Whole Document Navigator (Click Here)    ---------------------------------- Top of Document Control of Insect Pests In Plant Beds - Plant Bed Inspection Control of Insect Pests in the Field - Field Inspection of Flue-Cured Tobacco --Sampling -- Thresholds Pesticide Application Guidelines Reducing Insecticide Residues On The Crop Limitations and Restrictions Additional Information Footnotes Disclaimer Copyright Infomation

Insect Management in Flue-Cured Tobacco ¹

Richard K. Sprenkel ²

Flue-cured tobacco is an important source of cash income in north Florida. Like many other cultivated crops in Florida, tobacco is subject to attack by a variety of insect pests. When not controlled, insects cause considerable damage to flue-cured tobacco. With proper timing and application of recommended insecticides, most losses can be prevented.

Control of Insect Pests In Plant Beds

Plant Bed Inspection

Examine the plant beds closely for insects or insect damage as soon as the plants come up. Apply insecticides as needed. If insects have not been a problem in the plant bed, it is recommended that a thorough application of one of the recommended insecticides (Table 1 ) be made 10 and 5 days prior to transplanting in order to prevent transfer of an unseen insect problem from the bed to the field.

Control of Insect Pests in the Field

Field Inspection of Flue-Cured Tobacco

Past experience shows that much of the problem associated with control of tobacco insects, particularly budworms, is closely related to equipment and application deficiencies. It has been shown that a scheduled insecticide application program is the best way to control tobacco insects in the field.

A good program would include one insecticide application immediately after transplanting. This should be followed by applications beginning the first week in April and continuing at 14-day intervals for the remainder of the growing season. Should infestation levels exceed the thresholds as stated in the threshold section below, the spray interval should be shortened until control is accomplished.

Sampling

It is important to select plants for sampling on a random basis. Do not select unusual or sickly-looking plants. Enter the field from a different point and direction each time the field is sampled and do not select predetermined plants. Inspect the individual plant from the bud to the soil. Plants should be selected from at least 10 different locations with no more than two sample sites being on the borders of the field. For the grower to be able to more accurately determine the problems that exist in the field, inspections should be made on a regular twice a week basis.

Thresholds

Economic or action thresholds have been developed for the consideration of the grower. These thresholds are based on research and experience under Florida conditions. All thresholds are based on the average growing season and for the average crop and pest conditions. All thresholds are intended to be used as a tool in the overall production of the crop and each grower must make their own decisions as to how to use them based on their own individual situation.

Aphids (plant lice) Figure 1 - 25% of the plants sampled having 100 or more aphids/plant.

Budworms Figure 2 -20% of the plants sampled having fresh damage or 1 or more worms/plant.

Cutworms Figure 3 -2% of small plants cut or plants showing damage within 3 weeks of transplanting.

Flea Beetles Figure 4 - 10% of young plants having 8 or more beetles/plant.

Hornworms Figure 5 -20% of the plants sampled having fresh damage or 1 or more worms/plant.

Splitworms Figure 6 -25% of the plants sampled having 1 or more worms/plant.

CREDITS: Bob Mcpherson, University of Georgia

Figure 1. Aphids on tobacco.

CREDITS: Clemson University

Figure 2. Tobacco budworm on damaged tobacco leaf.

CREDITS: Clemson University

Figure 3. Tobacco cutworm and damage.

CREDITS: Clemson University

Figure 4. Adult flea beetle on tobacco leaf.

CREDITS: Clemson University

Figure 5. Adult tobacco hornworm on tobacco leaf.

CREDITS: David Jones, University of Georgia

Figure 6. Tobacco splitworm and damage.

CREDITS: David Jones, University of Georgia

Figure 7. Tobacco splitworm damage.

Potato Virus Y constitutes a serious threat to tobacco production in the southeastern United States. This disease is transmitted by aphids (plant lice). Aphids may migrate over great distances from infected, wild, or cultivated host plants and bring the disease to the tobacco field. There has been a great deal of discussion and debate concerning ways of avoiding this disease. Since the aphids can move great distances, it is impossible to rogue out and destroy other host plants (potatoes, peppers, eggplants, bullnettle, nightshade, etc.). Research in Florida indicates that even though infected migrating aphids were quickly killed, they were able to transmit the disease prior to death. Consequently, there is no known insecticide currently available that kills with the rapidity required to prevent Potato Virus Y transmission once the infected aphids have reached a susceptible tobacco plant. However, this does not mean that aphids should not be controlled since most are not infected with the virus and can cause damage to tobacco when populations are allowed above the recommended thresholds.

