Whole Document Navigator (Click Here)    ---------------------------------- Top of Document Description of Insect Pests -Bean Leaf Beetles -Beet Armyworms -Corn Earworms -Fall Armyworms -Lesser Cornstalk Borers -Loopers -Mexican Bean Beetles -Spider Mites -Stink Bugs -Silverleaf Whitefly -Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hoppers -Velvetbean Caterpillars Scouting Soybean For Insects Action Thresholds For Insect Pests Precautions Restrictions Footnotes Disclaimer Copyright Infomation

Insect Management in Soybeans ¹

Richard K. Sprenkel ²

Integrated pest management (IPM) programs promote the integration of all applicable control measures to avoid the buildup of damaging populations or suppress numbers of the pest after it has become established. In general, an IPM program will reduce pesticide usage resulting in less environmental impact and delayed development of resistant populations. A key element of an IPM program is the accurate identification of pests. The following pests represent those commonly encountered in Florida soybeans. Others, can, on occasion, cause considerable damage.

Description of Insect Pests

Bean Leaf Beetles

Bean leaf beetles may infest soybean fields, particularly in the western panhandle. Adult bean leaf beetles are easy to identify. The adult beetles vary in color but are typically reddish-bronze or yellowish in color and are about 1/5 to 1/4 inch long. The beetles have three or four black spots in a row along the edge of the wing covers (upper back of the body).

The beetles generally are found on the underside of the leaves where they eat rounded holes and usually drop from the plant when disturbed. Eggs are laid in the soil at the base of the plant, and the slender white larvae feed on the base of the stem or roots.

Beet Armyworms

The beet armyworm is generally considered the most destructive of the armyworms on soybeans. It is usually light to dark green in color and often has a dark stripe running down each side of its body which is bordered with small white stripes. The most striking characteristic useful in field identifications is that it has a black, circular spot located on the side of its body just above the second pair of true legs. The true legs are those located on the front part of the caterpillar's body just behind the head.

The beet armyworm can be a serious defoliator if populations are allowed to build into high numbers. They are particularly difficult to control when they become large (over 3/4 inch in length). Only certain insecticides will control the beet armyworm, and it is important to properly identify them early and to treat them if they become a problem.

Corn Earworms

The corn earworm is a general feeder found on crops such as corn, cotton, peanuts, tobacco and tomatoes. It can develop into large populations in soybeans at any time but most frequently during bloom and early pod fill.

These worms can vary in color from light green or pink to nearly black but are generally lighter on their undersurface and have alternating light and dark stripes along the length of their bodies. They have dark spines and small dark spots on their body which are lacking on the other caterpillar pests. When disturbed, they curl their bodies tightly.

The corn earworm can cause severe damage to small seed pods before it is recognized. The small caterpillars are easier to control than the larger ones, so it is important to check the fields carefully. In the absence of pods, the corn earworm will also feed on foliage.

Fall Armyworms

Fall and other armyworms can cause severe defoliation during the late summer or to very small plants earlier in the season even though soybeans are not their preferred food source.

The stripes and coloration of these worms are highly variable; however, they can generally be identified by a light-colored inverted "Y" mark on the front of the head.

Caution should be taken not to mistake the earworm for the fall armyworm. These two insects look alike to a large extent. If there is doubt, they should be properly identified by an entomologist.

Lesser Cornstalk Borers

The lesser cornstalk borer is small and slender larva with alternating aqua-blue and purplish-brown bands on each body segment. It lives in a silken tube just below the soil surface, and it bores into and tunnels up the stalk. When not feeding, it stays in the silken tube. If disturbed, the lesser cornstalk borer may wiggle in a violent manner.

It can be a problem particularly in sandy soils during the dry seasons when the plants are small. Plants suffering from lesser cornstalk borer injury often appear wilted.

Damage can be reduced significantly by keeping land free of grass and weeds for several weeks prior to planting, or killing them 3-4 weeks prior to planting. In high-risk situations, a recommended granular insecticide at planting will reduce damage.

Loopers

Loopers are green in color and can have white stripes and dark spots on their bodies. They can be easily separated from other caterpillars attacking soybeans by the fact that they only have two pairs of fleshy prolegs on their abdomen. Most of the other caterpillars associated with soybeans have three or four pairs of prolegs.

