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Illustrated Key to the Genera of Free-Living Marine Nematodes in the Superfamily Chromadoroides Exclusive of the Chromadoridae1
A. C. Tarjan and E. J. Keppner2Identification
This is an illustrated key to 55 genera of free-living marine nematodes of the superfamily Chromadoroidea, exclusive of the Chromadoridae, (Nematoda: Chromadorida: Chromadorina). Illustrations are almost all limited to the heads and caudal regions of the included genera. Specific anatomical features are designated to facilitate use of the key.This is the fourth in a series of keys by the authors to the groups of the free-living marine nematodes. The purpose of these keys is to provide students and other interested persons with a tool to begin the identification of free-living marine nematodes. These keys, along with those provided by Tarjan (1980) and Platt and Warwick (1983), should provide a basis for the identification of the genera of free-living marine nematodes.
Hope and Murphy (1972), Gerlach and Riemann (1974), Andrassy (1976), Lorenzen (1981), and Inglis (1983) have published classifications of free-living marine nematodes. Platt and Warwick (1988) provided descriptions and figures for the species of chromadorids reported from Britain.
The key presented herein is not intended to reflect phylogenetic relationships. It includes 55 genera of free-living marine nematodes in the suborder Chromadorina, superfamily Chromadoroidea, exclusive of the family Chromadoridae.
Although the key follows the classification of Lorenzen (1981), Jensen (1979) and Platt (1982) should be consulted regarding the Comesomatidae and Ethmolaimidae. Jensen (1979) revised the Comesomatidae and provided keys to the subfamilies, genera, and species. Lorenzen (1981) recognized the family Neotonchidae. Platt (1982) revised the family Ethmolaimidae and included the neotonchids in the Ethmolaimidae as the subfamily Neotonchinae Wieser & Hopper, 1966. Platt (1982) provided keys to the subfamilies, genera, and species of the Ethmolaimidae. Platt and Warwick (1988) also included the neotonchids in the Ethmolaimidae but did not segregate taxa at the subfamily level.
Use of the Key
Couplet numbers and lower case letters refer to the location of related lower-ranked taxa. When one arrives at a family or subfamily name, rather than another couplet, the genera within that taxon immediately follow in couplets designated by lower-case letters. The parenthetical part of each couplet designation indicates the referent couplet, allowing one to work backward, as well as forward, through the key.Illustrations in the key were obtained from published references. In some cases, portions of the anatomy shown on the drawings are labeled or emphasized with ink; in other cases pertinent anatomical details have been deleted to better portray the structures of interest. Credit is given for each illustration used. (Table 1 ).
Taxa Included in the Key ( Figure 1 ).
Figure 1. Flow chart of the taxa included in the key for free-living marine nematodes, super family Chromadoridae. Abbreviations Used in the Key
a amphidbc buccal cavity
cs cephalic sensilla
eb esophageal bulb
g gubernaculum
ga gubernacular apophysis
lp longitudinal punctations
ls labial sensilla
m mandible
ps precloacal supplement
r rugae
rs cervical sensilla
s spicule
sp small spines
ss somatic sensilla
t teeth
Key to the Genera (exclusive of the Chromadoridae)
Chromadoroidea. Cuticle with punctations; transverse striations present or absent. Head without helmet. Amphid variable in shape, difficult to discern in some species. Only those species with a spiral or circular amphid included in the key.[Note: When two consecutive numbers are shown, they refer to the anterior and posterior ends of the nematode.]
