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Insecticides Currently Used on Vegetables1
S. E. Webb and P. A. Stansly2The following table lists many of the common insecticides currently labeled for use on vegetables in Florida. A number of new materials have been registered in the past few years or have had additional crops added to their labels. Some older organophosphate insecticides (methyl parathion, in particular) are now restricted to just a few crops, a result of recent rulings related to the Food Quality Protection Act. Changes continue, thus this listing may not be totally accurate at the time of printing.
No attempt has been made to list all available formulations. Some are listed under "Signal Word," when different formulations differ in toxicity. Many of the listed insecticides are limited to specific vegetables. Specific crop recommendations and pesticide labels should be consulted for more detailed information.
Insects can become resistant to any insecticide if it is used repeatedly. This also applies to alternating insecticides with similar modes of action, for example following a soil application of Admire with foliar applications of Actara or Assail (all neonicotinoids). To complicate matters, some insecticides in the same class have different modes of action and some unrelated chemicals have the same mode of action. In general, pesticides with the same mode of action should be used no more than twice in any crop cycle if residual activity is short and only once if residual activity is long. To aid in developing a spray program we have included a column with a code number for the mode of action of each insecticide. A footnote lists the mode of action associated with the code. In addition to alternating insecticides with different modes of action, integrating other non-chemical control measures in a pest management program should help to delay resistance.
Tables
Table 1. Insecticides For Use On Vegetables
Insecticide
General Characteristics
Signal Word
MOA1
Typical Target Pests
Organophosphates
*Counter (terbufos)
systemic action
Danger-Poison
1B soil pests *Diazinon Caution
1B
aphids, beetles, caterpillars, soil pests, thrips Dibrom (naled)
some short residual fumigant action Danger 1B caterpillars Dimethoate local systemic Warning
1B aphids, leafhoppers, mites *Di-Syston (disulfoton)
systemic action Danger-Poison 1B aphids
*Guthion (azinphosmethyl)
Danger-Poison
1B beetles, caterpillars, maggots Imidan (phosmet)
Warning 1B caterpillars, sweetpotato weevil
Lorsban (chlorpyrifos)
long residual Caution - (15G) Warning -
(50W, *4E)
1B caterpillars, soil pests Malathion short residual Warning 1B broad spectrum
*MSR Spray Concentrate (oxydemetonmethyl)
systemic; contact & stomach action Warning 1B aphids, thrips & other sucking insects *Mocap (ethoprop)
contact action Warning - (10G, *15G)
1B aphids, caterpillars *Monitor (methamidophos)
long residual Danger-Poison 1B aphids, caterpillars & other pests
Orthene (acephate)
contact action & local systemic action Caution 1B aphids, caterpillars *Penncap-M (methyl parathion) contact & fumigant action; slow release formulation
Warning -(Penncap-M only)
1B caterpillars, thrips
*Thimet (phorate)
systemic action Danger-Poison 1B soil pests Carbamates
*Furadan (carbofuran)
systemic action Danger-Poison 1A beetles, some caterpillars *Lannate (methomyl)
very short residual Danger-Poison 1A caterpillars, leafhoppers Larvin (thiodicarb)
larvicide & ovicide Warning 1A caterpillars Sevin (carbaryl)
use can result in aphid and mite outbreaks Caution - (4F, XLR, Bait)
Warning - (80S)
1A beetles, leafhoppers, caterpillars *Temik (aldicarb)
systemic action Danger-Poison 1A aphids, mites, some beetles *Vydate (oxamyl)
contact action, systemic if applied to soil Danger-Poison 1A aphids, thrips, some beetles Organochlorines
Endosulfan (endosulfan)
fairly long residual
Danger-Poison
2A
aphids, beetles, caterpillars, whiteflies Kelthane (dicofol)
Caution - (MF) Warning - (35)
20
spider mites, broad mites Pyrethroids
*Ambush (permethrin)
Warning
3 beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips
*Ammo (cypermethrin)
Caution 3 beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips
*Asana (esfenvalerate)
Warning
3 beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers
*Baythroid (cyfluthrin)
Danger 3 beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips
*Capture, Brigade (bifenthrin)
Warning 3 beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips, whiteflies
*Danitol (fenpropathrin)
Danger 3 caterpillars, leafhoppers, whiteflies *Force (tefluthrin)
Caution 3 soil pests *Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)
Warning 3 beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips
*Pounce (permethrin)
Caution - (3.2EC, 1.5G)
Warning - (25WP, WSP)
3 beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips
*Proaxis (gamma-cyhalothrin)
Caution 3 beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers, plant bugs, stink bugs Pyronyl Crop Spray (Pyrethrins)
contact, stomach, & fumigant action; extract from chyrsanthemums
Caution 3 broad spectrum *Warrior (lambda-cyhalothrin) Warning
3 beetles, caterpillars, leafhoppers, thrips
Other insect nerve poisons
Acramite-50WS (bifenazate)
contact action, not systemic
Caution 25
mites *Agri-Mek (abamectin)
active once ingested; some contact action; mostly stomach poison Warning 6 leafminers, mites, some beetles, tomato pinworm
Avaunt (indoxacarb)
ingestion plus contact, slightly to moderately translaminar Caution 22 caterpillars Fulfill (pymetrozine)