These caterpillars move in the characteristic looping or measuring fashion. The adult moths deposit their eggs on leaves or other tender plant parts at night.

After hatching, the loopers feed on foliage and produce a ragged appearance. Soybean looper feeding is similar to velvetbean caterpillar in the amount of leaf area eaten per caterpillar stage. Soybean loopers seem to prefer mature leaves and often appear during the late growth stages of the plant.

Soybeans can withstand considerable damage of this type through blooming without reducing the yield. A fungus disease (Nomuraea) often holds loopers in check late in the season. The presence of mold-encrusted dead caterpillars indicates that the fungus disease is present.

Mexican Bean Beetles

The Mexican bean beetle was once one of the more common soybean pests even though Florida seems to be at its southern range. The oblong, yellow eggs are deposited on the underside of the leaves by the adult females. The eggs hatch into bright yellow larvae which have their back covered with many spines.

After growth is complete, the larva cements itself to the underside of a leaf and goes into a resting or pupal stage. The adult emerges as a coppery-brown beetle with 16 black spots on its back.

Both the larvae and adults feed on the undersurface of the leaves leaving the upper leaf surface intact. When the top surface dries out, it leaves a void between the veins and gives a skeletonized appearance. When the infestation is heavy, the pods and stems can also be attacked.

Spider Mites

Spider mites may occasionally attack soybeans. Mites are not insects but are closely related to spiders. They damage soybeans by rupturing the cells of the leaf and then sucking up the fluids.

They generally begin their attack along the edges of the field or around trees, barns, fences, or some tall object close to the field. The mites generally feed on the undersides of the leaves near the midribs. Infested plants take on a "dusty" look and will appear yellowish or off-color. Spider mites are difficult to see with the unaided eye since they are only about 1/60 to 1/50 of an inch long. Mites seem to attack more frequently in hot and dry weather.

Stink Bugs

Stink bugs are shield-shaped green or brown insects, so named because of the odor they produce. The southern green stink bug is generally more predominant and widespread than the brown.

These insects hatch from clusters of barrel-shaped eggs into nymphs, which closely resemble adults. After a series of gradual changes, they become mature adults.

Both the nymphs and adults have piercing-sucking mouthparts and injury is done by puncturing the pods and sucking fluid from the developing beans. This feeding causes stained spots to appear on the beans which may lower the grade seed and reduce seedling vigor. Reductions in seed yield and quality can occur as a result of stink bug feeding.

Studies have shown that wild host plants such as wild dogwood, elder, peppervine, sumac, wild grape and black locust are associated with the first generation of stink bugs. Stink bugs usually appear in the soybean field during September when pods are maturing. Because of their limited movement, populations along field borders can be exceptionally high due to the close proximity of the soybeans to their wild host plants. As a result, spot treatment is frequently a good option. This will often result in adequate control and reduced control costs.

Silverleaf Whitefly

The sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) was common in north Florida. More recently it has been displaced by the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows and Perring). The whitefly was first found in Florida about 1900. The adult silverleaf whitefly is a moth-like insect approximately .8mm (1/32") long. It inhabits and feeds on the undersurfaces of leaves by penetrating the tissue and removing plant sap with its piercing-sucking mouthparts. The insect's snow-white color is attributed to the secretion of wax on its body and wings.

The adults fold their wings over their bodies when at rest or while feeding. The females deposit their eggs on the underside of leaves where they are usually clustered in groups. The number of eggs laid by females ranges from approximately 50 to 400, with an average of about 160.

The eggs are very small, about 1/125 of an inch long and 1/250 of an inch in diameter. Each egg is attached by a stalk to the leaf and is somewhat elliptical in shape, tapering towards the unattached end. Newly laid eggs are smooth and whitish-yellow. As the eggs approach hatching in about five to seven days, they turn brown.

The pest goes through four nymphal instars, ranging in approximate size from 1/95 of an inch as first instars and/or crawlers, to 1/40 of an inch as fourth instars. The immature stages are thin and flat, elliptical in shape, and greenish-yellow in color. In most infestations, all stages of the life cycle are present.

At the end of the nymphal cycle, the whitefly enters into what is commonly referred to as the pupal stage. The pupa has two conspicuous red eyes and the body is raised or convex in shape. It is yellow in color and about 1/35 of an inch long.