1. Amphid a distinct spiral (Figs. 53a , 81a ) . . . . 2
1'. Amphid not a distinct spiral . . . . . . . Chromadoridae (not included)
2 (1). Anterior part of buccal cavity with 12 rugae (Fig. 13r ); females with reflexed ovaries . . . . . 5
2'. Anterior part of buccal cavity without 12 rugae; females with outstretched ovaries . . . . . . . . . Comesomatidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3
3 (2). Posterior part of buccal cavity weakly cuticularized; spicules short (2 anal body diameters or less) (Fig. 6s ); gubernaculum with dorso-caudally directed apophyses (Fig. 4ga ) . . . . . . Sabatieriinae
a. Sublateral longitudinally orientated rows of long cervical sensillae present (Figs. 102 , 103 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setosabatieria Platt, 1985
a'. Sublateral longitudinally orientated rows of long cervical sensillae absent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . b
b(a). Amphids situated about 2.0 head diameters posterior to the anterior end (Fig. 7a ) outer labial and cephalic sensillae equal in length (Figs. 7cs , 8 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cervonema Wieser, 1954
b'. Amphids situated about 1.0 head diameter posterior to anterior end; outer labial and cephalic sensillae equal or unequal in length . . . . . . . . c
c(b). Outer labial and cephalic sensillae equal in length; amphid with more than 4 spirals (Figs. 89a , 90 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pierrickia Vitiello, 1970
c'. Outer labial and cephalic sensillae unequal in length; amphid with less than 4 spirals . . . . . . . . d
d(c). Outer labial sensillae shorter than cephalic sensillae; cuticle with lateral differentiation (Figs. 3cs , 4 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Actarjania Hopper, 1967
d'. Outer labial sensillae longer than cephalic sensillae; cuticle without lateral differentiation . . . . e
e(d). Outer labial and cephalic sensillae close together; cuticle without distinct punctations (Figs. 49 , 50 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laimella Cobb, 1920
e'. Outer labial and cephalic sensillae well separated; cuticle with distinct punctations . . . . . f
f(e). Gubernacular apophyses long, directed caudally or dorso-caudally (Figs. 98 , 99ga ) . . . . . Sabatieria De Rouville, 1903
f'. Gubernacular apophyses short, directed dorsally (Figs. 100 , 101ga ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scholpaniella Sergeeva, 1979
3'. Posterior part of buccal cavity heavily or moderately cuticularized; spicules elongate (more than 2.0 anal diameters long) (Fig. 18s ); gubernacular apophyses directed caudally, parallel to spicules (Fig. 18ga ), or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 (3). Posterior part of buccal cavity collapsed, weakly cuticularized (Fig. 19bc ); teeth present or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Comesomatinae
a. Teeth present at anterior end of buccal cavity; cuticle with or without distinct punctations (Figs. 77 , 78 ). . . . . . . Paracomesoma Hope & Murphy, 1972
a'. Teeth absent at anterior end of buccal cavity; cuticle with distinct punctation . . . . . . . . . . b
b(a). Cuticle with lateral differentiation; gubernaculum with caudally directed apophyses (Figs. 19 , 20 ) . . . . . Comesomoides Gourbault, 1980
b'. Cuticle without lateral differentiation; gubernacular apophyses parallel to spicules (Fig. 18ga ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c
c(b). Outer labial and cephalic sensillae in single circle of 10 (Figs. 57cs , 58 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . Metacomesoma Wieser, 1954
c'. Outer labial and cephalic sensillae in two separate circles (Figs. 17cs , 18 ) . . . . . . . . . . . Comesoma Bastian, 1865
4'. Posterior part of buccal cavity expanded, heavily cuticularized (Fig. 42bc ), teeth present or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dorylaimopsinae