Pesticide Application Guidelines

Tobacco from transplanting to 24" tall plants:

1. Use one D3-25 cone-nozzle (or equivalent).

2. Use 60 pounds pressure or less.

3. Travel at about 4 MPH.

4. Adjust boom to 8" from plant bud.

5. Try to apply 20-30 gallons of spray per acre.

Tobacco over 24" tall:

1. Use three D3-25 cone nozzles (or equivalent).

2. Use 60 pounds pressure or less.

3. Travel at about 4 MPH.

4. Adjust boom 8" from plant.

5. Try to apply 30-40 gallons of spray per acre.

• Important! Since hornworms, budworms, and flea beetles continue to feed on tobacco regrowth after harvest, destruction of the stalks will remove their food source and breeding sites. Most of the hornworms that live through the winter are produced late in the summer. Stalk destruction has been shown to reduce hornworm numbers considerably when combined with growing season sucker control and insecticides. Budworm pupae overwinter in the top 2 to 3 inches of soil. Turning the stubble reduces the number of moths which emerge in the spring.

Reducing Insecticide Residues On The Crop

Pesticide residues on tobacco have become a major concern since more stringent residue restrictions have been placed on tobacco leaf and tobacco products exported to European markets. With these and further restrictions probable, producers exporting tobacco will have to insure that their tobacco meets residue requirements. With recent advancements in pest management techniques, pesticide residues on tobacco can be reduced without jeopardizing required insect control.Approximately 2 to 3 weeks after transplanting, foliage applications of Bacillus thuringiensis should begin and continue on a 2-week schedule for the remainder of the growing season to control budworms, cabbage loopers, and hornworms. (If any of the worm pests or aphids become a problem later in the season, the grower could use an application of Thiodan, Phaser, Lannate, or Orthene as a spot-treatment to effect needed control; however, they should be used only in an emergency).

The Bacillus thuringiensis treatments will leave no chemical residue on the leaf. If Thiodan or Lannate applications are needed, it would be advisable to limit the number of applications of these materials to two each. In a season of moderate insect infestations, late applications of Thiodan, Lannate, or Orthene may not be needed. The grower must remember that if this program is to be effective the 2-week schedule of Bacillus thuringiensis must be adhered to strictly.

Limitations and Restrictions

[R] Indicates a restricted use pesticide.

Actara (thiamethoxam) Apply no more than 3.0 oz (0.047 lb ai) /a/season. Use a minimum of 20 gal water/a.

Admire (imidacloprid) Regardless of formulation or type of application do not apply more than a total of 0.5 lb ai (imidacloprid) of Admire or Provado /a/season.

Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) There are a number of Bt materials that are labeled for use on tobacco. As there are differences in formulations, concentrations and pests controlled, it is very important to carefully consult the label of the product that you plan to use.

Products labeled in Florida: Agree WG, Biobit HP Insecticide, Condor Bioinsecticide, Crymax Bioinsecticide, Deliver, Dipel DF, Dipel ES, Lepinox WDG and Xentari DF.

Denim (emamectin benzoate) [R] Do not use in greenhouse or plantbed. Target to small larva (1/4 inch). Do not apply more than 36 oz/a/season.

Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin) An insect growth regulator (it does not kill adult insects). Shake well before mixing, as product breaks down after mixing with water, use promptly after mixing.

Endosulfan 3EC (endosulfan) Do not exceed 6 applications/year or maximum of 3 lb ai (4 qt 3 EC or 6 lbs 50 WP) /crop.

Fulfill (pymetrozine) For aphid control. Do not apply within 7 days of last application or 14 days of harvest. Do not replant any crop for 30 days. Do not apply more than 5.5 oz/a/crop.

Gemstar LC (organic production) For control of Tobacco budworm, Corn earworm (Tomato fruitworm, Cotton bollworm) only. Read this label carefully.

