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Insect and Mite Management Suggestions on Commercial Field and Shade House-Grown Flower Crops in Florida¹

James F. Price, Curtis Nagle and Elzie McCord, Jr.²

Effective management of arthropod pests of commercial floral crops requires that pests be detected in a timely manner through systematic scouting and that appropriate control measures be applied as conditions warrant. Control measures may include economic combinations of cultural controls (such as disposal of crop residue, reducing unnecessary water in the production environment, selection of less affected varieties and species etc.), physical controls (such as screen barriers, hot water treatments of certain planting stock, hand removal of pests etc.), biological controls (such as release of beneficial parasites, predators and pathogens to attack the pests) and chemical controls.

This summary presents the chemical control measures that are available to commercial flower producers in Florida and includes microbial insecticides that may be considered also as components of biological control. Pesticide labels sometimes provide for the product's use on any "ornamental" or "flower" crop and sometimes for use only on specifically named flower crops. This document addresses the following major pest groups:

• Aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae)

• Armyworms (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (see also Caterpillars)

• Other caterpillars (Lepidoptera) (see also: Armyworms, Heliothis & Helicoverpa, Leafrollers & Leaftiers, Loopers)

• Chrysomelid beetles (Cucumber, Flea, and Leaf Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)

• Fleahoppers (Hemiptera: Miridae)

• Fungus gnats (Diptera: Sciaridae)

• Heliothis (Tobacco Budworm, etc.) & Helicoverpa (Corn Earworm, etc.) (see also Caterpillars)

• Leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

• Leafminers, dipterous (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

• Leafrollers & Leaftiers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (see also Caterpillars)

• Loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) (see also Caterpillars)

• Mealybugs (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)

• Mites, Broad & Cyclamen (Acari: Tarsonemidae)

• Mites, Eriophyid (Acari: Eriophyidae)

• Mites, Privet (Acari: Tenuipalpidae (False Spider mites))

• Mites, Spider (Acari: Tetranychidae)

• Plant (Lygus) Bugs (Hemiptera: Miridae)

• Shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae)

• Slugs & Snails (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Limacidae)

• Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

• Whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

There is a table of information for each pest group presented and each table is divided into two parts where applicable. Within each part of a table, appropriate commercial products available are grouped alphabetically by active ingredient. Usually, only one example of any particular formulation is given. Other examples or other formulations may exist that are as effective as those mentioned. The first part lists pesticides whose label provides for the products use on any "ornamental" or "flower" crop. The second part lists products whose label provides for the products use only on specifically named flower crops. The reader must consult the label to determine which flower crops may be treated.

Producers are permitted by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) to apply a pesticide to control a pest not listed on the label, so long as the product's use is permitted on the target crop and all other provisions of the label are followed. The pesticides listed often are registered for use on additional pests not mentioned in this summary.

Precautionary statements, re-entry intervals (REI), restricted use status, and registrants are provided in a separate publication, Insecticides, Miticides & Molluscicides Available to Florida's Floricultural Industry (ENY-679) (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN472 ), to aid in the selection and safe use of the pesticides. When available, label hyperlinks are provided in the electronic forms of that document.

The product label communicates the lawful use of the product and must be read, understood and followed. The label contains important limitations that may not be presented in these tables. When using a pesticide for the first time, it is important to apply the product first to a small portion of the crop and wait to observe possible detrimental effects, such as leaf distortion and plant stunting.

Many pesticides decompose in the spray tank when mixed with water above pH 7. Growers should test the pH of their water and when above 7, should add a buffering solution to maintain pH between 6.5 and 7.

This summary is only a guide to aid in selection of pesticides. Care has been given to provide accurate and up-to-date information, but it is possible that, through label changes, etc., improper uses may be indicated. In all cases it is the responsibility of the applicator to read, understand, and comply with the label that accompanies each pesticide container.

As an additional precaution, keep the telephone number and address of the nearest county poison control center in a convenient location in case of an accidental poisoning. Also, keep clean copies of labels of all pesticides on your premises. In the event of a poisoning, the label of the pesticide involved should accompany the victim to the poison control center or hospital.

Tables

Table 1. Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida.