a. Teeth absent (Figs. 61bc , 62 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Metasabatieria Timm, 1961
a'. Teeth present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b
b(a). Lateral differentiation present . . . . . . . c
b'. Lateral differentiation absent (Figs. 110 , 111 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Vasostoma Wieser, 1954
c(b). Lateral differentiation of longitudinal rows of coarse punctuations (Figs. 26lp , 27 ) . . . . . . . . . Dorylaimopsis Ditlevsen, 1918
c'. Lateral differentiation of transverse rows of coarse punctations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d
d(c). Posterior part of buccal cavity cylindrical (Figs. 42bc , 43 ) . . . . . . . Hopperia Vitiello, 1969
d'. Posterior part of buccal cavity conical (Figs. 85bc , 86 ) . . . . . . . Paramesonchium Hopper, 1967
5 (2). Amphid unispiral (Fig. 28a ); buccal cavity elongate, not funnel-shaped (Fig. 108bc ) . . . . . . . Ethmolaimidae
a. Extremely long somatic sensillae present; teeth equal (Figs. 108 , 109 ) . . . . . Trichethmolaimus Platt, 1982
a'. Extremely long somatic sensillae absent; teeth unequal, dorsal tooth largest (Figs. 28 , 29 ) . . . . . Ethmolaimus De Man, 1880
5'. Amphid multispiral; buccal cavity elongate, sometimes funnel-shaped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6 (5). Teeth mostly absent, mandibles present (Fig. 106m ) or absent; if both teeth and mandibles absent, then cuticle with numerous longitudinal rows of small spines (Fig. 96sp ) . . . . . Selachinematidae
a. Buccal cavity in two parts (Fig. 38) ; anterior part cup-shaped, posterior part cylindrical, both parts supported by cuticularized rods; mandibles absent . . b
a'. Buccal cavity not divided into two parts; mandibles present (Fig. 104m ) or absent . . . . . g
b(a). Esophagus with distinct posterior bulb (Figs. 13 , 14 ). . . . . Choniolaimus Ditlevsen, 1918
b'. Esophagus without distinct posterior bulb . . c
c(b). Cephalic sensillae short, papilliform . . . . . d
c'. Cephalic sensillae longer, setiform . . . . . . . . e
d(c). Tail short, conical; tip blunt (Figs. 11 , 12 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Choanolaimus De Man, 1880
d'. Tail long, cylindrical then conical, sometimes flagellate (Figs. 40 , 41 ) . . . . . . . . . Halichoanolaimus De Man, 1886
e(c). Cuticle with 12-50 longitudinal rows of punctations (Figs. 51 , 52ld ) . . . . . Latronema Wieser, 1954
e'. Cuticle without longitudinal rows of punctations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f
f(e). Tail short, conical (Figs. 38 , 39 ) . . . . . . . . Gammanema Cobb, 1920
f'. Tail long, flagellate (Figs. 15 , 16 ) . . . . . . . . . . Cobbionema Filipjev, 1922
g(a). Mandibles present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . h
g'. Mandibles absent; cuticle with numerous longitudinal rows of small spines (Figs. 96sp , 97 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richtersia Steiner, 1916
h(g). Mandibles equal in length (Fig. 104m) . . . i
h'. Mandibles unequal in length, dorsally reduced (Fig. 24m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . j
i(h). Mandibles single distally (Fig. 106m ); cephalic sensillae papilliform; lateral differentiation absent; gubernaculum absent (Figs. 106 , 107 ) . . . . . . . . . . . Synonchium Cobb, 1920
i'. Mandibles doubled distally (Fig. 104m ); cephalic sensillae setiform; lateral differentiation present; gubernaculum present (Figs. 104 , 105 ) . . . . . Synonchiella Cobb, 1933
j(h). Esophagus with distinct peribuccal bulb ( 9eb , 10 ) . . . . . . . . . . Cheironchus Cobb, 1917
j'. Esophagus without distinct peribuccal bulb, tail variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . k
k(j). Tail conical then filiform (Figs. 23-25 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Demonema Cobb, 1894