The nymphal stages are sedentary, with the exception of the crawler, which after hatching moves a very short distance. Once a feeding site is selected the nymphs do not move. They suck juices from the plant with their piercing-sucking mouthparts. The nymphs are located on the undersides of the leaves and can become so numerous that they almost cover the entire undersurface area.

As the life cycle progresses from stage to stage, molting occurs and the cast skins (particularly from the pupae) remain on the leaves. These structures are empty, silver in color, and resemble small fish scales on the leaves.

Adults congregate, feed, and mate on the undersurfaces of the leaves of the host plants. This can occur in such numbers as to create "clouds" when disturbed. They appear to be more active during the sunny daylight periods, and do not fly as readily during early morning, late evening, or night hours.

The silverleaf whitefly currently is known to attack over 500 species of plants representing 74 plant families. They have been a particular problem on tomatoes, members of the squash and cucumber family, eggplants, okra, beans, peanuts, Gerber daisies, hibiscus and many other ornamental plants. The poinsettia is a favored host and suffers color loss and leaf damage.

Feeding damage by both the nymphs and adults results in the accumulation of honeydew on the leaves, with subsequent growth of sooty black as well as other molds. Other forms of damage include the removal of plant sap, vine, leaf, and plant breakdown, chlorotic spots, yellowing, leaf shedding and abnormalities of fruiting structure. It is believed that the pest injects foreign enzymes into the host plant while feeding, affecting the normal physiological processes. The pest is also known to vector virus diseases to a large number of crops.

Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hoppers

The three-cornered alfalfa hopper is related to the leafhopper. It is green in color, approximately 1/4 inch in length and stands about 1/4 inch high being wedge-shaped and broad-shouldered. It has rather prominent protruding eyes located low on its head.

It pierces the tissues, sucks out plant juices and causes the stem to scab and take on a girdled appearance. The insect feeds deep in the foliage canopy and can be difficult to detect. The nymphs are similar in appearance to the adults but are wingless and have spiny bodies.

Velvetbean Caterpillars

The velvetbean caterpillar is the most damaging foliage feeder to soybeans in Florida.

Caterpillar coloration is variable although green is most common. Dark brown and black forms can also be found late in the season. There are usually distinct yellow and white stripes running the length of the body and the head is yellow.

These caterpillars are very active and will spring from plants and wiggle rapidly when disturbed. Individuals less than one-half inch long "loop" when they crawl and are often mis-identified as soybean loopers.

When caterpillars are less than one-half inch long (first 3 stages) they eat very little leaf area (less than one-third of a leaflet). Worms over one-half inch long (fourth, fifth, and sixth stages) inflict the major portion of damage since they can eat three and one-half average soybean leaflets.

The first three stages develop in about four days in August. The fourth, fifth, and sixth stages take about ten days. This development time shows why you can wait two or three days to control worms after small worms are found in the field. Caterpillars do not eat the plant overnight but require several days to develop.

The most important periods to watch for velvetbean caterpillar damage are August and September. This is the time when major damage to soybeans occurs and when control measures are justified.

Scouting Soybean For Insects

Before one of the chemical controls in the table on the following pages is selected and applied, the kind (species) of insect pest and an estimate of the size of the population must be taken into consideration. This information may be obtained by "scouting" the soybean field. Scouting is a procedure where the crop is sampled in a prescribed manner to determine the presence of damaging population levels. For soybeans, the shake-cloth or beat-cloth is recommended for sampling. Samples (generally 5-10 per field) should be taken each week, at random over the whole field. Each sample consists of shaking the foliage along 36 inches of row (or 18 inches of row on adjoining rows) over the shake-cloth. After the insects shaken from the foliage are identified, counted and recorded and all samples in the field taken, the numbers need to be summarized to show the average number per foot of row for each pest. If the average number exceeds the thresholds given below then chemical controls are usually justified.

Action Thresholds For Insect Pests

Foliage Feeders
(armyworms, loopers, corn earworms before pod set, green cloverworms, velvetbean caterpillars)
Four caterpillars ½ inch in length or longer per foot of row.
Pod Feeders
(Corn earworms after pod set, stink bugs)
One caterpillar per foot of row.
One stink bug (adult or nymph, ¼ inch or more in diameter) per three feet of row up to mid pod fill.
One stink bug per foot, after mid pod fill, If soybeans are being grown for seed, one stink bug per six feet of row throughout the pod development period.