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Abamectin	Avid 0.15EC	Suppression; do not use for suppression of aphids on roses, chrysanthemum, and gerbera. Phytotoxicity has been observed on Shasta Daisy.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Ornazin 3% EC
	Azatrol EC	Do not exceed 20 grams a.i., 57 oz., of Azatrol per acre.
Azinphos-Methyl	Guthion Solupak	Nursery stock
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Beauveria bassiana strain GHA	Botanigard 22WP	Nursery & shade house
	Botanigard ES	Nursery
	Mycotrol O	Edible flowers only.
Bifenthrin	BifenthrinPro Multi-Insecticide	Nursery & shade house; do not apply if rain is expected whithin 12 hours (or whatever time is necessary for the spray to dry). Maximum rates: Do not apply more than 0.2 lb. a.i. per acre (40 fl. oz.) in a single application or per year for outdoor applications.
	Talstar N Talstar Nursery Flowable	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year for outdoor applications.
Capsaicin & other capsaicinoids	Hot Pepper Wax	Repels; avoid use on variegated African violets and Dicentra eximia.
Chlorpyrifos	Chlorpyrifos Pro 2	Nursery stock in nurseries.
	Chlorpyrifos Pro 4	Nursery; some varieties of azaleas, camellias, poinsettias, rose bushes, or variegated ivy show varying degrees of phytotoxicity.
	Duragard ME	Nursery; bedding plants, potted and cut flowers. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
	Dursban 50W	Nursery
Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil	Triact 70	Test before applying to carnation and the flowers of: Impatiens, fuchsia, hibiscus, and some roses. Most effective when applied early to mid-morning or late afternoon.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20WP
Cyfluthrin & Imidacloprid	Discus	Nursery; application can not exceed a total of 244 oz. per acre per year for outdoor ornamentals grown in beds. On plants with a production cycle of less than one year, application frequency can not exceed more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than one year, application may not exceed once a year.
Deltamethrin	Deltaguard GC 5SC	Nursery
Diazinon	Diazinon 50W Diazinon AG 500 (EPA Reg.# 51036-71)	Precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Nursery; suppression; broadcast (foliar) applications can not exceed a total of 2.7 lbs. of product (0.54 lb. a.i.) per acre per year.
Endosulfan	Endosulfan 3 EC Endosulfan 50 WP Thionex (Endosulfan) 3 EC Thionex (Endosulfan) 50 WP	Do not exceed 3.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year. On chrysanthemums, best results will be obtained if applied before plants flower.
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4EC	Nursery & shade house; do not use less than a 7 day re-treatment interval.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% Granular	Nursery; for outdoor ornamentals grown in beds, applications can not exceed a total of 40 lbs. per acre per year. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year.
	Marathon 60 WP	Nursery; this product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. For outdoor ornamentals grown in beds applications can not exceed a total of 10.7 oz. (0.4 lbs. Active ingredient) per acre per year. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year.
	Marathon II	For outdoor ornamentals do not apply more than 1.6 pt. (0.4 lbs. a.i.) per acre per year. Do not apply thru any type of irrigation system.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Malathion	Atrapa 5E Gowan Malathion 8F Malathion 5 EC Malathion 57% Premium Grade
Oxydemeton-Methyl	Metasystox-R	Field grown nursery stock; do not make more than 2 applications per season.
Permethrin	Perm-Up 3.2 EC	Nursery stock; Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin Pro	Nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	To achieve enhanced and residual control, use a 1-2% v/v solution of product in combination with recommended products. Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
	Insecticidal Soap 49.52 CF	Caution: Do not use on new transplants, newly rooted cuttings, plants stressed by drought, or when tender new foliage is present. Avoid application when leaf temperature exceeds 85°F. Note: Do not use on crown of thorns and test on other euphorbias for phytotoxicity. Do not use on bleeding heart, lantana, lilies or sweetpeas. Some varieties of azaleas, begonias, camellias, fuschias, gardenias, orchids, and impatiens have shown sensitivity. Do not apply to poinsettias after bract coloration begins. Test on chrysanthemums for varietal sensitivity and do not apply to open blooms. Do not apply to ornamentals stressed by drought. Test on eugenia and euonymus for varietal and drought sensitivity.
	M-Pede	For control of aphids must combine with other pesticides. Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweetpeas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, fuchsia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pymetrozine	Endeavor	For outdoor use, do not apply more than 48 oz. per acre per year.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	EverGreen EC 60-6 Pyrenone Crop Spray Pyreth-It
Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide & Silicon Dioxide	Diatect Multipurpose Insecticide II
Pyrethrins, Rotenone & other Cube Resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyriproxyfen	Distance IGR	Suppression; for foliar spray application, apply Distance no more than two times per cropping cycle or no more than two times per 6 months. For sprench application, if a second application is needed, allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. For drench application: Do not drench plants more than one time per crop cycle. Phytotoxicity has been observed on salvia (Salvia spp.), ghost plant (Graptopetalum paraguayense), schefflera (Schefflera spp.), gardenia (Gardenia spp.), and coral bells (Heuchera sanguinea). It is therefore recommended that Distance not be used on these plants. Do not apply to poinsettia after bract formation.
Refined Petroleum Distillate	Saf-T-Side Spray Oil	This insecticide's mode of action is through suffocation of eggs, larvae and nymphs of insects and adults of soft bodied insects. This mode of action necessitates total spray coverage. Bedding plants; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
	Ultra-Fine Oil	Caution: Spray no more than 4 consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Tau-Fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 25WG	Shade house, container & nursery grown; do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, which ever is shorter.
Products labeled for use on specifically named flower crops (see product label for which crops are permitted):
Acephate	Acephate Pro 75 Acephate 97UP Address T/O Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray 97
	Pinpoint 15 Granular	Container grown nursery stock
	Precise Acephate	Container grown nursery stock; irrigate immediately after application, but avoid excessive irrigation, to position product in the root zone. Do not apply to freshly rooted cuttings. Potted plants: For use on 3 inch to 12 inch diameter pots (see supplemental information sheet for proper rates).
Azadirachtin	Aza-Direct	Do not exceed 57 oz. of Aza-Direct per acre per application.
Diazinon	Diazinon 5WB Diazinon Insecticide	Precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
	Diazinon AG500 (EPA Reg.# 5905-248)	Nurseries only
Dimethoate	AllPro Cygon 2E Dimethoate 267	Nurseries; do not use on ornamental plants not listed or on any ornamental stock plants grown as a source of propagation material such as cuttings, layers, root stocks or scions for grafting or budding. Do not use in mixtures containing oil.
	Dimethoate 4 EC	Do not use on ornamental plants not listed on this label unless personal experience has shown to be safe. Do not use in mixtures containing oil.
	Dimethoate 400	Do not use on ornamental plants not listed on this label unless personal experience has shown to be safe. Do not use on any ornamental stock plants grown as a source of propagation material, such as cuttings, layers, root stocks, or scions for grafting or budding. Do not use in mixtures containing oil.
Endosulfan	Thionex 3EC Thionex 50W	Nurseries only; do not exceed 3.0 lbs. A.I. per acre per year.
Imidacloprid	Provado 1.6 Flowable	Edible-leaved and garland chrysanthemum; do not apply more than 18.75 fl.oz. per year as foliar sprays, and regardless of formulation or type of application. Do not apply more than 0.5 lbs. a.i. of Admire or Provado per acre per season. For resistance management foliar applications following soil application of Admire in the same crop is not recommended.
Naled	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	Spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature. Do not spray on ornamental cherries, liquid amber, chrysanthemums or ornamental kale as injury may occur.
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 2. Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida. See also Caterpillars (Lepidoptera).

