal Caution 12 Container grown in shade house or nursery; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl.oz. per acre per year per crop. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of Pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle. Permethrin Pounce 3.2EC Caution 12 Citrus thrips; Field-Grown Nursery Stock Ambush Warning 12 Citrus thrips; Field-Grown Nursery Stock Pounce 25WP, WSB
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids
Insecticidal Soap 49-52 Warning 12 M-Pede Warning 12 Exposed thrips Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide
Diatect Multipurpose
Caution 12 Pyreth-It Pyrenone Crop Spray Pyrethrins & Rotenone & Other Cube Resins Pyrellin EC Caution 12 Spinosad
Caution 4 Exposed thrips Tau-Fluvalinate
Mavrik Aquaflow Caution 12 Twospotted Spider Mites (Tetranychus urticae)
Abamectin
Avid 0.15EC Warning 12 Azinphos-Methyl Guthion Solupak Danger 48 Nursery Stock; Variable REIs See Label Beauveria bassiana
Naturalis L
Caution 4 Binfenazate Floramite Caution
4 Bifenthrin Talstar N Caution 12 Shade House & Nursery Clarified Extract of Neem Oil Triact 70
Caution 4 Clofentizine Ovation SC Caution 12 Deltamethrin Deltaguard GC 5SC Caution 12 Suppression Dicofol
Kelthane 50WSP Danger 48 Nursery Etoxazole Tetrasan 5 WDG Caution 12 Controls in egg and nymph stages of growth. Resistance management: Apply no more than two times per cropping cycle (start to finish for one ornamental crop) or no more than two times per 6 months. Apply second application no sooner than 14 days after the first application. If rapdid control (less than 7 days) is required, apply in combination with a contact adulticide. Fenbutatin-Oxide Vendex 50WP Danger 48 Fenpropathrin Tame 2.4EC Warning 24 Nursery & Shade House
Hexythiazox
Hexygon Caution 12 Hexygon DF Caution 12 Nursery Lambda-Cyhalothrin Scimitar GC Caution 24 Shade House & Nursery Methiocarb Mesurol 75W Warning 24 Nursery Oxydemeton-Methyl Metasystox-R Warning 48 Field-Grown Nursery Stock; Variable REIs See Label Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids Insecticidal Soap 49.52CF Warning 12 M-Pede Propargite Ornamite Danger 7 days Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide Diatect Multipurpose Caution 12 Pyrethrins & Rotenone & Other Cube Resins
Pyrellin EC Caution 12 Pyridaben Sanmite Warning 12 Refined Petroleum Distillate
Ultra-Fine Oil Caution
4
Saf-T-Side Spray Oil Spinosad Conserve SC T&O Caution 4 Tau-Fluvalinate Mavrik Aquaflow Caution 12 Wireworms
1,3-Dichloropropene
Telone II Warning 5 days Nursery Telone C-17, C-35
Danger 5 days Nursery Diazinon Diazinon 50W Caution 12 Methyl Bromide & Chloropicrin 67-33, 75-25 Preplant Soil Fumigant Danger 48 1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 REI = Re-entry Interval or period between application and earliest normal entry into treated area.
3 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.
Footnotes
1. This document is ENY-304, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: September 1995. Revised: June 2004. Please visit the EDIS Website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.2. James F. Price, associate professor, Curtis Nagle, biologist, and Elzie McCord, adjunct professor, Entomology and Nematology Department, GCREC, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Bradenton.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.
Copyright Information
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