Publication #ENY-656

Topics: Nursery Insects and Mites� |�Carnations� |�Commercial (Greenhouse and Nurseries)� |�Ornamentals (IMG -- Vol.1, Ch. IV)� |� Price, James F� |� Nagle, Curtis A� |�McCord, Elzie Jr.� |� Entomology and Nematology�

Insect and Mite Management Options on Commercial Greenhouse-Grown Flower Crops in Florida¹

James F. Price, Curtis Nagle and Elzie McCord, Jr.²

Effective management of arthropod pests of commercial floral crops requires that pests be detected in a timely manner through systematic scouting and that appropriate control measures be applied as conditions warrant. Control measures may include economical combinations of cultural controls (such as disposal of crop residue, reducing unnecessary water in the greenhouse, selection of tolerant varieties and species, etc.), physical controls (such as glass or screen barriers, hot water treatments of certain planting stock, hand removal of pests, etc.), biological controls (such as release of beneficial parasites, predators, and pathogens to attack the pests) and chemical controls.

This summary presents chemical control measures that are available to commercial flower producers in Florida and includes microbial insecticides that may be considered components of biological control. Pesticide labels sometimes provide for the products use on any “ornamental” or “flower” crop and sometimes for use only on specifically named flower crops. This summary provides the chemical options available for use in greenhouse production settings for any ornamental flower crop and additional specific options available for use on some of the most commonly produced flower crops.

Tables 1-19 present options for “Any Flower Crop” and address the following major pest groups:

Aphids

Armyworms

Caterpillars

Chrysomelid Beetles

Dipterous Leafminers

Fleahoppers

Fungus Gnats

Heliothis (Tobacco budworm, etc.), Helicoverpa (Corn earworm, etc.)

Leafhoppers

Leafrollers

Leaftiers

Loopers

Mealybugs

Mites

Plant (Lygus) bugs

Shore Flies

Snails & Slugs

Thrips

Whiteflies

The tables are organized by common chemical name of the pesticide products active ingredient (a.i.). Usually only one or a few examples of each formulation are given; however, there may be other products as effective as those listed. Notes taken from labels are provided to qualify some uses. Table 20 presents additional control measures available for certain named, commonly grown flower crops and is organized by those crops with the pests controlled listed in the notes for each product. Additional information about pesticide products mentioned in the tables, such as registrants, precautionary signal words, restricted re-entry intervals (REI), and restricted use status are provided in a separate publication Insecticides, Miticides & Molluscicides Available to Florida's Floricultural Industry(ENY-679) (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IN472), to aid in the selection and safe use of the pesticides. More detailed information about a pesticide product should be sought on the specimen label. Electronic versions of specimen labels are usually available at the Web sites of CDMS (http://www.cdms.net/manuf/default.asp), C&P Press (http://www.greenbook.net/) or the affiliated manufacturer. Producers are permitted by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) to apply a pesticide to control a pest not named on the label, so long as the products use is permitted on the target crop and all other provisions of the label are followed. The pesticides listed often are registered for use on additional pests not mentioned in this summary.

Many pesticides decompose in the spray tank when mixed with water above pH 7. Growers should test the pH of their water and when above 7, should add a buffering solution to maintain pH between 6.5 and 7. When using a pesticide for the first time, it is important to test the product first on a small portion of the crop and check for any possible detrimental effects over time, such as leaf distortion and plant stunting.

This summary is only a guide to aid in the users selection of pesticides. Care has been given to provide accurate up-to-date information, but it is possible that, through label changes, author error, etc., improper uses may be indicated. In all cases it is the applicators responsibility to read and comply with the label that accompanies each pesticide container.

As an additional precaution, keep the telephone number and address of the nearest county poison control center in a convenient location in case of an accidental poisoning. Also, keep clean copies of labels of all pesticides on the farm premises. In the event of a poisoning, the label of the pesticide involved should be taken to the poison control center or hospital.

Tables

Table 1.

Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Abamectin	Avid 0.15 EC Lucid	Suppression; do not use for suppression of aphids, whiteflies, and thrips on roses, chrysanthemum, and gerbera. For suppression of pest populations (aphids, thrips & whiteflies) young immatures must be contacted by the spray. Phytotoxicity has been observed on certain species of ferns and shasta daisy.
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Total release aerosol.
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Total release aerosol. Do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
	Ornazin 3% EC
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Botanigard 22WP	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
	Botanigard ES	Green peach aphid, melon aphid, cotton aphid; do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger. Do not apply to poinsettias after bract formation.
	Mycotrol O	Green peach aphid, melon aphid, cotton aphid; do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
Bifenthrin	Attain TR	Total release aerosol.
	Attain TR Micro	Total release aerosol.
	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Capsaicin and other capsaicinoids	Hot Pepper Wax Insect Repellent	Repels; avoid use on variegated African violets and Dicentra eximia. Avoid use if greenhouse temperature exceeds 85 degrees F. before the product has dried.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos	Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Aphids: chrysanthemum, peach, spirea, woolly; soil treatment; containerized, potted or balled and burlapped nursery stock; pre-plant incorporation treatment of field grown nursery stock.
Chlorpyrifos & cyfluthrin	Duraplex TR	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Total release aerosol.
Clothianidin	Celero 16 WSG	Do not apply more than a total of 40 oz. of Celero 16WSG (0.4 lb. a.i.) per acre per season. When watering treated pots, avoid watering to the point of overflowing or leaching for 10 days after application.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Suppression with foliar or broadcast spray applications; applications can be made to foliage or as a soil drench. Resistance management recommendations: Do not apply Safari 20SG insecticide or other group 4A insecticides to consecutive generations of the same insect pest species. Regarding Safari or other group 4A insecticides: Do not drench soil media more than one time per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Do not make more than two foliar or broadcast sprays, or one soil drench and one foliar or broadcast spray, to a single crop during a 2 month period. Avoid runoff or puddling of irrigation water after application. Avoid application to areas that are water logged, saturated, frozen, or which will not allow penetration into the root zone of the plant. Avoid soil application when plants are dormant or not actively taking up water from the soil.
Fenoxycarb	Preclude TR	Total release aerosol.
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC Spray	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Flonicamid	Aria	This product stops insect feeding within 30 minutes, but insects may remain on plants for up to 5 days. Certain pansy cultivars have exhibited sensitivity to Aria insecticide. Resistance management strategy: Do not apply this product more than two times consecutively before rotating to another chemistry. Do not exceed 16 applications per crop or year whichever is shorter.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% G	On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity.
	Marathon 60 WP	This product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Do not allow leachate runout for the first 10 days after application, in order to retain the product and facilitate full uptake of the active ingredient.
	Marathon II
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	For ornamentals in shade houses, greenhouses, and nurseries do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Naled	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	Spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature. In greenhouse: A vapor treatment, avoid over-treatment and direct application to plants as injury may result. White butterfly and golden rapture roses, pink champagne chrysanthemums, green wandering Jew, poinsettias, and Dutchmans pipe may be injured by vapor.
Neem Oil	Triact 70	Do not apply to known sensitive species, such as impatiens flowers, fuchsia flowers, hibiscus flowers, some rose flowers, ornamental olive trees, or some carnation varieties without prior testing. Applications should be made in early morning or late evening to minimize the potential for leaf burn.
Permethrin	Astro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-UP 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	To achieve enhanced and residual control, use a 1-2% v/v solution of product in combination with recommended products. Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pymetrozine	Endeavor	For indoor use, do not apply more than 100 oz. per acre per year. Applications should not be made to poinsettia after bract formation.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & piperonyl butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol.
	Pyrethrum TR Micro	Total release aerosol. For best results apply during early evening when foliage is dry and temperature is between 60° and 80° F.
	Pyreth-It
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyriproxyfen	Distance Insect Growth Regulator	For foliar spray application, apply Distance no more than two times per cropping cycle or no more than two times per 6 months. For sprench application, if a second application is needed, allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. For drench application: Do not drench plants more than one time per crop cycle. Phytotoxicity has been observed on salvia (Salvia spp.), ghost plant (Graptopetalum paraguayense), Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), schefflera (Schefflera spp.), gardenia (Gardenia spp.), and coral bells (Heuchera sanguinea). It is therefore recommended that Distance not be used on these plants. Do not apply to poinsettia after bract formation.
S-Kinoprene	Enstar II	Application should be made to poinsettia before bract formation. Foliar damage on some sensitive varieties can result. Some varieties of roses, such as Yellow Blooded roses, show delayed damage. Slight to moderate injury has occurred on some blooms under certain conditions, suggest application be made in pre-bloom stage.
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 0.22G	Do not exceed 120 lbs. (0.265 lb. a.i.) of product per acre per crop or year, whichever is shorter. Do not distribute Flagship 0.22G from the palm of the hand.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 25 WG	Do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, which ever is shorter.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 2.

Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida. See also: Caterpillars.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Fall & southern armyworms; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Fall & southern armyworms; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
	Ornazin 3% EC
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857	XenTari Biological Insecticide Dry Flowable	May be used to control small armyworms and/or podworms; for best results apply full coverage sprays when 1st or 2nd instar larvae are present. Where 4th or 5th instar larvae are present a contact insecticide should be used in combination to enhance control.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS-351	Biobit HP.	May be used to control armyworms (1st and 2nd instar) when populations are light and full coverage sprays are applied. If mature armyworms or heavy populations are present a contact insecticide should be used to enhance control.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS-351	Dipel Pro DF & Dipel DF
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG2348	Condor Bioinsecticide	Precautions: Do not use in combination with any chlorothalonil based fungicide (Bravo, Terranil etc.). Mixing with other oil based products or surfactants could increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7841	Crymax Bioinsecticide
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Deliver	Apply when leaf expansion reaches 40% to 50% as infestation warrants. If eggs hatch over a long period or if reinfestation occurs, spray about 14 days after first application. Apply when most larvae are 3rd or 4th instar. Also consider the opening of the bud cap to ensure foliage exposure. Apply after eggs have hatched and early instar larvae are feeding on exposed foliage.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Javelin WG	For most consistent control apply at first sign of newly hatched worms (1st and 2nd instar larvae).
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7826	Lepinox WDG
Bifenthrin	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable	Beet armyworm
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Capsaicin and other capsaicinoids	Hot Pepper Wax Insect Repellent	Repels beet armyworms; avoid use on variegated African violets and Dicentra eximia. Avoid use if greenhouse temperature exceeds 85° F before the product has dried.
Chlorpyrifos	Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Soil treatment; containerized, potted or balled and burlapped nursery stock; pre-plant incorporation treatment of field grown nursery stock
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Diflubenzuron	Adept Insect Growth Regulator	Bed, bench, and container grown ornamentals in enclosed commercial structures. Do not make more than four applications per crop. Exceeding label rates, volumes, or number of applications of Adept can cause serious foliar injury to crops, particularly, to poinsettias, hibiscus, and Reiger begonia. Do not reuse potting media which has been treated with Adept. Do not apply to plants grown on capillary water mats.
Diflubenzuron	Dimilin SC Flowable Insect Growth Regulator
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC Spray	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Beet armyworm; do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	For ornamentals in greenhouses, do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Novaluron	Pedestal	Container grown ornamentals; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Do not apply to poinsettias. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of Pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle. Do not use less than the recommended label rates alone or in tank mixes.
Permethrin	Astro	Beet armyworm; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-Up 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Beet armyworm; not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Beet armyworm; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0	.
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	Pyreth-It
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6
Spinosad	Conserve SC	Regardless of the crop or pest being treated (excluding leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moths) do not apply more than 10 times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. If Conserve SC is used for leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moth control do not apply more than six times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same active ingredient or having the same mode of action. Use only recommended label rates.
Steinernema carpocapsae	Millenium	See label for precautions on compatibility with other pesticides. For greenhouse applications also spray the surface of the pots, the tops, sides and undersides of benches and other areas insects can breed.
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 3.