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Ornazin 3% EC
	Azatrol EC	Do not exceed 20 grams a.i., 57 oz., of Azatrol per acre.
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai	Xentari DF
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki	Deliver Dipel DF Javelin WG
	Troy-BT 2WP	May be used to control armyworms (1st and 2nd instars) when populations are light and full coverage sprays are applied. If mature worms or heavy populations are present a contact insecticide should be used to enhance control.
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain ABTS-351	Biobit HP	May be used to control armyworms (1st and 2nd instars) when populations are light and full coverage sprays are applied. If mature worms or heavy populations are present a contact insecticide should be used to enhance control.
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG2348	Condor Bioinsecticide	Precautions: Do not use in combination with any chlorothalonil based fungicide (Bravo, Terranil etc.). Mixing with other oil based products or surfactants could increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG7826	Lepinox WDG
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG7841	Crymax Bioinsecticide
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Bifenthrin	BifenthrinPro Multi-Insecticide	Nursery & shade house; do not apply if rain is expected whithin 12 hours (or whatever time is necessary for the spray to dry). Maximum rates: Do not apply more than 0.2 lb. a.i. per acre (40 fl. oz.) in a single application or per year for outdoor applications.
	Talstar N Talstar Nursery Flowable	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year for outdoor applications.
Capsaicin & other capsaicinoids	Hot Pepper Wax	Repels beet armyworms; avoid use on variegated African violets and Dicentra eximia.
Chlorpyrifos	Chlorpyrifos Pro 2	Nursery stock in nurseries.
	Chlorpyrifos Pro 4	Nursery; some varieties of azaleas, camellias, poinsettias, rose bushes, or variegated ivy show varying degrees of phytotoxicity.
	Dursban 50W	Nursery
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20WP
Cyfluthrin & Imidacloprid	Discus	Nursery; application can not exceed a total of 244 oz. per acre per year for outdoor ornamentals grown in beds. On plants with a production cycle of less than one year, application frequency can not exceed more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than one year, application may not exceed once a year.
Deltamethrin	Deltaguard GC 5SC	Nursery
Diazinon	Diazinon 50W Diazinon AG 500 (EPA Reg.# 51036-71)	Precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Diflubenzuron	Adept	Shade house; do not make more than four applications per crop. Do not apply to poinsettias, hibiscus, and Rieger begonia. Do not reuse potting media, which has been treated with Adept. Do not apply to plants grown on capillary water mats.
	Dimilin 25W	Beet armyworm; shade house
	Dimilin SC	Shade house
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4EC	Beet armyworm; nursery & shade house; do not use less than a 7 day re-treatment interval.
Heterorhabditis indica	GrubStake 100	Store at 65° F; use within 5 days of receipt. Native to Florida. Do not inject into drip irrigation systems. Do not apply within 21 days of a nematicide application.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Novaluron	Pedestal	Container grown plants; nursery & shade house; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Do not apply to poinsettias. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of Pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle.
Permethrin	Ambush 25W	Beet armyworm; field grown nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per season. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Ambush Pounce 25 WP Pounce 3.2 EC Pounce WSB	Beet armyworm; field grown nursery stock
	Perm-Up 3.2 EC	Beet armyworm; nursery stock; marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin Pro	Nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	EverGreen EC 60-6 Pyrenone Crop Spray Pyreth-It
Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide & Silicon Dioxide	Diatect Multipurpose Insecticide II
Pyrethrins & Rotenone & other Cube Resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Spinosad	Conserve SC	When used in areas of commercial production of herbaceous (non-woody) ornamentals in nurseries (including plant propagation beds): Do not apply more than 10 times in a 12-month period per crop regardless of the pest being treated. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same a.i. or products with the same mode of action. Except for structures that can be altered to be closed or open, do not reapply within less than 7 days.
Steinernema carpocapsae	Millenium
Tau-Fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
Products labeled for use on specifically named flower crops (see product label for which crops are permitted):
Azadirachtin	Aza-Direct	Do not exceed 57 oz. of Aza-Direct per acre per application.
Diazinon	Diazinon 5WB Diazinon Insecticide	Precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Diflubenzuron	Dimilin 25W Insect Growth Regulator EPA Reg. # 400-465	Early instar armyworms; not for trees or shrubs grown in shade houses.
Naled	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	Spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature. Do not spray on ornamental cherries, liquid amber, chrysanthemums or ornamental kale as injury may occur.
POBs of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera exigua	Spod-X LC	Beet armyworm; use non-chlorinated water at a pH near 7.0 in the spray tank mix.
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 3. Control measures for other caterpillars (Lepidoptera) available to commercial flower producers in Florida. See also tables for these other named caterpillars: Armyworms, Helicoverpa (corn earworm, etc.) and Heliothis (tobacco budworm, etc.) Leafrollers, Leaftiers, and Loopers.