k'. Tail short, conical (Figs. 44 , 45 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Kosswigonema Gerlach, 1964
6'. Teeth, if present, appear as a single dorsal tooth and two subventral teeth (Fig. 71t ) or a single dorsal tooth (Fig. 36t ). If teeth absent then buccal cavity not divided into cup-shaped and cylindrical parts; mandibles absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
7 (6). Esophagus with posterior bulb; spicules typically bent about 2/3 distance from proximal end (Fig. 70s ); male precloacal supplements well developed, cup-shaped . . . . . . . . Neotonchidae
a. Buccal cavity small, not heavily cuticularized (Fig. 67bc ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b
a'. Buccal cavity large, heavily cuticularized (Fig. 36bc ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . d
b(a). Labial sensillae setiform (Figs. 67 , 68 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nannolaimus Cobb, 1920
b'. Labial sensillae papilliform (Fig. 30ls ) . . . . . c
c(b). Spicules broad (Figs. 32 , 33 ) Filitonchus Platt, 1982
c'. Spicules slender (Figs. 30 , 31 ) Filitonchoides Jensen, 1986
d(a). Dorsal tooth massive (Fig. 36t ); subventral teeth absent; spicules with lateral pieces (Figs. 36 , 37 ) . . . . . . Gomphionema Wieser & Hopper, 1966
d'. Dorsal tooth not as massive; subventral teeth present or absent; spicules without lateral pieces . . . e
e(d). Dorsal tooth extending anteriorly into vestibule; subventral teeth present, small (Figs. 34 , 35 ). . . . . . . . . . . . Gomphionchus Platt, 1982
e'. Dorsal tooth not extending anteriorly into vestibule (Fig. 71t ); subventral teeth present or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f
f(e). Dorsal and two small subventral teeth present (Figs. 71t , 72 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Neotonchus Cobb, 1933
f'. Dorsal tooth present; subventral teeth reduced to ventral ridges (Figs. 69 , 70 ) . . . . . Neotonchoides Platt, 1982
7'. Esophagus with or without a posterior bulb; spicules not characteristically bent about 2/3 distance from proximal end; precloacal supplements cup-shaped, tubular or absent . . . . . . . . . . Cyatholaimidae . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8 (7). Ten longitudinal alae present; cuticular punctations absent (Figs. 112 , 113 ) . . . . . . . . . Xenocyatholaimus Gerlach, 1953
8'. Longitudinal alae absent; cuticular punctations present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9 (8). Precloacal supplements present in male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
9'. Precloacal supplements absent in male . . . . Cyatholaiminae (in part)
a. Esophagus with posterior bulb; teeth absent (Figs. 83 , 84 ) . . . . . . . . . . Paralongicyatholaimus Stekhoven, 1950
a'. Esophagus without a posterior bulb; teeth present or absent . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . b
b(a). Dorsal tooth reduced or absent; lateral differentiation present (Figs. 59 , 60 ) . . . . . . . . . Metacyatholaimus Stekhoven, 1942
b'. Dorsal tooth prominent (Fig. 22t ); lateral differentiation absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . c
c(b). Lips leaf-like, bent backward (Figs. 87 , 88 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Phyllolaimus Murphy, 1963
c'. Lips not leaf-like, not bent backward (Figs. 21 , 22 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cyatholaimus Bastian, 1865
10 (9). Male precloacal supplements weakly cuticularized, simple cup-shaped (Fig. 6ps ) or narrow tubes; lateral differentiation present . . . . . . . . . Cyatholaiminae (in part)
a. Male precloacal supplements simple tubes (Figs. 93-95 ) . . . . . Praeacanthonchus Micoletzky, 1924
a'. Male precloacal supplements small, cup-shaped (Fig. 6ps ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b
