Insect and Mite Management Suggestions for Commercial, Field-grown Gypsophila Production1
Gypsophila flowers are the delicate white sprays that enhance corsages and other flower arrangements and are widely known as "bridal flowers." Gypsophila usually is grown in open fields on mulched beds from September through Mother's Day. Their most prominent insect pests are agromyzid leafminers and armyworms that feed on the narrow leaves and flower thrips that inhabit the blooms. Flower thrips not only damage flowers, but they can be annoying to field workers.
Chemical control measures available for use on commercial gypsophila in Florida include microbial insecticides that may be considered components of biological control; these are presented in Table 1. The arthropod pests most likely to damage gypsophila are presented alphabetically as section headings. Commercial products available for control of each listed arthropod are grouped by active ingredient. Usually, only one example of any particular formulation is given. However, additional examples may exist that are as effective as those mentioned. Notes taken from labels are provided to qualify some uses and precautionary statements and re-entry intervals are given to aid in the safe use of the pesticides. Hyperlinks to product labels are provided in the eletronic forms of a separate publication, Insecticides, Miticides & Molluscicides Available to Florida's Floricultural Industry (ENY-679). These hyperlinks connect to business or governmental Web sites and not to any source maintained by the University of Florida and may change without notice.
Many pesticides are broken-down (hydrolyzed) in the spray tank when mixed with water above pH 7. Growers should be aware of their water pH and when above 7, a buffering solution should be added to maintain pH in the 6.5 to 7 range.
This summary is only a guide to facilitate the user's selection of pesticides. Care has been given to provide accurate and up-to-date information, but it is possible that, through label changes, author error, etc., improper uses may be indicated. In all cases it is the applicator's responsibility to read and comply with the label that accompanies each pesticide container.
Telephone number and address of the nearest County Poison Control Center should be kept in a convenient location in case of an accidental poisoning. Also, keep clean copies of labels of all pesticides that are on the premises. In the event of a poisoning, the label of the pesticide involved should be taken to the Poison Control Center or hospital.
Tables
Pesticides available to control insects and mites on field-grown gypsophila in Florida.
Common Chemical Name |
Trade Name/ Formulation1 |
Pre- Caution |
REI (Hrs)2 |
Notes from Label3 |
Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) |
||||
| Abamectin | Avid 0.15EC | Warning | 12 | Suppression |
Acephate |
Orthene TT&O, S | Caution |
24 |
|
| Address T/O | ||||
| Acephate Pro 75 WSP | ||||
| Acetamiprid | TriStar 70WSP | Caution | 24 | Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides. |
Azadirachtin |
Azatin XL | Caution |
4 |
|
| Ornazin 3EC | Warning |
12 | ||
| Azinphos-Methyl | Guthion Solupak | Danger | Note | Nursery Stock; Variable REIs, See Label |
Beauveria bassiana |
Naturalis L |
Caution |
4 | |
| Botanigard 22WP | Warning |
12 | Nursery & Shade House | |
| Botanigard ES | Warning |
12 | Nursery | |
| Bifenthrin | Talstar N | Caution | 12 | Nursery & Shade House. Do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. per acre per year. |
Chlorpyrifos |
Dursban 50W WSP | Danger | 24 |
|
| Duraguard ME | Caution | 24 | ||
| Chlorpyrifos Pro 2 | Warning | 24 | Nursery Stock | |
| Chlorpyrifos Pro 4 | Warning | 24 | Nursery | |
Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil |
Triact 70 |
Caution | 4 | |
Cyfluthrin |
Decathlon 20WP, WSP |
Caution | 12 | |
Deltamethrin |
Deltaguard GC 5SC | Caution | 12 | |
| Diazinon | KnoxOut NL | Caution | 12 | Nursery |
| Endosulfan | Thiodan 3EC | Danger | 24 | |
| Endosulfan 50WPS | ||||
Fenpropathrin |
Tame 2.4EC | Warning | 24 | Nursery & Shade House |
Imidacloprid |
Marathon 60WP, 1G, II |
Caution | 12 | |
Lambda-Cyhalothrin |