feeding inhibitor Caution 9B aphids, whiteflies *Proclaim (emamectin benzoate)
ingestion & topical; translaminar, not systemic Caution 6 caterpillars SpinTor (spinosad)
ingestion & contact; enters leaf but does not translocate Caution 5 caterpillars, some beetles and thrips
Insect Growth Regulators
Confirm (tebufenozide)
slow acting
Caution 18 caterpillars Courier (buprofezin) disrupts egg hatch and molting; use in rotation with other insecticides
Caution 16 whiteflies *Dimilin (diflubenzuron)
slow acting, disrupts molting process, reduces egg hatch of pepper weevil Caution 15 caterpillars, pepper weevil Esteem Ant Bait (pyriproxyfen)
breaks reproductive cycle of ants; slow acting but effective Caution 7C ants Extinguish [(S)-methoprene]
slow acting Caution 7A fire ants Intrepid (methoxyfenozide) slow acting Caution 18 caterpillars Knack (pyriproxyfen)
use in combination or rotation with other insecticides Caution 7C whiteflies Neemix (azadirachtin)
slow acting, also acts as feeding repellent
Caution - (Azatin XL Plus)
Warning -
(Neemix 4.5)
26 broad spectrum Rimon (novaluron)
disrupts cuticle formation and deposition at molting, resulting in death of larva; no effect on adult insect Warning 15 caterpillars Trigard (cyromazine)
most effective against small leafminer larvae Caution 17 dipterous leafminers, maggots, some beetles
Neonicotinyls
Actara (thiamethoxam)
local systemic Caution 4A
aphids, potato leafhopper, some beetles, stinkbugs, whiteflies
Admire (imidacloprid)
systemic, long residual
Caution 4A
aphids, leafhoppers, some beetles, whiteflies
Assail (acetamiprid)
local systemic, ovicidal effects Caution 4A
aphids, Colorado potato beetle, whiteflies Platinum (thiamethoxam) systemic, long residual Caution 4A
aphids, potato leafhopper, some beetles, stinkbugs, whiteflies
Provado (imidacloprid)
local systemic Caution 4A
aphids, leafhoppers, some beetles, whiteflies
Venom (dinotefuran)
systemic or locally systemic, depending on application method, long residual Caution 4A aphids, Colorado potato beetle, leafhoppers, leafminers, thrips, whiteflies Miscellaneous
Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) var. aizawai
pest must ingest; slow acting but feeding stops long before death
Caution
11B1
caterpillars or beetles, depending on strain
Bacillus thuringiensis (B.t.) var. kurstaki
pest must ingest; slow acting but feeding stops long before death
Caution
11B2
caterpillars or beetles, depending on strain
Cryolite (Kryocide)
pest must ingest; not rainfast; an inorganic fluorine compound Caution
9A beetles, caterpillars
Mycotrol (Beauveria)
contact; slow acting -- aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies
Oberon (spiromesifen)
inhibitor of lipid synthesis; most effective on juvenile stages of mites and on nymphs and pupae of whiteflies and psyllids Caution 23 mites, psyllids, whiteflies Oil (SunSpray Ultra Fine Spray Oil)
contact activity Caution --
aphids, mites, whiteflies
Soap (M-Pede)
contact activity; phytotoxic at high temperatures Warning -- aphids and other soft-bodied arthropods *Vendex (fenbutatin-oxide) Danger-Poison 12B
mites *Restricted Use Pesticide Originally adapted from: Welty, Celeste. Insecticides for use on vegetables in Ohio. pp. 46-48, 2002 Ohio Vegetable production Guide, Ohio State University.
1Mode of Action codes for vegetable pest insecticides from the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) Mode of Action Classification v.3.3 October 2003.
1A. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, Carbamates
1B. Acetylcholine esterase inhibitors, Organophosphates
2A. GABA-gated chloride channel antagonists
3. Sodium channel modulators
4A. Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonists/antagonists, Neonicotinoids
5. Nicotinic Acetylcholine receptor agonists (not group 4)
6. Chloride channel activators
7A. Juvenile hormone mimics, Juvenile hormone analogues
7C. Juvenile hormone mimics, Pyriproxifen
9A. Compounds of unknown or non-specific mode of action (selective feeding blockers), Cryolite
9B. Compounds of unknown or non-specific mode of action (selective feeding blockers), Pymetrozine
11B1. Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes, B.t. var aizawai
11B2. Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes, B.t. var kurstaki
12B. Inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation, disruptors of ATP formation, Organotin miticide
15. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 0, Lepidopteran
16. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1, Homopteran
17. Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 2, Dipteran
18. Ecdysone agonist/disruptor
20. Site II electron transport inhibitors
21. Site I electron transport inhibitors
22. Voltage-dependent sodium channel blocker
23. Inhibitors of lipid biosynthesis
25. Neuroactive (unknown mode of action)
26. Unknown mode of action, Azadirachtin
Footnotes
1. This document is ENY-419, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Revised: July 2005. Please visit the EDIS Website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.2. S. E. Webb, associate professor/extension entomologist, Entomology and Nematology Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611, and P. A. Stansly, professor, Entomology and Nematology Department, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL, 34142.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.
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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.
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