b(a). Buccal cavity with single dorsal tooth; subventral teeth as two pairs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c
b'. Buccal cavity with single dorsal tooth (Fig. 53t ); subventral teeth absent or as a single pair . . . . . d
c(b). Hypodermal pore complexes present in eight longitudinal rows (Figs. 114-115 ) . . . . . Xyzzors Inglis, 1963
c'. Pores arranged in 12 longitudinal rows, reduced in area between nerve ring and preanal region (Figs. 55-56 ) . . . . . Marilynnia Hopper, 1972
d(b). Lateral differentiation present (Figs. 53, 54) . . . . . . . Longicyatholaimus Micoletzky, 1924
d'. Lateral differentiation absent (Figs.5-6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biarmifer Wieser, 1954
10'. Male precloacal supplements strongly cuticularized, complex cup-shaped (Fig. 64ps ), tubular (Fig. 2ps ) or setose; lateral differentiation present or absent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
11 (10). Male precloacal supplements protrusible tubes (Fig. 2ps ) or setose (Fig. 80ps ) . . . . . Paracanthonchinae
a. Male precloacal supplements protrusible tubes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b
a'. Male precloacal supplements setose . . . . . . c
b(a). Gubernaculum dentate (Fig. 75g) (Figs. 73-76) . . . . . Paracanthonchus Micoletzky, 1924
b'. Gubernaculum not dentate (Figs. 1 , 2 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acanthonchus Cobb, 1920
c(a). Amphids of both sexes dissimilar in size (Figs. 81 , 82 ) . . . . . Paracyatholaimoides Gerlach, 1953
c'. Amphids of both sexes similar in size (Figs. 79 , 80 ). . . . . Paracyatholaimus Micoletzky, 1922
11'. Male precloacal supplements complex, consisting of a number of elements ( 64ps ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pomponematinae
a. Buccal cavity large with teeth (Fig. 46t ). . . . b
a'. Buccal cavity small without teeth (Figs. 63 , 64) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Minolaimus Vitiello, 1970
b(a). Cuticle with eight longitudinal rows of punctations (Figs. 46-48 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . Kraspedonema Gerlach, 1954
b'. Cuticle without eight longitudinal rows of punctations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . c
c(b). Buccal cavity with large dorsal tooth and two subventral teeth; denticles may also be present; esophageal bulb absent (Figs. 91 , 92) . . . . . . . . Pomponema Cobb, 1917
c'. Buccal cavity with dorsal and subventral teeth reduced; denticles absent; esophageal bulb present (Figs. 65-66 ) . . . . . Nannolaimoides Ott, 1972
Acknowledgments
We express our sincere appreciation to Drs. K. B. Nguyen, R. P. Esser, and especially G. C. Smart, Jr., for their review of this manuscript and suggestions for its improvement.Selected References
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Platt, H.M. 1982. Revision of the Ethmolaimidae (Nematoda: Chromadorida). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zool. Ser. 43:185-252.
Platt, H.M. 1985. The freeliving marine nematode genus Sabatieria (Nematoda: Comesomatidae). Taxonomic revision and pictorial keys. Zool. Journal of the Linnean Society 83:27-78.
Riemann, F. 1966. Die interstitielle Fauna im Elbe-Aestuar Verbreitung und Systematik. Arch. Hydrobiol. Suppl. XXXI:1-279.
Schuurmans Stekhoven, J.H. 1950. The free-living marine nemas of the Mediterranean. I. The bay of Villefranche. Mem. Inst. Roy. Sci. Nat. Belg. 37:1-220.
Sergeeva, N.G. 1973. New species of free-living marine nematodes from the order Chromadorida in the Black Sea. Zool. Zh. 52:1238-1241.
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Vitiello, P. 1970. Nématodes libres marins des vases profondes du Golfe du Lion. II. Chromadorida. Tethys 2:449-500.
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Wieser, W. 1959. Free-living nematodes and other small invertebrates of Puget Sound beaches. Univ. Washington Publ. Biol. 19:1-179.