Scimitar GC | Caution | 24 | |
Malathion |
Gowan Malathion 8F | Caution | 12 | |
| Atrapa 5E | ||||
| Malathion 5, 5EC | Warning | 12 | ||
Oxydemeton-Methyl |
Metasystox-R | Warning | 48 | Field-grown nursery stock; Variable REIs, See Label |
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids |
Insecticidal Soap 49.52 CF | Warning | 12 | |
| M-Pede | Warning | 12 | Combine with other pesticides | |
Pymetrozine |
Endeavor | Caution | 12 | |
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide |
Diatect Multipurpose |
Caution | 12 | |
| Pyreth-It | ||||
| Pyrenone Crop Spray | ||||
Pyrethrins & Rotenone & Other Cube Resins |
Pyrellin EC | Caution | 12 | |
Pyriproxyfen |
Distance IGR | Caution | 12 | Suppression |
Refined Petroleum Distillate |
Ultra-Fine Oil | Caution |
4 | |
| Saf-T-Side Spray Oil | ||||
| Tau-Fluvalinate | Mavrik Aquaflow | Caution | 12 | |
| Thiamethoxam | Flagship 25WG | Caution | 12 | Container, nursery or shade house grown. Do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, whichever is shorter. |
Armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) See also: Caterpillars |
||||
| Acephate | Orthene TT&O, S |
Caution | 24 | Fall, southern & yellowstriped armyworm |
| Address T/O | ||||
| Acephate Pro 75 WSP | ||||
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai |
XenTari, DF | Caution | 4 | |
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki |
Javelin WG | Caution | 4 | |
Dipel Pro DF, 2X |
||||
| Troy-BT 2WP | ||||
| Biobit HP | ||||
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki EG7841 |
Crymax WP | Caution | 4 | |
Beauveria bassiana |
Naturalis L |
Caution | 4 | |
| Bifenthrin | Talstar N | Caution | 12 | Nursery & Shade House. Do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year. |
Chlorpyrifos |
Dursban 50W WSP | Danger | 24 | |
| Chlorpyrifos Pro 2 | Warning | 24 | Nursery Stock |
|
| Chlorpyrifos Pro 4 | Warning | 24 | Nursery | |
Diflubenzuron |
Adept | Caution | 12 |
Shade House |
| Dimilin SC | ||||
Dimilin 25W (EPA-400-469) |
Caution | 12 | Beet Armyworm; Shade House |
|
| Fenpropathrin | Tame 2.4EC | Warning | 24 | Beet Armyworm; Nursery & Shade House |
Heterorhabditis indica |
Grubstake 100 | Caution | 0 | |
| Novaluron | Pedestal | Caution |
12 |
Container grown in shade house or nursery; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of Pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle. |
Permethrin |
Pounce 25WP, WSB |
Warning | 12 | Beet Armyworm; Field-Grown Nursery Stock |
| Ambush | ||||
| Pounce 3.2EC | Caution | 12 | Beet Armyworm; Field-Grown Nursery Stock |
|
POBs of the Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Spodoptera exigua |
Spod-X LC | Caution | 4 | Beet Armyworm |
Steinernema carpocapsae |
Millenium | Caution | 0 | Nursery |
| Tebufenozide | Confirm T/O | Caution | 4 | Nursery |
Caterpillars (Lepidoptera) (See Also: Armyworms and Loopers) |
||||
Acephate |
Orthene TT&O, S |
Caution | 24 | Cutworms |
| Address T/O | ||||
| Acephate Pro 75 WSP | ||||
Azadirachtin |
Ornazin 3EC | Warning | 12 | |
| Azatin XL | Caution | 4 | ||
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki |
Javelin WG | Caution | 4 | |
Dipel Pro DF, 2X |
||||
Troy-BT 2 WP |
||||
Biobit HP |
||||
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai |
XenTari, DF | Caution | 4 | |
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki EG7841 |
Crymax WP |
Caution | 4 | |
Beauveria bassiana |
Naturalis L |
Caution | 4 | |
| Bifenthrin | Talstar N | Caution | 12 | Shade House & Nursery; Leaf-feeding caterpillars |
| Cyfluthrin | Decathlon 20WP, WSP |
Caution | 12 | Leaf-feeding caterpillars |
| Deltamethrin | Deltaguard GC 5SC | Caution | 12 | Nursery; Leaf-feeding caterpillars |
| Lambda-Cyhalothrin | Scimitar GC | Caution | 24 | Leaf-feeding caterpillars |
| Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids | M-Pede | Warning | 12 | Cutworm |
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide |
Diatect Multipurpose | Caution | 12 |
|
| Pyreth-It | ||||
| Pyrenone Crop Spray | ||||
| Pyrethrins & Rotenone & Other Cube Resins | Pyrellin EC | Caution | 12 | |
| Spinosad | Conserve SC T&O | Caution | 4 | Lepidopterous larvae |