Lannate (methomyl) [R]. Do not make more than 5 applications/crop. Max 2.25 lb ai/a/crop.

Lorsban (chlorpyrifos) liquid formulations are [R] Preplant soil treatment only. Do not make more than one application/season. Do not use on foliage.

Nemacur 3 (fenamiphos) [R] Aphid suppression only. Read label carefully for additional restrictions.

Orthene (acephate) Do not apply this product through any type of irrigation system. Do not apply more than 4 pounds ai/a/year, this includes plant bed soil and transplant water.

Platinum (thiamethoxam) Apply no more than 0.125 lb ai/a/season.

Provado (imidacloprid) Not more than 0.28 lb ai/a/year as a foliar spray application. Regardless of formulation or type of application do not apply more than a total of 0.5 lb ai (imidacloprid) of Admire or Provado /a/season.

Sevin (carbaryl): No time limitations. Do not apply within 7 days after application of orthene, or organic phosphate insecticides as plant injury may result. Do not mix with organophosphate insecticides. Maximum of 10 lb/a/crop.

Telone (chloropicrin) [R] labeled for bacterial wilt, black rot, black shank and nematode control in tobacco. Suppressed: Wireworm. Applicator must have in their possession labeling for FIFRA 24C and comply with the special restrictions if used in these counties: Brevard, Broward, Charlotte, Citrus, Collier, Dade, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Hernando, Highlands, Hillsborough, Indian River, Lake, Lee, Manatee, Martin, Monroe, Okeechobee, Orange, Osceola, Palm Beach, Pasco, Pinellas, Polk, St. Lucie, Sarasota, Seminole, Sumter or Volusia.

Tracer (spinosad) Do not apply more than 14.4 oz/a/year.

Vydate: (oxamyl) [R] Do not apply more than 1 gal/a/season.

Warrior With Zeon (lambda-cyhalothrin) [R] Do not apply more than 0.09 lb. ai (0.72 pt) /a/year.

Note: Do not mix phosphatic family insecticides (Orthene, Malathion, etc.) with carbamate family insecticides such as Sevin and Lannate for foliage applications. A minimum of 4 days should be allowed between use of these materials.

Warning: Past experiences have indicated that adding spreader stickers to insecticides can result in phytotoxicity and flecking of the tobacco.

Additional Information

Crop Data Management Systems (Label Search) http://www.cdms.net/manuf/manuf.asp.