Caterpillar (Lepidoptera) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida. For armyworms, Helicoverpa (corn earworm, etc.) and Heliothis (tobacco budworm, etc.), leafrollers, leaftiers, loopers & poinsettia hornworm (ello moth) see individual tables.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Total release aerosol; tent caterpillars
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Total release aerosol; tent caterpillars; do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
	Azatrol EC	Lepidoptera moths; waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
	Ornazin 3% EC
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857	XenTari Biological Insecticide Dry Flowable	Azalea caterpillar; diamondback moth; ello moth (hornworm); oleander moth; sod webworm
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS-351	Biobit HP	Azalea caterpillar; diamondback moth; ello moth (hornworm); oleander moth; sod webworm; io moth
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ABTS-351	Dipel Pro DF & Dipel DF	Azalea caterpillar; bagworm; California oakworm; diamondback moth; Douglas fir tussock moth; elm spanworm; ello moth (hornworm); fall webworm; greenstriped mapleworm; gypsy moth; io moth; mimosa webworm; oleander moth; pine butterfly; redhumped caterpillar; saddle prominent caterpillar; spring and fall cankerworm; saltmarsh caterpillar; tent caterpillars; western tussock moth
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG2348	Condor	Azalea moth; diamondback moth; ello moth (hornworm); io moth; oleander moth; Precautions: Do not use in combination with any chlorothalonil based fungicide (Bravo, Terranil etc.). Mixing with other oil based products or surfactants could increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7841	Crymax	Azalea moth; diamondback moth; ello moth (hornworm); io moth; oleander moth; Florida fern caterpillar
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Deliver	Alfalfa caterpillar, bagworm, banana skipper, blueberry spanworm, California oak moth, codling moth, cotton leafworm, cutworm, diamondback moth, European corn borer, fall webworm, grape leaffolder, grapeleaf skeletonizer, gypsy moth, hornworms, imported cabbageworm, mimosa webworm, naval orangeworm, orangedog, orange tortrix, oriental fruit moth, peach twig borer, pecan nut casebearer, redhumped caterpillar, rindworm, saltmarsh caterpillar, sod webworm, tent caterpillar, tobacco hornworm, tomato fruitworm, tomato pinworm, tropical sod webworm, velvetbean caterpillar, western tussock moth; apply when leaf expansion reaches 40% to 50% as infestation warrants. If eggs hatch over a long period or if reinfestation occurs, spray about 14 days after first application. Apply when most larvae are 3rd or 4th instar. Also consider the opening of the bud cap to ensure foliage exposure. Apply after eggs have hatched and early instar larvae are feeding on exposed foliage.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Javelin	Alfalfa caterpillar, bagworm, banana skipper, blueberry spanworm, California oak moth, codling moth, cotton leafworm, cutworm, diamondback moth, European corn borer, fall webworm, grape leaffolder, grapeleaf skeletonizer, gypsy moth, hornworms, imported cabbageworm, mimosa webworm, naval orangeworm, orangedog, orange tortrix, oriental fruit moth, peach twig borer, pecan nut casebearer, redhumped caterpillar, rindworm, saltmarsh caterpillar, sod webworm, tent caterpillar, tobacco hornworm, tomato fruitworm, tomato pinworm, tropical sod webworm, velvetbean caterpillar, western tussock moth; for most consistent control apply at first sign of newly hatched worms (1st and 2nd instar larvae).
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7826	Lepinox	Azalea moth, diamondback moth, ello moth (hormworm), Florida fern caterpillar, io moth, oleander moth, browntail moth, California oakworm, fall webworm, gypsy moth, mimosa webworm, redhumped caterpillar, saddleback caterpillar, saddle prominent caterpillar, fall cankerworm, tent caterpillar, tortrix
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Mycotrol O	European corn borer, lesser cornstalk borer, southwestern corn borer, sugar cane borer, rice stem borer, diamondback moth, imported cabbage worm; do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
Bifenthrin	Attain TR	Total release aerosol.
	Attain TR Micro	Total release aerosol.
	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Chlorfenapyr	Pylon	Non-edible ornamentals only; do not apply Pylon more than two times consecutively or a total of three times during a growing cycle (not more than 41 fl. oz. of product/100 gal. / crop / season or 0.64 lbs. of a.i. / 100 gal. / crop / season) (start to finish for one ornamental crop). Do not apply Pylon to consecutive crops in a greenhouse unless the Pylon is applied in combination with other effective miticides or insecticides with a different mode of action. Phytotoxicity is likely to occur to some varieties of carnations, dianthus, kalanchoe, poinsettia, roses, salvia, and zinnia. Additions of crop oils, surfactants, and fertilizers or other tank additives have been shown to increase the likelihood of foliar injury.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Cabbageworms, roseslugs, hornworms; direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos	Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Tent caterpillars: Eastern, forest, western; walnut caterpillars, puss caterpillars, yellownecked caterpillars; soil treatment; containerized, potted or balled and burlapped nursery stock; pre-plant incorporation treatment of field grown nursery stock.
Chlorpyrifos & Cyfluthrin	Duraplex TR	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Total release aerosol.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Fenoxycarb	Preclude TR	Total release aerosol.
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Codling moth; orange tortrix; pandemis moth; do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 60 WP	Cutworms (suppression); this product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Do not allow leachate runout for the first 10 days after application, in order to retain the product and facilitate full uptake of the active ingredient.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	For turf and ornamentals in shade houses, greenhouses, and nurseries do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Permethrin	Astro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-Up 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Tent caterpillar, gypsy moth eggs & larvae, cutworms, sod webworm; tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Tent caterpillar, buck moth larvae, gypsy moth eggs & larvae, cutworms, sod webworm; tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol; cabbage worms, hornworms, moths
	Pyrethrum TR Micro	Total release aerosol; for best results apply during early evening when foliage is dry and temperature is between 60 and 80 degrees F.
	Pyreth-It
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6
Spinosad	Conserve SC	Regardless of the crop or pest being treated (excluding leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moths) do not apply more than 10 times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed, or open. If Conserve SC is used for leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moth control, do not apply more than six times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same active ingredient or having the same mode of action. Use only recommended label rates.
Steinernema carpocapsae	Millenium	Cutworms; sod webworms; tropical sod webworms; banana moths; see label for precautions on compatibility with other pesticides. For greenhouse applications also spray the surface of the pots, the tops, sides and undersides of benches and other areas insects can breed.
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 4.