Tau-Fluvalinate |
Mavrik Aquaflow | Caution | 12 | Leaf-feeding caterpillars |
Dipterous Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae) |
||||
Abamectin |
Avid 0.15EC | Warning | 12 | |
Azadirachtin |
Ornazin 3EC | Warning | 12 | |
| Azatin XL | Caution | 4 | ||
Bifenthrin |
Talstar N | Caution | 12 | Nursery & Shade House |
Cyromazine |
Citation | Caution | 12 | |
Deltamethrin |
Deltaguard GC 5SC | Caution | 12 | |
| Fenpropathrin | Tame 2.4EC | Warning | 24 | Nursery |
| Imidacloprid | Marathon 60WP, 1G, II |
Caution | 12 | Field Nursery, Flats, Beds, Benches & Containers |
| Lambda-Cyhalothrin | Scimitar GC | Caution | 24 | Adults |
| Novaluron | Pedestal | Caution | 12 | Suppression; Container grown in shade house or nursery; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of Pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle. |
Permethrin |
Ambush |
Warning |
12 | Field-Grown Nursery Stock |
Pounce 25WP, WSB |
12 | |||
| Pounce 3.2EC | Caution | 12 | Field-Grown Nursery Stock |
|
| Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids | M-Pede | Warning | 12 | Must combine with other pesticides |
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide |
Diatect Multipurpose | Caution |
12 |
|
| Pyrenone Crop Spray | ||||
| Pyrethrins & Rotenone & Other Cube Resins | Pyrellin EC | Caution | 12 | |
Refined Petroleum Distillate |
Ultra-Fine Oil | Caution | 4 | |
| Saf-T-Side Spray Oil | ||||
| Spinosad | Conserve SC T&O | Caution | 4 | |
Loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) See also: Caterpillars |
||||
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki |
Javelin WG | Caution | 4 | |
Dipel Pro DF, 2X |
||||
Troy-BT 2WP |
||||
| Crymax WP | ||||
| Biobit HP | ||||
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai |
XenTari, DF | Caution | 4 | |
Permethrin |
Pounce 3.2EC | Caution | 12 | Cabbage looper; Field-grown nursery stock |
| Ambush | Warning | 12 | Cabbage looper; Field-grown nursery stock |
|
Pounce 25 WP, WSB |
||||
Shore Flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) |
||||
Azadirachtin |
Ornazin 3EC | Warning | 12 | |
| Azatin XL | Caution | 4 | ||
Beauveria bassiana |
Naturalis L |
Caution | 4 | |
| Chlorpyrifos | Duraguard ME | Caution | 24 | |
| Diazinon | KnoxOut NL | Caution | 12 | Larvae, Nursery |
| Diflubenzuron | Adept | Caution | 12 | Bed, Bench & Container Grown; Shade House |
| Fenoxycarb | Precision | Caution | 12 | Container-Grown & Shade House |
| Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids | M-Pede | Warning | 12 | |
| Pyriproxyfen | Distance IGR | Caution | 12 | |
Steinernema carpocapsae |
Millenium | Caution | 0 | Nursery |
Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) |
||||
| Abamectin | Avid 0.15EC | Warning | 12 |
Suppression |
Acephate |
Orthene TT&O, S | Caution |
24 |
|
| Address T/O | ||||
| Acephate Pro 75 WSP | ||||
| Acetamiprid | TriStar 70WSP | Caution | 24 | Citrus thrips; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides. |
| Azadirachtin | Azatin XL | Caution | 4 | |
| Azinphos-Methyl | Guthion Solupak | Danger | 48 | Nursery Stock; Variable REIs See Label |
Beauveria bassiana |
Naturalis L |
Caution | 4 | |
| Botanigard 22WP | Warning | 12 | Nursery & Shade House | |
| Botanigard ES | Warning | 12 | Nursery | |
| Bifenthrin | Talstar N | Caution | 12 | Shade House & Nursery. Do not apply more than 0.2 lbs a.i. per acre per year. |
| Carbaryl | Sevin SL | Caution |
12 | Exposed Thrips |
Chlorpyrifos |
Dursban 50W WSP | Danger | 24 | Nursery; Exposed Thrips |
| Duraguard ME | Caution | 24 | ||
| Cyfluthrin | Decathlon 20WP, WSP |
Caution | 12 | |
| Diazinon | KnoxOut NL | Caution | 12 | Nursery |
| Fenoxycarb | Precision | Caution | 12 | Container-Grown & Shade House |
| Fenpropathrin | Tame 2.4EC | Warning |
24 | Nursery & Shade House |
Imidacloprid |
Marathon 60WP, 1G |
Caution | 12 | Suppression; Field Nurseries, Container Stock & Plants in Flats, Benches or Beds |
| Marathon II | Caution | 12 | Suppression on Foliage Only; Field Nurseries, Container Stock & Plants in Flats, Benches or Beds | |
| Lambda-Cyhalothrin | Scimitar GC | Caution | 24 | Shade House & Nursery |
Malathion |