Tobacco Insect Pests. http://www.isis.vt.edu/~fanjun/text/Links.html

Tables

Table 1. Control of Insect Pests Tobacco in Plant Beds

Common Name* (Trade Name)	Amount	Hours to re-entry (REI), remarks
APHID CONTROL Mix spray type materials in enough water to thoroughly cover the area.
acephate (Orthene 75 S)	1 tbsp/gal water/1000sq ft	24 hours. For green peach aphid and tobacco aphid.
acephate (Orthene 97)	0.75 tbsp/gal/1000 sq ft
azadirachtin (Ecozin 3% EC)	10 oz/a	12 hours. Controls immature stages only.
endosulfan (Endosulfan 3EC)	0.66 qt/100 gal water	24 hours. 5 day pre-harvest interval. Apply 6 gal spray/100 sq yd
imidacloprid (Admire)	1oz/1000 plants	12 hours. Do not apply more that 0.5 lb ai/season.
thiamethoxam (Actara)	2-3 oz/a	Do not exceed 3 oz/a/season.
BUDWORM
azadirachtin (Ecozin 3% EC)	8 oz/a	12 hours. Controls immature stages only.
endosulfan (Endosulfan 3EC)	0.66 qt/100 gal water	24 hours. 5 day pre-harvest interval. Apply 6 gal spray/100 sq yd.
Gemstar LC	10 oz/a	4 hours.
CABBAGE LOOPER
azadirachtin (Ecozin 3% EC)	8 oz/a	12 hours. Controls immature stages only.
endosulfan (Endosulfan 3EC)	0.66 qt/100 gal water	24 hours. 5 day per-harvest interval. Apply 6 gal spray/100 sq yd.
CUTWORM
acephate (Orthene 75 S )	1 tbsp/gal water/1000 sq ft
acephate (Orthene 97)	0.75 tbsp/gal/1000 sq ft	24 hours.
azadirachtin (Ecozin 3% EC)	8 oz/a	12 hours. Controls immature stages only.
FLEA BEETLE Mix spray type materials in enough water to thoroughly cover the area.
acephate (Orthene 75 S)	1 tbsp/gal water/1000 sq ft	3 day pre-harvest interval.
acephate (Orthene 97)	0.75 tbsp/gal water/1000 sq ft	24 hours.
azadirachtin (Ecozin 3% EC)	8 oz/a	12 hours. Controls immature stages only.
carbaryl (Sevin 80 S)	1.25-2.5 lb/a	12 hours.
endosulfan (Endosulfan 3EC)	0.66 qt/100 gal water	24 hours. 5 day pre-harvest interval. Apply 6 gal spray/100 sq yd.
GRUBS (Green June Beetle Larvae)
azadirachtin (Ecozin 3% EC)	8 oz/a	12 hours. Controls immature stages only.
endosulfan (Endosulfan 3EC)	0.66 qt/100 gal water	24 hours. 5 day pre-harvest interval. Apply 1 gal spray per sq yd.
HORNWORMS
azadirachtin (Ecozin 3% EC)	8 oz/a	12 hours. Controls immature stages only.
Bacillus thuringiensis	See individual brand labels
endosulfan (Endosulfan 3EC)	0.66 qt/100 gal water	24 hours. 5 day pre-harvest interval. Apply 6 gal spray/100 sq yd.
* Caution Note: Emulsifiable concentrate insecticides (liquids) may cause plant foliage injury when the plant is in a tender growth stage.
If sprays are desired, use equivalent dosages of recommended materials. Apply 10-15 gallons of spray per 1000 square yards. WSP or S = soluble powder; G = granules; WP = wettable powder; EC or E = emulsifiable concentrate; L = liquid; F = flowable liquid