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Tables
Table 1. Alphabetical List of Genera and Illustration Sources
Figure No.
Genus
Illustration Source
1-2 Aconthonchus
Wieser 1955, p. 66, Figs. a, b 3-4 Actarjania
Hopper 1967, p. 141, Figs. 5, 7
5-6 Biarmifer
Wieser 1954, p. 11, Figs. c, e 7-8 Cervonema
Gourbault 1980, p. 739, Figs. 1c, d 9-10 Cheironchus
Gerlach 1964a, p. 46, Figs. a, b 11-12 Choanolaimus
Riemann 1966, p. 133, Figs. 34a, c 13-14 Choanolaimus
Riemann 1966, p. 110, Figs. b, d
15-16 Cobbionema
Furstenberg & Heyns 1987, p. 81, Figs. 1, 4 17-18 Comesoma
Wieser 1954a, p. 137, Figs. 177b, d 19-20 Comesomoides
Gourbault 1980, p. 747, Figs. 4a, c 21-22 Cyatholaimus
Wieser 1959, Pl. XV, Fig. 37a; Pl. XVI, Fig. 37b 23-25 Demonema
Gerlach 1958, Taf. 40, Figs. 1b, c, d 26-27 Dorylaimopsis
Schuurmans Stekhoven 1950, p. 147, Figs. 88A, I 28-29 Ethmolaimus
Jensen 1979, p. 165, Figs. 57, 58 30-31 Filitonchoides
Jensen 1986, p. 253, Figs. 6B, E 32-33 Filitonchus
Platt 1982, p. 248, Figs. 36b, d 34 Gomphionchus
Wieser & Hopper 1966, p. 527, Figs. 20, 21 35 Gomphionchus
Platt 1982, p. 217, Figs. 14a, b 36-37 Gomphionchus
Wieser & Hopper 1966, p. 530, Figs. 31, 32 38-39 Gammanema
Murphy 1964, p. 195, Fig. 3a; p. 196, Fig. 4 40-41 Halichoanolaimus
Wieser & Hopper 1967, p. 324, Figs. 34A, 35B 42-43 Hopperia
Vitiello 1969, p. 486, Fig. 1b; p. 488, Fig. 2a 44-45 Kosswigonema
Gerlach 1964a, p. 45, Figs. 15a, e 46-48 Kraspedonema
Gerlach 1954, p. 100, Figs. 2b, c, d 49-50 Laimella
Hopper 1967, p. 144, Figs. 2, 3 51-52 Latronema
Wieser 1954, p. 31, Figs. 109a, d 53-54 Longicyatholaimus
Vitiello 1970, p. 476, Figs. 18A, D 55-56 Marilynia
Hopper 1972, p. 75, Figs. 14, 15 57-58 Metacomesoma
Wieser 1954, p. 137, Figs. 176a, c 59-60 Metacyatholaimus
Gerlach 1964b, p. 73, Figs. 2b, d 61-62 Metasabatieria
Timm 1961, p. 51, Figs. 35a, b 63-64 Minolaimus
Vitiello 1970, p. 486, Figs. 25b, f 65-66 Nannolaimoides
Ott 1972, p. 464, Figs. 4, 7 67-68 Nannolaimus
Platt 1982, p. 242, Figs. 32b, d
69-70 Neotonchoides
Platt 1982, p. 238, Fig. 29c 71-72 Neotonchus
Platt 1982, p. 220, Figs. 16a, b 73 Paracanthonchus
Wieser & Hopper 1967, p. 323, Fig. 31a 74 Paracanthonchus
Inglis 1970, p. 7, Fig. 13 75-76 Paracanthonchus
Wieser & Hopper 1967, p. 323, Figs. 31b, c
77-78 Paracomesoma
Jensen & Gerlach, 1977, p. 61, Figs. 1a, c 79-80 Paracyatholaimus
Wieser & Hopper 1967, p. 323, Figs. 32a, b
81-82 Paracyatholaimoides
Boucher 1976, p. 48, Figs. 7c, f
83-84 Paralongicyatholaimus
Warwick 1971, p. 101, Figs. 3a, d
85-86 Paramesonchium
Jensen 1976, p. 245, Figs. 30, 36 87-88 Phyllolaimus
Murphy 1963, p. 76, Figs. 2A, C
89-90 Pierrichia
Vitiello 1970, p. 455, Figs. 3A, D
91-92 Pomponema
Wieser & Hopper 1967, p. 321, Figs. 28a, c
93-95 Praecanthonchus
Pastor de Ward 1979, p. 35, Figs. 5b,g, e
96-97 Richtersia
Soetaert & Vincx 1986, p. 129, Fig. 3b
98-99 Sabatieria
Wieser & Hopper 1967, p. 335, Figs. 59a, c
100-101 Scholpaniella
Sergeeva 1972, p. 1293, Figs. 5, 6 102-103 Setosabatieria
Platt 1985, p. 43, Fig. 9
104-105 Synonchiella
Riemann 1966, p. 135, Figs. 36a, d 106-107 Synonchium
Gerlach 1953, p. 556, Figs. 18a, c 108-109 Trichethmolaimus
Gerlach 1956, Taf. 31, Figs. a, b 110-111 Vasostoma
Wieser 1954a, p. 137, Figs. 175a, b 112-113 Xenocyatholaimus
Gerlach 1953, p. 74, Figs. 1a, c 114-115 Zyzzors
Inglis 1963, p. 545, Fig. 25 Wieser & Hopper 1967, p. 322, Fig. 29
Footnotes
1. This document is EENY-082, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: August 1999. Reviewed: March 2008. This document is also available on Featured Creatures Website at http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu. Please visit the EDIS Website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.2. A. C. Tarjan and E. J. Keppner, Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.
Copyright Information
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