Gowan Malathion 8F | Caution |
12 |
|
| Atrapa 5E | ||||
| Malathion 5, 5EC | Warning | 12 | ||
| Methiocarb | Mesurol 75W | Warning | 24 | Nursery; Western Flower Thrips |
| Novaluron | Pedestal | Caution | 12 | Container grown in shade house or nursery; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of Pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle. |
Permethrin |
Pounce 3.2EC |
Caution |
12 | Citrus Thrips; Field-Grown Nursery Stock |
| Ambush | Warning |
12 |
Citrus Thrips; Field-Grown Nursery Stock |
|
Pounce 25 WP, WSB |
||||
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids |
Insecticidal Soap 49.52 CF | Warning | 12 | |
| M-Pede | Warning | 12 | Exposed Thrips | |
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide |
Diatect Multipurpose | Caution | 12 |
|
| Pyreth-It | ||||
| Pyrenone Crop Spray | ||||
| Pyrethrins & Rotenone & Other Cube Resins | Pyrellin EC | Caution | 12 |
|
| Spinosad | Conserve SC T&O | Caution | 4 |
Exposed Thrips |
| Tau-Fluvalinate | Mavrik Aquaflow | Caution | 12 |
|
Twospotted Spider Mites (Tetranychus urticae) |
||||
Abamectin |
Avid 0.15EC | Warning | 12 | |
Beauveria bassiana |
Naturalis L |
Caution | 4 | |
| Binfenazate | Floramite | Caution |
4 | |
| Bifenthrin | Talstar N | Caution | 12 | Shade House & Nursery |
| Clarified Extract of Neem Oil | Triact 70 |
Caution | 4 | |
| Clofentizine | Ovation SC | Caution | 12 | |
| Deltamethrin | Deltaguard GC 5SC | Caution | 12 | Suppression |
Dicofol |
Kelthane 50WSP | Danger | 48 | Nursery |
| Etoxazole | Tetrasan 5 WDG | Caution | 12 | Controls in egg and nymph stages of growth. Resistance management: Apply no more than two times per cropping cycle (start to finish for one ornamental crop) or no more than two times per 6 months. Apply second application no sooner than 14 days after the first application. If rapid control (less than 7 days) is required, apply in combination with a contact adulticide. |
| Fenbutatin-Oxide | Vendex 50WP | Danger | 48 | |
| Fenpropathrin | Tame 2.4EC | Warning | 24 | Nursery & Shade House |
Hexythiazox |
Hexygon | Caution | 12 | |
| Hexygon DF | Caution | 12 | Nursery | |
| Lambda-Cyhalothrin | Scimitar GC | Caution | 24 | Shade House & Nursery |
| Methiocarb | Mesurol 75W | Warning | 24 | Nursery |
| Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids | Insecticidal Soap 49.52CF | Warning | 12 | |
| M-Pede | ||||
| Propargite | Ornamite | Danger | 7 days | |
| Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide | Diatect Multipurpose | Caution | 12 | |
Pyrethrins & Rotenone & Other Cube Resins |
Pyrellin EC | Caution | 12 | |
| Pyridaben | Sanmite | Warning | 12 | |
Refined Petroleum Distillate |
Ultra-Fine Oil | Caution |
4 |
|
| Saf-T-Side Spray Oil | ||||
| Spinosad | Conserve SC T&O | Caution | 4 | |
| Tau-Fluvalinate | Mavrik Aquaflow | Caution | 12 | |
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 REI = Re-entry Interval or period between application and earliest normal entry into treated area. 3 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc. |
||||
Footnotes
This document is ENY-305, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Publication date: September 1995. Revised: June 2004. Please visit the EDIS Website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
James F. Price, associate professor, Curtis Nagle, biologist, and Elzie McCord, adjunct professor, Entomology and Nematology Department, GCREC, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Bradenton.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal
Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational
information and other services only to individuals and institutions
that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed,
color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital
status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations.
For more information on obtaining other extension publications,
contact your county Cooperative Extension service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service,
University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative
Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer, Interim Dean.