Table 2. Control of Insect Pests in the Tobacco Field

Trade Name (Common Name)	lb ai/a	Formulation/a	a/gal or lb	Min Days to Harvest PHI; and Restrictions Re-entry interval in hours (REI)
ANTS (Fire Ant)
Orthene 75 S (acephate)		1 oz/5 gal (1 gal/mound)
Orthene 97 (acephate)		0.75 oz/5 gal (1 gal/mound)
APHIDS (Transplant Water)
Admire 2 F (imidacloprid)		1.0 oz/1000 plants		14; Apply in transplant water. Use a minimum of 100 gal transplant water/acre. (12)
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.75	1 lb/100 gal transplant water/acre	1	3; For green peach aphid and tobacco aphid. (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.73	0.75 lb/100 gal transplant water/acre	1.3	3; For green peach aphid and tobacco aphids. (24)
Platinum (thiamethoxam)	0.078-0.125	5-8 oz 0.8-1.3 fl oz/1,000 plants	25.6-16	Soil drench at planting. See label for details.
APHIDS (In Field)
Actara (thiamethoxam)	0.03-0.047	2-3 oz	43-32	14; For foliar application use a minimum of 20 gal water/a. (12)
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.021	10 oz	12.8	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Endosulfan 3EC (endosulfan)	0.5-1	0.66-1.33 qt	6.0-3.0	5; (24)
Fulfill (pymetrozine)	0.068	2.75 oz	5.8	14; (12)
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.45	1.5 pt	5.3	5;
Nemacur 3 (fenamiphos)	6	2 gal	0.5	Uniformly broadcast in a minimum of 20 gal of water/acre before planting. Incorporate to a depth of 2-4 inches. For suppression only.
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.5-0.75	0.67-1 lb	1.5-1	3; For green peach aphid and tobacco aphid. (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.5-0.75	0.5-0.75 lb	2-1.33	3; For green peach aphid and tobacco aphid. (24)
Provado 1.6 F (imidacloprid)	0.025-0.05	2-4 oz	64-32	14; For foliar application. (12)
Platinum (thiamethoxam)	0.078-0.125	5-8 oz 0.8-1.3 fl oz/1,000 plants	25.6-16	Soil drench at planting. See label for details.
BUDWORMS or HORNWORMS
Bacillus thuringiensis	Refer to specific product labels for rates and instructions. Bacillus thuringienis can be purchased in many formulations such as suspensions, wettable powders, dusts or baits.
Denim (emamectin benozate)	0.172-0.258	8.0-12.0 fl oz /a	16-10.6	14; Apply to small larvae. (48)
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.017	8 oz	16	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Endosulfan 3EC (endosulfan)	0.5-1	0.66-1.33 qt	6.0-3.0	5; (24)
Furadan 4 F (carbofuran) *See Carbofuran Note	4.25	11.5 gal	0.67	Apply broadcast prior to forming beds.
Gemstar LC	0.0034	10 oz	12.8	Read this label carefully.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	2.45	0.75-1.5 pt	10.67-5.33	5; Use high rate for tobacco budworms.
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.5	0.67 lb (hornworms)	1.5	3; (24)
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.75	1 lb (budworms)	1	3; (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.5	0.5 lb (hornworms)	2	3; (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.75	0.75 lb (budworms)	1.33	3; (24)
Sevin 80 S (carbaryl)	1-2	1.25-2.5	1-0.67	0; Application to wet foliage may cause injury. (12)
Tracer (spinosad)	0.045-0.089	1.4-2.9 oz	90-45	3; (4)
Warrior with Zeon (cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.03	1.92-3.84 oz	33-66	40; (24)
CABBAGE LOOPER
Denim (emamectin benozate)	0.172-0.258	8.0-12.0 fl oz /a	16-10.6	14; Apply to small larvae. (48)
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.017	8 oz	16	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Endosulfan 3EC (endosulfan)	0.5-1	0.66-1.33 qt	6.0-3.0	5; (24)
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.45	1.5 pt	5.33	5; Thorough coverage is essential.
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.75	1 lb	1	3; (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.73	0.75 lb	1.33	3; (24)
Warrior with Zeon (cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.03	1.92-3.84 oz	33-66	40; (24)
CUTWORMS
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.017	8 oz	16	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Lorsban 4 E (chlorpyrifos)	2-3	2-3 qt	2-1.33	Preplant broadcast 24-48 hours before transplanting. Incorporate immediately 2-4".
Lorsban 15% G (chlorpyrifos)	2-3	13.5-20 lb	0.074-0.05	Preplant broadcast 1 week before transplanting. Incorporate immediately 2-4". (24)
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.75	1 lb	1	3; (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.73	0.75 lb	1.33	3; (24)
Warrior with Zeon (cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.03	1.92-3.84 oz	33-66	40; (24)
FLEA BEETLES
Actara (thiamethoxam)	0.03-0.047	2-3 oz	43-32	14; For foliar application use a minimum of 20 gal water/a. (12)
Admire 2 F (imidacloprid)		1 oz/1000 plants		14; Apply in transplant water. Use a minimum of 100 gal transplant water/acre. (12)
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.017	8 oz	16	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Endosulfan 3EC (endosulfan)	0.5-1	0.66-1.33 qt	6.0-3.0	5; (24)
Furadan 4 F (carbofuran) *See Carbofuran Note	4	1 gal	1	Apply broadcast prior to forming beds.
Lannate LV (methomyl)	0.225-0.45	0.75-1.5 pt	10.67-5.33	5; (48)