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Ornazin 3% EC
	Azatrol EC	Lepidoptera moths; do not exceed 20 grams a.i., 57 oz., of Azatrol per acre.
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai	Xentari DF	Azalea caterpillar, bagworm, diamondback moth, ello moth (hornworm), Fall webworm, io moth, Jack pine budworm, oleander moth, saddleback caterpillar, tent caterpillars
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki	Deliver	Bagworm, cutworm, diamondback moth, Fall webworm, gypsy moth, Jack pine budworm, mimosa webworm, orangedog, redhumped caterpillar, saltmarsh caterpillar, sod webworm, tent caterpillar, tobacco hornworm, tomato pinworm
	Dipel DF	Azalea caterpillar, bagworm, diamondback moth, ello moth (hornworm), Fall webworm, io moth, oleander moth, saltmarsh caterpillar, tent caterpillars
	Javelin WG	Bagworm, bollworm, cutworm, diamondback moth, Fall webworm, filbert webworm, hornworms, orangedog, saltmarsh caterpillar, tent caterpillar, tobacco hornworm, tomato pinworm
	Troy-BT 2WP	Azalea caterpillar, diamondback moth, ello moth (hornworm), io moth, oleander moth
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain ABTS-351	Biobit HP	Azalea caterpillar, diamondback moth, ello moth (hornworm), io moth, oleander moth, sod webworm
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG2348	Condor Bioinsecticide	Azalea moth, bagworm, diamondback moth, ello moth (hornworm), Fall webworm, io moth, oleander moth, saddleback caterpillar, tent caterpillar, tortrix; precautions: Do not use in combination with any chlorothalonil based fungicide (Bravo, Terranil etc.). Mixing with other oil based products or surfactants could increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG7826	Lepinox WDG	Azalea moth, diamondback moth; ello moth (hormworm), Florida fern caterpillar, io moth, oleander moth, bagworm, browntail moth, Fall webworm, gypsy moth, Jack pine budworm, mimosa webworm, redhumped caterpillar, saddleback caterpillar, saddle prominent caterpillar, tent caterpillar
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG7841	Crymax Bioinsecticide	Azalea moth, bagworm, diamondback moth, ello moth (hornworm), fall webworm, Florida fern caterpillar, io moth, oleander moth, saddleback caterpillar , tent caterpillar, tortrix
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Bifenthrin	BifenthrinPro Multi-Insecticide	Nursery & shade house; do not apply if rain is expected whithin 12 hours (or whatever time is necessary for the spray to dry). Maximum rates: Do not apply more than 0.2 lb. a.i. per acre (40 fl. oz.) in a single application or per year for outdoor applications.
	Talstar N Talstar Nursery Flowable	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year for outdoor applications.
Carbaryl	AllPro 10% Carbaryl Dust	Bagworm, tent caterpillars, sod webworm
	AllPro Carbaryl 4L	Bagworms, cutworms, Jackpine budworms, oleander caterpillar, poinsettia hornworm, puss caterpillar, saddled prominent, sod webworm (lawn moths), tent caterpillars, webworms, trotrix
	AllPro Carbaryl 50 WP	Bagworm, puss caterpillar, tent caterpillars, orange trotrix; to avoid possible injury to tender foliage, do not apply to wet foliage or when rain or high humidity is expected during the next two days.
	Carbaryl 4L Carbaryl 80S	Bagworms, catalpa sphinx, cutworms, oleander caterpillar, poinsettia hornworm, puss caterpillar, tent caterpillars, webworms
	Cutworm & Cricket Bait	Cutworm
	Sevin 80 WSP Sevin SL	Bagworms, catalpa sphinx, cutworms, oleander caterpillar, poinsettia hornworm, puss caterpillar, tent caterpillars, webworms; application to wet foliage or during periods of high humidity may cause injury to tender foliage.
Chlorpyrifos	Chlorpyrifos Pro 2	Bagworms, catalpa sphinx, cutworms, Fall webworms, hornworms, oleander caterpillars, puss caterpillars, tent caterpillars; nursery stock in nurseries
	Chlorpyrifos Pro 4	Bagworms, catalpa sphinx, cutworms, Fall webworms, hornworms, oleander caterpillars, puss caterpillars, tent caterpillars; nursery ; some varieties of azaleas, camellias, poinsettias, rose bushes, or variegated ivy show varying degrees of phytotoxicity.
	Duragard ME	Cabbage worms, hornworms; nursery; bedding plants, potted and cut flowers. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
	Dursban 50W	Bagworms, catalpa sphinx, cutworms, Fall webworms, hornworms, oleander caterpillars, puss caterpillars, tent caterpillars; nursery
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20WP
Cyfluthrin & Imidacloprid	Discus	Nursery; application can not exceed a total of 244 oz. per acre per year for outdoor ornamentals grown in beds. On plants with a production cycle of less than one year, application frequency can not exceed more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than one year, application may not exceed once a year.
Deltamethrin	Deltaguard GC 5SC	Nursery
Diazinon	Diazinon 50W Diazinon AG 500	Bagworms, cutworms, Fall webworms, tent caterpillars; precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Heterorhabditis indica	GrubStake 100	Webworm, tree borers including banana moth; store at 65° F; use within 5 days of receipt. Native to Florida. Do not inject into drip irrigation systems. Do not apply within 21 days of a nematicide application.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	Leaf-Feeding caterpillars & cutworms; nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Malathion	Atrapa 5E Gowan Malathion 8 F Malathion 5 Malathion 57% Premium Grade Malathion 5 EC	Bagworm, tent caterpillar
Permethrin	Ambush 25W	Cutworms; field grown nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per season. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Ambush	Cutworm; field grown nursery stock
	Clean Crop Permethrin 3.2 EC	Bagworm; field grown nursery stock; marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals. Avoid spraying chrysanthemum blooms.
	Perm-Up 3.2 EC	Field grown nursery stock; marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia.
	Permethrin Pro	Nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year.
	Pounce 25 WP Pounce 3.2 EC Pounce WSB	Bagworm; field grown nursery stock
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Cutworms, sod webworm, tent caterpillar; to achieve enhanced and residual control, use a 1-2% v/v solution of product in combination with recommended products. Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
	Insecticidal Soap 49.52 CF	Tent caterpillar; caution: Do not use on new transplants, newly rooted cuttings, plants stressed by drought, or when tender new foliage is present. Avoid application when leaf temperature exceeds 85°F. Note: Do not use on crown of thorns and test on other euphorbias for phytotoxicity. Do not use on bleeding heart, lantana, lilies or sweetpeas. Some varieties of azaleas, begonias, camellias, fuschias, gardenias, orchids, and impatiens have shown sensitivity. Do not apply to poinsettias after bract coloration begins. Test on chrysanthemums for varietal sensitivity and do not apply to open blooms. Do not apply to ornamentals stressed by drought. Test on eugenia and euonymus for varietal and drought sensitivity.
	M-Pede	Cutworms, sod webworm, tent caterpillar; tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweetpeas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, fuchsia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	EverGreen EC 60-6 Pyrenone Crop Spray Pyreth-It
Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide & Silicon Dioxide	Diatect Multipurpose Insecticide II
Pyrethrins, Rotenone & other Cube Resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Refined Petroleum Distillate	Saf-T-Side Spray Oil	This insecticide's mode of action is through suffocation of eggs, larvae and nymphs of insects and adults of soft bodied insects. This mode of action necessitates total spray coverage. Webworms; bedding plants; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
	Ultra-Fine Oil	Webworms; caution: Spray no more than 4 consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Spinosad	Conserve SC	When used in areas of commercial production of herbaceous (non-woody) ornamentals in nurseries (including plant propagation beds): Do not apply more than 10 times in a 12-month period per crop regardless of the pest being treated. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same a.i. or products with the same mode of action. Except for structures that can be altered to be closed or open, do not reapply within less than 7 days.
Tau-Fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
Products labeled for use on specifically named flower crops (see product label for which crops are permitted):
Acephate	Acephate Pro 75 Acephate 97UP Address T/O Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray 97	Cutworm, gypsy moth larvae, tent caterpillar, webworms
Azadirachtin	Aza-Direct	Do not exceed 57 oz. of Aza-Direct per acre per application.
Diazinon	Diazinon 5WB Diazinon Insecticide	Bagworms, cotoneaster webworms, cutworms, fall webworms, holly bud moths, mimosa webworms, sod webworms (lawn moths), tent caterpillars, juniper webworms, precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
	Diazinon AG500 (EPA Reg.# 5905-248)	Nurseries only. Bagworms, cotoneaster webworms, cutworms, fall webworms, holly bud moths, mimosa webworms, sod webworms (lawn moths), tent caterpillars, juniper webworms, precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Diflubenzuron	Dimilin 25W Insect Growth Regulator EPA Reg. # 400-465	Bagworms (early instars in mid to late June), browntail moth (overwintering 2nd instars), gypsy moths (early instar and prior to full leaf expansion, 5-20%), pandora moth (after egg hatch in fall or to early instars in spring), pine shoot moth (early instars), pine tip moths (early 2nd generation instars or when 75% of first generation pupal cases are empty), sawflies (early instars), spanworms (early instars), tent caterpillars (early instars prior to full leaf expansion), tussock moths (early instars), webworms (early instars); not for trees or shrubs grown in shade houses.
Naled	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	Fall webworms, gypsy moths, redhumped caterpillars tent caterpillars juniper webworms; spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature. Do not spray on ornamental cherries, liquid amber, chrysanthemums or ornamental kale as injury may occur.
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 4. Chrysomelid Beetle (Cucumber, Flea, and Leaf Beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida.