Precautions

Insecticides are poisonous to man and animals and should be handled with care. Read and follow all precautions listed on the pesticide label. Store insecticides in the original labeled containers out of reach of children, pets, and livestock and away from food or feed. Dispose of empty containers promptly and safely.

In this publication, the specific use of trade names is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. It is not a guarantee or warranty of products named and does not signify that they are approved to the exclusion of others of suitable composition.

Restrictions

Label Restrictions and Warnings for Insecticides Used on Soybeans

Ambush: Do not apply more than 0.4 lb ai/a/season.

Asana XL: Do not exceed 0.2 lbs ai/a/season.

AZA-Direct: Biological, antifeedant, repellant, and growth regulator. Labeled for most crops and insect pests. Labeled for use at rates of 5 oz to 57 oz /a/application.

Baythroid 2: Maximum 4 applications 0.175 lb ai (11.2 oz formulated product)/a/year.

Dimilin 2L: Do not make more than 2 applications/season. Do not plant crops not labeled for use until 1 month following last application. Do not reapply within 30 days. Worms must be small (less than 0.5 inch in length) for control.

Furadan 4F: Currently labeled only for grasshoppers in Florida. Do not make more than 2 foliar applications/season.

Karate Z: Do not apply more than 0.06 lb ai (0.24 pt)/a/season.

Lannate: Do not apply more than 1.35 lb ai/a/crop. Do not make more than 3 applications/crop.

Larvin: Do not exceed 0.75 lb ai/a/application or 3 lb ai/acre/season. Do not apply more than 0.75 lb ai/a of this product in any 7 day period. Do not feed forage, hay, or straw to livestock. Not labeled for low volume spray in Florida

Lorsban 4E: Do not apply more than 6 pt/a/season or 3 lb ai/a/season. Do not apply last two treatments closer than 14 days apart. Do not apply as in furrow treatment. Do not apply within 28 days of harvest.

Lorsban 15G: Do not make more than 1 application/season. Do not apply as an in furrow treatment.

Mustang Max: Extremely toxic to fish and bees. Do not make applications less than 7 days apart. Do not apply more than 0.15 lb ai/a/season.

Penncap-M: (microencapsulated methyl parathion) screens and nozzles must be 50 mesh or larger.

Pounce: Do not apply more than 0.4 lb ai/a/season.

Sevin: Do not apply a combination of Sevin and 2,4-DB (Butyrac 175, Butoxone) herbicide to soybeans as crop injury may result. Do not apply more than 7.5 lb of Sevin 80 WSP or 6 qt of Sevin 4F or XLR Plus/crop. Do not reapply within 7 days. A maximum of 4 applications/season is allowed.

Steward: Do not apply more than 45 oz/a/crop, do not feed or graze livestock on treated fields.

Temik 15G Lock 'n Load: Do not feed or graze forage or hay to livestock. Do not exceed 20 lbs/acre. Rates over 5 lb/a in seed furrow may reduce germination.

Thimet: (at planting time) Do not place granules in direct contact with seed. Do not feed the foliage of treated soybeans. Crop injury may result when preplant incorporated or preemergence application of metribuzin (Sencor or Lexone) herbicides are used in conjunction with this product. Apply no more than 7.4 lb of product (1.96 lb ai)/a.

Tracer: Do not apply more than 6 oz of Tracer (0.186 lb of spinosad)/a/year. Do not feed treated forage or hay to meat or dairy animals.

Warrior Z: Do not apply more than 0.06 lb ai/a/season.

Tables

Table 1. Leaf feeders (Caution: Carefully read the restriction information on the label before use).