Lorsban 4 E (chlorpyrifos)	2-3	2-3 qt	2-1.33	Preplant broadcast 24-48 hours before transplanting. Incorporate immediately 2-4".
Lorsban 15% G (chlorpyrifos)	2-3	13.5-20 lb (larvae only)	0.074-0.05
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.5	0.67 lb	1.5	3; (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.48	0.5 lb	2	3; (24)
Platinum (thiamethoxam)	0.078-0.125	5-8 oz 0.8-1.3/1,000 plants	25.6-16	Soil drench at planting. See label for details.
Provado 1.6 F (imidacloprid)	0.05	4 oz	32	14; (12)
Sevin 80S (carbaryl)	1-2	1.25-2.5	0.8-0.4	0; Application to wet foliage may cause injury. (12)
Vydate L (oxamyl)	2	1 gal	1	(48)
Warrior with Zeon (cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.03	1.92-3.84 oz	33-66	40; (24)
GRASSHOPPERS
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.25-0.5	0.33-0.67 lb	3-1.5	3; (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.25-0.5	0.25-0.5 lb	4-2	3; (24)
Warrior with Zeon (cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.03	1.92-3.84 oz	33-66	40; (24)
GRUBS (Green June Beetle Larvae)
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.017	8 oz	16/gal	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Endosulfan 3EC (endosulfan)	0.5-1	0.66-1.33 qt	6.0-3.0	5; (24)
MOLE CRICKETS
Admire 2 F (imidacloprid)		1.4-2.8 oz/1000 plants
Lorsban 4 E (chlorpyrifos)	2-3 lb	2-3 qt	2-1.33	Broadcast only preplant and incorporate 2-4 inches.
STINK BUGS
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.021	10 oz	12.8/gal	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Endosulfan 3EC (endosulfan)	0.5-1	0.66-1.33 qt	6.0-3.0	5; (24)
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.5-0.75	0.67-1 lb	1.5-1	3; (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.5-0.75	0.5-0.75 lb	2-1.33	3; (24)
Warrior with Zeon (cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.03	1.92-3.84 oz	33-66	40; (24)
THRIPS
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.021	10 oz	12.8/gal	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.5	0.67 lb	1.5	3; For tobacco thrips. (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.5	0.5 lb	2	3; For tobacco thrips. (24)
Platinum (thiamethoxam)	0.125	1.3 oz/1,000 plants	16	Soil drench at planting
Tracer (spinosad)	0.045-0.089	1.4 - 2.9 oz	90 - 45	3; (4)
VEGETABLE WEEVIL
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.021	10 oz	12.8	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Orthene 75 S (acephate)	0.5-0.75	0.67-1 lb	1.5-1	3; (24)
Orthene 97 (acephate)	0.5-0.75	0.5-0.75 lb	2-1.33	3; (24)
Warrior with Zeon (cyhalothrin)	0.015-0.03	1.92-3.84 oz	33-66	40; For control of adults. (24)
WHITE-FRINGED BEETLES
Ecozin 3% EC (azadirachtin)	0.017	8 oz	16	0; Controls immature stages only. (12)
Rotation programs are recommended and plans should be made as far in advance as possible. Fields destined to be planted in tobacco should be inspected every year for 2 years in advance for presence of beetles. Do not follow leguminous crops (peanuts, soybeans, clover, peas, or beans) with tobacco for at least 2 years. Chlorpyrifos (Lorsban) broadcast at the maximum legal rate can be expected to reduce (not control) whitefringed beetle larval populations.
WHITEFLIES (Sweetpotato/Silverleaf)
CONTACT LOCAL COUNTY AGENT.
WIREWORMS
Admire 2 F (imidacloprid)		1.4-2.8 oz/1000 plants
Furadan 4 F (carbofuran) *See Carbofuran Note	6	1.5 gal	0.67	Apply broadcast prior to forming beds.
Lorsban 4 E (chlorpyrifos)	2-3	2-3 qt	2-1.33	Broadcast only pre-plant and incorporate 2-4 inches. (24)
Lorsban 15% G (chlorpyrifos)	2-3	13.5-20 lb	0.074-0.05	Preplant broadcast 1 week before transplanting. Incorporate immediately 2-4". (24)
Platinum (thiamethoxam)	0.125	1.3 fl. oz/1,000 plants	16	Soil drench at planting. See label for details
Telone C-17 (dichloropropene)	107-214 lb	10.8-21.6 gal/a		See label, read carefully NOTE additional restrictions apply to many Florida counties.
Broadcast Treatments: Broadcast applications are suggested for those growers who have fields that are heavily infested with wireworms every year. Unless otherwise specified, the insecticide should be broadcast evenly over the soil surface at least 3-5 weeks before planting. It should be cross-disked to thoroughly incorporate. The treated soil should not be bedded or otherwise disturbed for at least 3 weeks so the insecticide will kill the wireworms. Specific application instructions may vary with materials. Read the individual label carefully.

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Footnotes

1. This document is ENY-407 (IG066), one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date: October 1, 1993. Revised: December 2005. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

2. Richard K. Sprenkel, professor of Entomology, North Florida Research and Education Center--Quincy; Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.

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Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Check the label carefully as this information does change and our publication may not have the latest information. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition.

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