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Adults; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Ornazin 3% EC
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Cucumber & flea beetles; do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Bifenthrin	BifenthrinPro Multi-Insecticide	Nursery & shade house; do not apply if rain is expected whithin 12 hours (or whatever time is necessary for the spray to dry). Maximum rates: Do not apply more than 0.2 lb. a.i. per acre (40 fl. oz.) in a single application or per year for outdoor applications.
	Talstar N Talstar Nursery Flowable	Flea beetles; nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year for outdoor applications.
Carbaryl	AllPro Carbaryl 4L Carbaryl 4L Carbaryl 80S	Flea beetle
	AllPro Carbaryl 50 WP Sevin 80 WSP Sevin SL	Flea beetle; application to wet foliage or during periods of high humidity may cause injury to tender foliage.
	Sevin Brand SL	Flea beetle; do not make more than six foliar and two direct applications per year. To avoid possible injury to tender foliage, do not apply to wet foliage or when rain or high humidity is expected during the next two days.
Chlorpyrifos	Chlorpyrifos Pro 2	Nursery stock in nurseries
	Chlorpyrifos Pro 4	Nursery; some varieties of azaleas, camellias, poinsettias, rose bushes, or variegated ivy show varying degrees of phytotoxicity.
	Duragard ME	Nursery; bedding plants, potted and cut flowers. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
	Dursban 50W	Nursery
Cryolite	Kryocide	Flea beetles
	Prokil Cryolite 96	Fuller rose beetle; should not be used in combination with lime or compounds containing free lime. Applications in spray solutions above pH 7.5, below pH 4, or in combination with calcium foliar nutrients should not be made due to possible crop injury on some crops.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20WP	Flea beetles
Cyfluthrin & Imidacloprid	Discus	Nursery; application can not exceed a total of 244 oz. per acre per year for outdoor ornamentals grown in beds. On plants with a production cycle of less than one year, application frequency can not exceed more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than one year, application may not exceed once a year.
Deltamethrin	Deltaguard GC 5SC	Flea beetles; nursery
Diazinon	Diazinon 50W Diazinon AG 500	Flea beetles; precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Imidacloprid	Marathon II	Leaf beetles; for outdoor ornamentals do not apply more than 1.6 pt. (0.4 lbs. a.i.) per acre per year. Do not apply thru any type of irrigation system.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	Flea beetles; nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	EverGreen EC 60-6 Pyreth-It	Flea & cucumber beetles
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide & Silicon Dioxide	Diatect Multipurpose Insecticide II	Flea beetles
Refined Petroleum Distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Leaf beetle larvae; caution: Spray no more than 4 consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Spinosad	Conserve SC	When used in areas of commercial production of herbaceous (non-woody) ornamentals in nurseries (including plant propagation beds): Do not apply more than 10 times in a 12-month period per crop regardless of the pest being treated. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same a.i. or products with the same mode of action. Except for structures that can be altered to be closed or open, do not reapply within less than 7 days.
Tau-Fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Flea & cucumber beetles; repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
Products labeled for use on specifically named flower crops (see product label for which crops are permitted):
Azadirachtin	Aza-Direct	Do not exceed 57 oz. of Aza-Direct per acre per application.
Diazinon	Diazinon 5WB Diazinon Insecticide	Flea beetles; precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
	Diazinon AG500 (EPA Reg.# 5905-248)	Nurseries only. Flea beetles; precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Imidacloprid	Provado 1.6 Flowable	Flea beetles; edible-leaved and garland chrysanthemum; do not apply more than 18.75 fl.oz. per year as foliar sprays, and regardless of formulation or type of application. Do not apply more than 0.5 lbs. a.i. of Admire or Provado per acre per season. For resistance management foliar applications following soil application of Admire in the same crop is not recommended.
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 5. Fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida.

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide & Silicon Dioxide	Diatect Multipurpose Insecticide II
Pyrethrins, Rotenone & other Cube Resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 6. Fungus Gnat (Diptera: Sciaridae) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida.

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Larvae; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Ornazin 3% EC
Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis	Gnatrol	In potting soil mixtures only; soil drench for control of larvae.
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Cucumber & flea beetles; do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Bifenthrin	BifenthrinPro Multi-Insecticide	Adults; nursery & shade house; do not apply if rain is expected whithin 12 hours (or whatever time is necessary for the spray to dry). Maximum rates: Do not apply more than 0.2 lb. a.i. per acre (40 fl. oz.) in a single application or per year for outdoor applications.
	Talstar Nursery Granular	Larvae; containerized and balled nursery stock
	Talstar N Talstar Nursery Flowable	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year for outdoor applications.
Chlorpyrifos	Duragard ME	Nursery; bedding plants, potted and cut flowers. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20WP
Cyfluthrin & Imidacloprid	Discus	Nursery; application can not exceed a total of 244 oz. per acre per year for outdoor ornamentals grown in beds. On plants with a production cycle of less than one year, application frequency can not exceed more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than one year, application may not exceed once a year.
Cyromazine	Citation	Container grown or shade house grown ornamentals; will not control adult stages. Do not make more than six applications to one crop.
Deltamethrin	Deltaguard GC 5 SC	Nursery
Diflubenzuron	Adept	Shade house; do not make more than four applications per crop. Do not apply to poinsettias, hibiscus, and Rieger begonia. Do not reuse potting media, which has been treated with Adept. Do not apply to plants grown on capillary water mats.
Fenoxycarb	Precision	Bradysia spp.; Container grown or shade house grown; will not control the adult stages of insect pests. Do not exceed a maximum of 30 applications per year for greenhouse use. Applications should not be made to poinsettia after bract formation.
Permethrin	Perm-Up 3.2EC	Field grown nursery stock; marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia.
	Permethrin Pro	Nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	EverGreen EC 60-6 Pyrenone Crop Spray
Pyriproxyfen	Distance IGR	For foliar spray application, apply Distance no more than two times per cropping cycle or no more than two times per 6 months. For sprench application, if a second application is needed, allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. For drench application: Do not drench plants more than one time per crop cycle. Phytotoxicity has been observed on salvia (Salvia spp.), ghost plant (Graptopetalum paraguayense), schefflera (Schefflera spp.), gardenia (Gardenia spp.), and coral bells (Heuchera sanguinea). It is therefore recommended that Distance not be used on these plants. Do not apply to poinsettia after bract formation.
Steinernema carpocapsae	Millenium	For fungus gnats and shore flies: Three applications must be applied at 7 day intervals.
Steinernema feltiae	Nemasys	Nursery; if fungus gnats are established it may take 2-3 weeks before the number of adults is noticeably reduced. Do not use through drip irrigation or mist system.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 25WG	Shade house, container & nursery grown; do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, which ever is shorter.
Products labeled for use on specifically named flower crops (see product label for which crops are permitted):
Azadirachtin	Aza-Direct	Do not exceed 57 oz. of Aza-Direct per acre per application.
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 7. Heliothis (Tobacco Budworm, etc.), Helicoverpa (Corn Earworm, etc.) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida. See also caterpillars (Lepidoptera).