Trade Name (Common Name)	lb ai/a	Formulation/a	a/gal or lb	Min Days to Harvest and Restrictions
ARMYWORMS (See also: Beet, Fall Armyworms)
Bacillus thuringiensis	See individual labels for rates
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.025-0.03	1.6-1.92 oz	80-67	45 Do not graze/feed.
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.25-0.75	10-30 oz.	12.8-4.3	28 Do not feed livestock.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.5-0.75	1-1.5 pt	8-5	28 Do not graze/feed.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1-1.5	1.25-1.87 lb	0.8-0.5	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	1-1.5	1-1.5 qt	4-2.5	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	1.5	1.5 qt	2.5	For yellowstriped armyworm
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1.5	1.87 lb	0.5	For yellowstriped armyworm
Tracer (spinosad)	0.047-0.062	1.5-2 oz	85-64	28 Do not feed forage/hay.
BEAN LEAF BEETLES
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	3.2-6.4 oz	5-2.5	60
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.03-0.05	5.8-9.6 oz	22-13	21 Do not graze/feed.
Dimethoate 4EC (dimethoate)	0.5	1 pt	8	21-harvest; 5-feed/graze
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.225-0.45	0.75-1.5 pt	10.6-5.3	14-grain, 12-hay, 3-forage
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.5-1	1-2 pt	8-4	28 Do not graze/feed.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.5-0.75	2-3 pt	4-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/season.
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	2-4 oz	64-32	60 Do not graze/feed.
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	0.528-1	0.66-1.25 lb	1.5-0.8	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	0.5-1	0.5-1 qt	8-4	14-grazing, forage; 21-harvest
BEET ARMYWORMS
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.1-0.2	6.4 oz	2.5-1.25	60
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.03-0.05	5.8-9.6 oz	22-13	21 Do not graze/feed; aids in control.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Dimilin 2L (diflubenzuron)	0.0625	4 oz	32	21 (1st-3rd instars only)
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.03	1.92 oz	66.7	45 Do not graze/feed. For suppression only.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.225-0.45	0.75-1.5 pt	10.6-5.3	14-grain; 3-forage; 12-hay
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.02-0.025	3.2-4 oz	45-40	21
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.1-0.2	4-8 oz	32-16	60 Do not graze/feed.
Steward (indoxacarb)	0.055-0.11	5.6-11.3 oz	22.8-11.5	21 Do not graze/feed
Tracer (spinosad)	0.047-0.062	1.5-2 oz	85-64	28-do not feed forage/hay.
CABBAGE LOOPERS
Bacillus thuringiensis	See individual labels for amounts.
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	3.2-6.4 oz	5-2.5	60
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.03-0.05	5.8-9.6 oz	22-13	21 Do not graze/feed.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.45-0.75	18-30 oz	7.1-4.26	28 Do not feed to livestock.
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	2-4 oz	64-32	60 Do not graze/feed.
Steward (indoxacarb)	0.055-0.11	5.6-11.3 oz	22.8-11.5	21 Do not graze/feed.
CATERPILLARS (WOLLYBEAR)
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.015-0.03	2.9 - 5.8 oz	44-22	21 Do not graze/feed.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.25-0.75	10-30 oz	12.8-4.26	28 Do not graze/feed.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	2-4 oz	64-32	60 Do not graze/feed.
CORN EARWORM
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.1-0.2	6.4-12.8 oz	2.5-1.25	60
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.03-0.05	5.8-9.6 oz	22-13	21 Do not graze/feed.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.12-0.45	0.4-1.5 pt	20-5.3	14-grain; 3-forage; 12-hay
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.25-0.75	10-30 oz	12.8-4.3	28 Do not feed/graze.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.5-1	1-2 pt	8-4	28 Do not graze/feed.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.1-0.2	4-8 oz	32-16	60 Do not graze/feed.
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	0.5-1.5	0.66-1.87 lb	1.5-0.5	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	0.5-1.5	0.5-1.5 qt	8-2.67	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Steward (indoxacarb)	0.055-0.11	5.6-11.3 oz	22.8-11.5	21 Do not graze/feed.
Tracer (spinosad)	0.047-0.062	1.5-2 oz	85-64	28 Do not feed forage/hay.
CUTWORMS
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.03-0.05	5.8-9.6 oz	22-13	21 Do not graze/feed.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.013-0.025	0.8-1.6 oz	80-160	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.5-0.75	20-30 oz	6.4-4.26	28 Do not feed graze. Spray when worms are active.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.5-1	1-2 pt	8-4	28 Do not graze/feed.
Lorsban 15G (chlorpyrifos)		4-8 oz/1000 row ft
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.008-0.025	1.28-4 oz	100-32	21
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	2-4 oz	64-32	60 Do not graze/feed.
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	1-1.5	1-1.5 qt	4-2.5	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1-1.5	1.25-1.87 lb	0.8-0.5	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
FALL ARMYWORMS