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Corn earworm, tobacco budworm
	Ornazin 3% EC	Bollworm, corn earworm
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai	Xentari DF	Heliothis, tobacco budworm
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki	Deliver
	Dipel DF Troy-BT 2WP	Heliothis, tobacco budworm
	Javelin WG	Bollworm, Heliothis, Helicoverpa, tobacco budworm
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain ABTS-351	Biobit HP	Heliothis, tobacco budworm
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG2348	Condor Bioinsecticide	Tobacco budworm; precautions: Do not use in combination with any chlorothalonil based fungicide (Bravo, Terranil etc.). Mixing with other oil based products or surfactants could increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG7826	Lepinox WDG	Tobacco budworm
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG7841	Crymax Bioinsecticide	Tobacco budworm
Permethrin	Ambush Ambush 25W Clean Crop Permethrin 3.2 EC Pounce 3.2 EC	Heliothis; field grown nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per season. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-Up 3.2 EC Permethrin Pro	Heliothis; nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year.
	Pounce 25 WP Pounce WSB	Heliothis; field grown nursery stock
Polyhedral Occlusion Bodies (POBs) of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Helicoverpa zea	Gemstar LC	Corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea); tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens); use non-chlorinated water at a ph near 7.0 in the spray tank mix.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	EverGreen EC 60-6 Pyreth-It	Heliothis sp., corn earworm
	Pyrenone Crop Spray	Bollworm, Heliothis, corn earworm
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 8. Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida.

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Ornazin 3% EC
	Azatrol EC	Do not exceed 20 grams a.i., 57 oz., of Azatrol per acre.
Azinphos-methyl	Guthion Solupak	Nursery stock
Beauveria bassiana strain GHA	Mycotrol O	Edible flowers only.
Bifenthrin	BifenthrinPro Multi-Insecticide	Nursery & shade house; do not apply if rain is expected whithin 12 hours (or whatever time is necessary for the spray to dry). Maximum rates: Do not apply more than 0.2 lb. a.i. per acre (40 fl. oz.) in a single application or per year for outdoor applications.
	Talstar N Talstar Nursery Flowable	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year for outdoor applications.
Buprofezin	Talus Insect Growth Regulator	Eastern grape leafhopper; Glassy-winged sharpshooter; Variegated leafhopper; Western grape leafhopper; Cherry leafhopper; Potato leafhopper; Brown planthopper; Make no more than two applications per crop per season. To preserve usefulness of Talus, do not make more than two consecutive applications. Prior to subsequent applications, use an alternative chemistry with a different mode of action. Talus belongs to a class of chemicals not previously used as pesticides and not known to be cross-resistant to other classes of insecticides. In addition to inhibiting chitin biosynthesis on the listed insects, Talus supresses oviposition of adults and reduces viability of eggs.
Carbaryl	AllPro 10% Carbaryl Dust AllPro Carbaryl 4L
	AllPro Carbaryl 50 WP	To avoid possible injury to tender foliage, do not apply to wet foliage or when rain or high humidity is expected during the next two days.
	Carbaryl 4L Carbaryl 80S
	Sevin Brand SL	Do not make more than six foliar and two direct applications per year. Do not allow public use of treated areas during application or until sprays have dried. To avoid possible injury to tender foliage, do not apply to wet foliage or when rain or high humidity is expected during the next two days.
	Sevin 80 WSP Sevin SL	Application to wet foliage or during periods of high humidity may cause injury to tender foliage.
Chlorpyrifos	Chlorpyrifos Pro 2	Nursery stock in nurseries.
	Chlorpyrifos Pro 4	Nursery; some varieties of azaleas, camellias, poinsettias, rose bushes, or variegated ivy show varying degrees of phytotoxicity.
	Duragard ME	Nursery; bedding plants, potted and cut flowers. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
	Dursban 50W	Nursery
Clarified Hydrophobic Extract of Neem Oil	Triact 70	Test before applying to carnation and the flowers of: Impatiens, fuchsia, hibiscus, and some roses. Most effective when applied early to mid-morning or late afternoon.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20WP
Cyfluthrin & Imidacloprid	Discus	Nursery; application can not exceed a total of 244 oz. per acre per year for outdoor ornamentals grown in beds. On plants with a production cycle of less than one year, application frequency can not exceed more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than one year, application may not exceed once a year.
Deltamethrin	Deltaguard GC 5SC	Nursery
Diazinon	Diazinon 50W Diazinon AG 500 (EPA Reg.# 51036-71)	Precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4EC	Nursery & shade house; do not use less than a 7 day re-treatment interval.
Imidacloprid	Marathon II	For outdoor ornamentals do not apply more than 1.6 pt. (0.4 lbs. a.i.) per acre per year. Do not apply thru any type of irrigation system.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Malathion	Atrapa 5E Gowan Malathion 8F Malathion 5 EC Malathion 57% Premium Grade
Permethrin	Ambush 25W	Field grown nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per season. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Ambush Pounce 25 WP Pounce 3.2 EC Pounce WSB	Field grown nursery stock
	Clean Crop Permethrin 3.2 EC	Field grown nursery stock; marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals. Avoid spraying chrysanthemum blooms.
	Perm-Up 3.2 EC	Nursery; marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin Pro	Nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	To achieve enhanced and residual control, use a 1-2% v/v solution of product in combination with recommended products. Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
	Insecticidal Soap 49.52 CF	Caution: Do not use on new transplants, newly rooted cuttings, plants stressed by drought, or when tender new foliage is present. Avoid application when leaf temperature exceeds 85°F. Note: Do not use on crown of thorns and test on other euphorbias for phytotoxicity. Do not use on bleeding heart, lantana, lilies or sweetpeas. Some varieties of azaleas, begonias, camellias, fuschias, gardenias, orchids, and impatiens have shown sensitivity. Do not apply to poinsettias after bract coloration begins. Test on chrysanthemums for varietal sensitivity and do not apply to open blooms. Do not apply to ornamentals stressed by drought. Test on eugenia and euonymus for varietal and drought sensitivity.
	M-Pede	For control of aphids must combine with other pesticides. Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweetpeas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, fuchsia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6 Pyreth-It
Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide & Silicon Dioxide	Diatect Multipurpose Insecticide II
Pyrethrins, Rotenone & other Cube Resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Refined Petroleum Distillate	Saf-T-Side Spray Oil	This insecticide's mode of action is through suffocation of eggs, larvae and nymphs of insects and adults of soft bodied insects. This mode of action necessitates total spray coverage. Bedding plants; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
Tau-Fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 25WG	Shade house, container & nursery grown; do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, which ever is shorter.
Products labeled for use on specifically named flower crops (see product label for which crops are permitted):
Acephate	Acephate Pro 75 Acephate 97UP Address T/O Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray 97
Azadirachtin	Aza-Direct	Do not exceed 57 oz. of Aza-Direct per acre per application.
Diazinon	Diazinon 5WB Diazinon Insecticide	Precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
	Diazinon AG500 (EPA Reg.# 5905-248)	Nurseries only. Flea beetles; precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Dimethoate	AllPro Cygon 2E Dimethoate 267	Nurseries; do not use on ornamental plants not listed or on any ornamental stock plants grown as a source of propagation material such as cuttings, layers, root stocks or scions for grafting or budding. Do not use in mixtures containing oil.
	Dimethoate 4 EC	Do not use on ornamental plants not listed on this label unless personal experience has shown to be safe. Do not use in mixtures containing oil.
	Dimethoate 400 5 Lb. Dimethoate	Do not use on ornamental plants not listed on this label unless personal experience has shown to be safe. Do not use on any ornamental stock plants grown as a source of propagation material, such as cuttings, layers, root stocks, or scions for grafting or budding. Do not use in mixtures containing oil.
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 9. Leafminer, dipterous (Diptera: Agromyzidae) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida.