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Methyl 4 EC (methyl parathion)	1	2 pt	4	20
Dimilin 2L (diflubenzuron)	0.0625	4 oz	32	21 Treat 1st-3rd instars only.
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.025-0.03	1.6-1.92 oz	80-66.6	45 Do not graze/feed.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.225-0.45	0.75-1.5 pt	10.6-5.3	14-grain; 3-forage; 12-hay
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.25-0.75	10-30 oz	12.8-4.26	28 Do not feed to livestock.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.02-0.025	3.2-4 oz	45-32	21
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1-1.5	1.25-1.87 lb	0.8-0.53	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin XLR (carbaryl)	1-1.5	1-1.5 qt	4-2.6	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Steward (indoxacarb)	0.055-0.11	5.6-11.3 oz	22.8-11.5	21 Do not graze/feed.
Tracer 4 (spinosad)	0.047-0.062	1.5-2 oz	85-64	28 Do not feed forage/hay.
GRASSHOPPERS
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.03-0.05	5.8-9.6 oz	22-13	21 Do not graze/feed.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.033-0.044	2.12-2.8 oz	60-43	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Dimethoate 4 EC (dimethoate)	0.5	1 pt	8	21-harvest; 5-feed/graze
Dimilin 2L (diflubenzuron)	0.03	2 oz	8	21
Furadan 4F (carbofuran)	0.25	0.25-0.5 pt	32-16	21 Do not graze/feed.
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.025-0.03	1.6-1.92 oz	80-66.6	45 Do not graze/feed.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.25-0.5	0.5-1 pt	16-8	28 Do not graze/feed.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.02-0.025	3.2-4 oz	45-40	21
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.5-0.75	2-3 pt	4-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/season.
GREEN CLOVERWORMS
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	3.2-6.4 oz	5-2.5	60
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.015-0.03	2.9-5.8 oz	44-22	21 Do not graze/feed.
Bacillus thuringiensis	See individual label for amounts
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.013-0.025	0.8-1.6	80-160	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Methyl 4 EC (methyl parathion)	1	2 pt	4	20
Dimilin 2L (diflubenzuron)	0.03-0.06	2-4 oz	8-4	21
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.12-0.45	0.4-1.5 pt	20-5.3	14-grain; 3-forage; 12-hay
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.25-0.75	10-30 oz	12.8-4.3	28 Do not feed/graze.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.25-0.5	0.5-1 pt	16-8	28 Do not graze/feed.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.5-0.75	2-3 pt	4-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/ season.
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	2-4 oz	64-32	60 Do not graze/feed.
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	0.5-1	0.5-1 qt	8-4	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	0.5-1	0.66-1.25 lb	1.5-0.8	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Steward (indoxacarb)	0.055-0.11	5.6-11.3 oz	22.8-11.5	21 Do not graze/feed.
Tracer (spinosad)	0.031-0.062	1-2 oz	128-64	28 Do not feed forage/hay.
LEAFHOPPERS
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	3.2-6.4 oz	5-2.5	60 For potato leafhopper.
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.015-0.03	2.9-5.8 oz	44-22	21 Do not graze/feed. For potato leafhopper.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.013-0.025	0.8-1.6 oz	80-160	45 - feeding dry 45 green 15 days (potato leafhopper)
Dimethoate 4EC (dimethoate)	0.5	1 pt	8	21-harvest; 5-feed/graze
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed. For potato leafhopper.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.5-0.75	2-3 pt	4-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/ season. For potato leafhopper.
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	2-4 oz	64-32	60 Do not graze/feed. For potato leafhopper.
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	1	1 qt	4	14-grazing or forage; 3-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1	1.25 lb	0.8	14-grazing or forage; 3-harvest
Thimet 20 G (phorate)	7.4 Maximum	6.7oz/1000 row feet
MEXICAN BEAN BEETLES
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	3.2-6.4 oz	5-2.5	60
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.015-0.03	2.9-5.8 oz	44-22	21 Do not graze/feed.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Methyl 4 EC (methyl parathion)	0.375-1.0	3/4- 2 pt	10.7-4	20
Dimethoate 4 EC (dimethoate)	0.5	1 pt	8	21-harvest; 5 grazing/feeding For larval control.
Dimilin 2L (diflubenzuron)	0.03-0.06	2-4 oz	8-4	21 For larval control.
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.12-0.45	0.4-1.5 pt	20-5.3	14-grain; 3-forage; 12-hay
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.45-0.75	18-30 oz	7.1-4.3	28 Do not feed/graze.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.5-0.75	1-1.5 pt	8-5.3	28 Do not graze/feed.
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.5-0.75	2-3 pt	4-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/ season.
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	2-4 oz	64-32	60 Do not graze/feed.
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	0.5-1	0.5-1 qt	8-4	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	0.528-1	0.66-1.25 lb	1.5-8	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Temik 15G Lock 'n Load (aldicarb)	5-10	5.5-11 oz/1000 ft of row	0.5-0.01