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Abamectin	Avid 0.15EC	Liroimyza leafminers; phytotoxicity has been observed on Shasta Daisy.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Ornazin 3% EC
Bifenthrin3	BifenthrinPro Multi-Insecticide	Nursery & shade house; do not apply if rain is expected whithin 12 hours (or whatever time is necessary for the spray to dry). Maximum rates: Do not apply more than 0.2 lb. a.i. per acre (40 fl. oz.) in a single application or per year for outdoor applications.
	Talstar N Talstar Nursery Flowable	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year for outdoor applications.
Chlorpyrifos3	Chlorpyrifos Pro 2	Nursery stock in nurseries.
	Chlorpyrifos Pro 4	Nursery; some varieties of azaleas, camellias, poinsettias, rose bushes, or variegated ivy show varying degrees of phytotoxicity.
	Duragard ME	Nursery; bedding plants, potted and cut flowers. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
	Dursban 50W	Nursery
Cyfluthrin & Imidacloprid	Discus	Application can not exceed a total of 244 oz. per acre per year for outdoor ornamentals grown in beds. On plants with a production cycle of less than one year, application frequency can not exceed more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than one year, application may not exceed once a year.
Cyromazine	Citation	Container grown or shade house grown ornamentals; will not control adult stages. Leafminers can develop resistance, therefore, do not use as the only control for leafminers, make no more than three applications at 7-day intervals, then switch to Avid as an alternative control for the same period, then Citation may be applied again at 7-day intervals if necessary. Do not make more than six applications to one crop.
Deltamethrin3	Deltaguard GC 5SC	Nursery
Diazinon3	Diazinon 50W Diazinon AG 500	Precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Serpentine leafminers; nursery; broadcast (foliar) applications can not exceed a total of 2.7 lbs. of product (0.54 lb. a.i.) per acre per year.
Fenpropathrin3	Tame 2.4EC	Nursery & shade house; do not use less than a 7 day re-treatment interval.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% Granular	Nursery; for outdoor ornamentals grown in beds, applications can not exceed a total of 40 lbs. per acre per year. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year.
	Marathon 60 WP	Nursery; this product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. For outdoor ornamentals grown in beds applications can not exceed a total of 10.7 oz. (0.4 lbs. Active ingredient) per acre per year. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year.
	Marathon II	For outdoor ornamentals do not apply more than 1.6 pt. (0.4 lbs. a.i.) per acre per year. Do not apply thru any type of irrigation system.
Lambda-cyhalothrin3	Scimitar GC	Nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Novaluron	Pedestal	Container grown plants; nursery & shade house; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Do not apply to poinsettias. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of Pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle.
Oxydemeton-methyl3	Metasystox-R	Field grown nursery stock; do not make more than 2 applications per season.
Permethrin3	Ambush 25W	Field grown nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per season. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Ambush Pounce 25 WP Pounce 3.2 EC Pounce WSB	Field grown nursery stock
	Clean Crop Permethrin 3.2 EC	Field grown nursery stock; marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals. Avoid spraying chrysanthemum blooms.
	Perm-Up 3.2EC	Field grown nursery stock; marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia.
	Permethrin Pro	Nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	To achieve enhanced and residual control, use a 1-2% v/v solution of product in combination with recommended products. Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
	M-Pede	For control of leafminers must combine with other pesticides. Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweetpeas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, fuchsia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	Pyrenone Crop Spray
Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide & Silicon Dioxide	Diatect Multipurpose Insecticide II
Pyrethrins & Rotenone & other Cube Resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Refined Petroleum Distillate	Saf-T-Side Spray Oil	This insecticide's mode of action is through suffocation of eggs, larvae and nymphs of insects and adults of soft bodied insects. This mode of action necessitates total spray coverage. Bedding plants; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
	Ultra-Fine Oil	Caution: Spray no more than 4 consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Spinosad	Conserve SC	When used in areas of commercial production of herbaceous (non-woody) ornamentals in nurseries (including plant propagation beds): Do not apply more than 10 times in a 12-month period per crop regardless of the pest being treated. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same a.i. or products with the same mode of action. Except for structures that can be altered to be closed or open, do not reapply within less than 7 days.
Products labeled for use on specifically named flower crops (see product label for which crops are permitted):
Azadirachtin	Aza-Direct	Do not exceed 57 oz. of Aza-Direct per acre per application.
Dimethoate	AllPro Cygon 2E Dimethoate 267	Nurseries; do not use on ornamental plants not listed or on any ornamental stock plants grown as a source of propagation material such as cuttings, layers, root stocks or scions for grafting or budding. Do not use in mixtures containing oil.
	Dimethoate 4 EC	Do not use on ornamental plants not listed on this label unless personal experience has shown to be safe. Do not use in mixtures containing oil.
	Dimethoate 400 5 Lb. Dimethoate	Do not use on ornamental plants not listed on this label unless personal experience has shown to be safe. Do not use on any ornamental stock plants grown as a source of propagation material, such as cuttings, layers, root stocks, or scions for grafting or budding. Do not use in mixtures containing oil.
Naled3	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	Spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature. Do not spray on ornamental cherries, liquid amber, chrysanthemums or ornamental kale as injury may occur.
Refined Petroleum Distillate	JMS Stylet-Oil	Do not spray wet foliage. Do not spray when freezing temperatures are anticipated within 48 hours of an oil application, above 90° F, or when plants are under heat or moisture stress. Do not tank mix with spreader stickers, Nu-Film-P, or Nu-Film-17, highly ionized nutrient spray materials.
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc. 3 Liriomyza trifolii leafminers have become resistant to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides. Infrequent use may be effective, but repeated use may be ineffective, depending on the history of the target population.

Table 10. Leafrollers & Leaftiers (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida. See also Caterpillars (Lepidoptera).

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Ornazin 3% EC
	Azatrol EC	Do not exceed 20 grams a.i., 57 oz., of Azatrol per acre.
Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai	Xentari DF	Omnivorous leafroller
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki	Deliver	Obliquebanded leafroller, omnivorous leafroller, omnivorous leaftier, orange tortrix, orangedog, redbanded leafroller
	Dipel DF	Fruittree leafroller, omnivorous leafroller
	Javelin WG	Fruittree leafroller, obliquebanded leafroller, omnivorous leafroller, omnivorous leaftier, orange tortrix, orangedog, pandemis leafroller, redbanded leafroller
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG2348	Condor Bioinsecticide	Fruittree leafroller, omnivorous leafroller, tortrix; precautions: Do not use in combination with any chlorothalonil based fungicide (Bravo, Terranil etc.). Mixing with other oil based products or surfactants could increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG7826	Lepinox WDG	Fruittree leafroller, omnivorous leafroller, tortrix
Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki strain EG7841	Crymax Bioinsecticide	Fruittree leafroller, omnivorous leafroller
Bifenthrin	BifenthrinPro Multi-Insecticide	Leafrollers; nursery & shade house; do not apply if rain is expected whithin 12 hours (or whatever time is necessary for the spray to dry). Maximum rates: Do not apply more than 0.2 lb. a.i. per acre (40 fl. oz.) in a single application or per year for outdoor applications
	Talstar N Talstar Nursery Flowable	Leafrollers; nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.2 lbs. a.i. per acre per year for outdoor applications.
Carbaryl	AllPro Carbaryl 4L	Leafrollers
	AllPro Carbaryl 50 WP Sevin 80 WSP Sevin SL	Leafrollers; to avoid possible injury to tender foliage, do not apply to wet foliage or when rain or high humidity is expected during the next two days.
	Carbaryl 4L Carbaryl 80S	Leafrollers
	Sevin Brand SL	Leafrollers; do not make more than six foliar and two direct applications per year. To avoid possible injury to tender foliage, do not apply to wet foliage or when rain or high humidity is expected during the next two days.
Chlorpyrifos	Chlorpyrifos Pro 2	Leafrollers; nursery stock in nurseries
	Chlorpyrifos Pro 4	Leafrollers; nursery; some varieties of azaleas, camellias, poinsettias, rose bushes, or variegated ivy show varying degrees of phytotoxicity.
	Dursban 50W	Leafrollers; nursery
Cryolite	Kryocide	Leafrollers
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20WP	Leafrollers
Deltamethrin	Deltaguard GC 5SC	Leafrollers; nursery
Diazinon	Diazinon 50W Diazinon AG 500	Obliquebanded leafrollers, omnivorous leaftiers; precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4EC	Leafrollers; nursery & shade house; do not use less than a 7 day re-treatment interval.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	Leafrollers; nursery & shade house; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Permethrin	Perm-Up 3.2 EC	Leafrollers; field grown nursery stock; marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia.
	Permethrin Pro	Leafrollers; nursery stock; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	EverGreen EC 60-6 Pyrenone Crop Spray Pyreth-It
Pyrethrins, Piperonyl Butoxide & Silicon Dioxide	Diatect Multipurpose Insecticide II	Leafrollers
Pyrethrins, Rotenone & other Cube Resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Leafrollers; apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Refined Petroleum Distillate	Saf-T-Side Spray Oil	This insecticide's mode of action is through suffocation of eggs, larvae and nymphs of insects and adults of soft bodied insects. This mode of action necessitates total spray coverage. Bedding plants; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
	Ultra-Fine Oil	Leafrollers; caution: Spray no more than 4 consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Spinosad	Conserve SC	Obliquebanded leafroller; when used in areas of commercial production of herbaceous (non-woody) ornamentals in nurseries (including plant propagation beds): Do not apply more than 10 times in a 12-month period per crop regardless of the pest being treated. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same a.i. or products with the same mode of action. Except for structures that can be altered to be closed or open, do not reapply within less than 7 days.
Products labeled for use on specifically named flower crops (see product label for which crops are permitted):
Acephate	Acephate Pro 75 Acephate 97UP Address T/O Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray 97	Leafrollers
Azadirachtin	Aza-Direct	Leafrollers; do not exceed 57 oz. of Aza-Direct per acre per application.
Diazinon	Diazinon 5WB Diazinon Insecticide	Obliquebanded leafrollers, omnivorous leaftiers; precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
	Diazinon AG500 (EPA Reg.# 5905-248)	Nurseries only; obliquebanded leafrollers, omnivorous leaftiers; precaution: Do not use on ferns, poinsettias, hibiscus, pilea, and gardenia since injury to the plants may occur.
Naled	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	Leafrollers; spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature. Do not spray on ornamental cherries, liquid amber, chrysanthemums or ornamental kale as injury may occur.
1 Usually only one example of each formulation is given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. 2 Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit number or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 11. Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) control measures available to commercial flower producers in Florida. See also Caterpillars (Lepidoptera).

Common/Chemical Name	Trade Name/ Formulation1	Notes from Label2
Products labeled for use on any flower crop:
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Ornazin 3% EC
	Azatrol EC	Do not exc