Thimet 20 G (phorate)	7.4	6.7oz/1000 row feet
PLANT BUGS
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.025-0.03	1.6-1.92 oz	80-66.7	45 Do not graze/feed.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
SALTMARSH CATERPILLARS
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	3.2-6.4 oz	5-2.5/lb	60
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.015-0.03	2.9-5.8 oz	44-22	21 Do not graze/feed.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.225-0.45	0.75-1.5 pt	10.7-5.3	14-grain; 3-forage; 12-hay
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.008-0.025	1.28-4 oz	100-32	21
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	2-4 oz	64-32
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	1.5	1.5 qt	2.7	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1.5	1.87 lb	0.05	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
SOYBEAN LOOPERS
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.1-0.2	6.4 12.8 oz	2.5-1.25	60
Bacillus thuringiensis	See individual labels for amounts.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.044	2.8 oz	45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Dimilin 2 L (diflubenzuron)	0.06	4 oz	4	21 For supproression only.
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.03	1.92 oz.	66.7	45 Do not graze/feed. For suppression only.
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.45-0.75	18-30 oz	7.1-4.3	28 Do not feed/graze.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.02-0.025	3.2-4 oz	45-40	21
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.5-0.75	2-3 pt	4-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/season.
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.1-0.2	4-8 oz	32-16	60 Do not graze/feed.
Steward (indoxacarb)	0.055-0.11	5.6-11.3 oz	22.8-11.5	21 Do not graze/feed.
Tracer (spinosad)	0.031-0.062	1-2 oz	128-64	28 Do not feed forage/hay.
SPIDER MITES
Dimethoate 4 EC (dimethoate)	0.5	1 pt	8	21-harvest; 5-feed/graze
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.03	1.92 oz	66.7	45 Do not graze/feed. For suppression only.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.25-0.5	0.5-1 pt	16-8	28 Do not graze/feed.
Thimet 20 G (phorate)	7.4	6.7oz/1000 row feet
THREE-CORNERED ALFALFA HOPPERS (Stem Feeders)
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.03-0.05	5.8-9.6 oz	22-13	21 Do not graze/feed.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Dimethoate 4 EC (dimethoate)	0.5	1 pt	8	21-harvest; 51feed/graze
Methyl 4 EC (methyl parathion)	0.375-1.0	0.75- 2 pt	10.7-4	20
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.45-0.75	18-30 oz	7.1-4.3	28 Do not feed/graze. For suppression only.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.5-0.75	2-3 pt	4-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/season.
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	1	1 qt	4	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1	1.25 lb	0.8	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Temik 15G Lock 'n Load (aldicarb)	5-10	5.5-11 oz/1000 ft of row	0.5-0.01	90 Suppression only. Do not feed or graze forage or hay to livestock.
THRIPS
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.013-0.025	0.8-1.6	80-160	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed. Not for western flower thrips.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.225-0.45	0.75-1.5 pt	11.4-5.3	14-grain; 3-forage; 12-hay
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.02-0.025	3.2-4 oz	45-40	21
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.5-0.75	2-3 pt	4-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/ season.
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	1	1 qt	4	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1	1.25 lb	0.8	14-grazing, forage; 21-harvest
Temik 15G Lock 'n Load (aldicarb)	5-10	5.5-11 oz/1000 ft of row	0.5-0.01	90 Do not graze or feed forage or hay to livestock
Thimet 20 G (phorate)		6.7oz/1000 row feet
VELVETBEAN CATERPILLARS
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	3.2-6.4 oz	5-2.5	60
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.015-0.03	2.9-5.8 oz	44-22	21 Do not graze/feed.
Bacillus thuringiensis	See individual labels for rates and instructions.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Methyl 4 EC (methyl parathion)	1	2 pt	4	20
Dimilin 2L (diflubenzuron)	0.03-0.06	2-4 oz	8-4	21
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6 oz	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.12-0.45	0.4-1.5 pt	20-5.3	14-grain; 3-forage; 12-hay
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.25-0.75	10-30 oz	12.8-4.3	28 Do not feed/graze.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.25-0.5	0.5-1 pt	8-4	28 Do not graze/feed.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.5-0.75	2-3 pt	4-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/ season.
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.05-0.1	2-4 oz	64-32	60 Do not graze/feed.
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	0.5-1	0.5-1 qt	8-4	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	0.528-1	0.66-1.25 lb	1.5-0.8	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Steward (indoxacarb)	0.055-0.11	5.6-11.3 oz	22.8-11.5	21 Do not graze/feed.
Tracer (spinosad)	0.031-0.062	1-2 oz	128-64	28 Do not feed forage/hay.

Table 2. Pod Feeders. (Caution: Carefully read the restriction information on the label before use).

Trade Name (Common Name)	lb ai/a	Formulation/a	a/gal or lb	Min Days to Harvest and Restrictions
CORN EARWORMS
Ambush 25 W (permethrin)	0.1-0.2	6.4oz	2.5-1.25	60
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.03-0.05	5.8-9.6 oz	22-13	21 Do not graze/feed.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.025	0.96-1.6	133-80	45 Do not graze/feed.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.12-0.45	0.4-1.5 pt	20-5.3	14-grain; 3-forage; 12-hay
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.25-0.75	10-30 oz	12.8-4.3	28 Do not feed/graze.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	0.5-1	1-2 pt	8-4	28 Do not graze/feed.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.0175-0.025	2.8-4 oz	45-32	21
Pounce 3.2 EC (permethrin)	0.1-0.2	4-8 oz	32-16	60 Do not feed/graze.
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	0.5-1.5	0.5-1.5 qt	8-2.7	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	0.5-1.5	0.66-1.87 lb	1.5-0.53	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Steward (indoxacarb)	0.055-0.11	5.6-11.3 oz	22.8-11.5	21 Do not graze/feed.
Tracer (spinosad)	0.047-0.062	1.5-2 oz	85-64	28 Do not feed forage or hay.
STINK BUGS
Asana XL (esfenvalerate)	0.03-0.05	5.8-9.6 oz	22-13	21 Do not graze/feed. For green stink bug.
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.025-0.044	1.6-2.8 oz	80-45	45 Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Methyl 4 EC (methyl parathion)	0.375-1.0	3/4- 2 pt	10.7-4	20
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.025-0.03	1.6-1.92 oz	80-66.7	45 Do not graze/feed.
Larvin 3.2 (thiodicarb)	0.45-0.75	18-30 oz	7-4.3	28 Do not feed/graze. For suppression only.
Lorsban 4E (chlorpyrifos)	1	2 pt	4	28 Do not graze/feed. For southern green stink bug.
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.02-0.025	3.2-4 oz	45-40	21
Penncap-M (methyl parathion)	0.25-0.75	1-3 pt	8-2.7	20 Maximum of 2 applications/season.
Sevin XLR Plus (carbaryl)	1-1.5	1-1.5 qt	4-2.7	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1-1.5	1.25-1.87 lb	0.8-0.53	14-grazing or forage; 21-harvest

Table 3. Root Feeders (Caution: Carefully read the restriction information on insecticides before use)

Trade Name (Common Name)	lb ai/a	Formulation/a	a/gal or lb	Min Days to Harvest and Restrictions
LESSER CORNSTALK BORERS
Baythroid 2 (cyfluthrin)	0.044	2.8 oz	45	45; Feeding dry-45 days; green-15 days
Karate Z (lambda-cyhalothrin)	0.03	1.92 oz	66.7	45 Do not graze/feed. For suppression only.
Lorsban 15G (chlorpyrifos)		4-8 oz/1000 row ft
Mustang Max (zeta-cypermethrin)	0.02-0.025	3.2-4 oz	45-40	21 For suppression only.

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Footnotes

1. This document is ENY-405 (IG064), one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date: October, 1993. Revised: December 2005. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

2. Richard K. Sprenkel, professor, Department of Entomology, North Florida Research and Education Center, Quincy; Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

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Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label. Check the label carefully as this information does change and our publications may not have the latest information. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition.

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The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.

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Copyright Information

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