Chrysomelid Beetle (cucumber, flea, and leaf beetles) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Leaf eating beetles, adults; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Leaf eating beetles, adults; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Beetles; effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
Azadirachtin	Azatrol EC	Beetles; waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Cucumber beetles, elm leaf beetles and flea beetles; do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Mycotrol O	Colorado potato beetle, cucumber beetles, elm leaf beetle, flea beetle, bean leaf beetle, cereal leaf beetle; do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger
Bifenthrin	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Elm leaf beetle, flea beetle.
	Talstar Flowable	Elm leaf beetle, flea beetles.
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Elm leaf beetle, flea beetles.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Elm leaf beetle, flea beetles; not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos	Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Elm leaf, flea beetles; soil treatment; containerized, potted or balled and burlapped nursery stock; pre-plant incorporation treatment of field grown nursery stock
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP	Elm leaf, flea beetles
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Leaf beetles; applications can be made by foliar sprays or soil applications, including drenches and broadcast foliar sprays. Resistance management recommendations: Do not apply Safari 20SG insecticide or other group 4A insecticides to consecutive generations of the same insect pest species. Regarding Safari or other group 4A insecticides: Do not drench soil media more than one time per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Do not make more than two foliar or broadcast sprays, or one soil drench and one foliar or broadcast spray, to a single crop during a 2 month period. Avoid runoff or puddling of irrigation water after application. Avoid application to areas that are water logged, saturated, frozen, or which will not allow penetration into the root zone of the plant. Avoid soil application when plants are dormant or not actively taking up water from the soil.
Dinotefuran	Safari 2 G	Leaf beetles; to delay the development of resistance, do not make more than one soil application per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Only apply to moist soil or media; do not apply to dry or saturated soil or when plants are not actively taking up water from soil. For optimal performance, do not apply until roots from transplanted plugs or liners have grown at least 1/2 inch. Higher rates will be needed to control insects on woody plants than on herbaceous plants.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% G	Leaf beetles; do not apply to bedding plants intended to be used as food crops. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity.
	Marathon 60 WP	Leaf beetles; this product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Do not allow leachate runout for the first 10 days after application, in order to retain the product and facilitate full uptake of the active ingredient.
	Marathon II	Leaf beetles
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	Flea beetles; striped beetles; for turf and ornamentals in shade houses, greenhouses, and nurseries do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Elm leaf beetles; flea beetles; striped beetles; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Elm leaf beetle larvae; tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Elm leaf beetle larvae; tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol. Colorado potato beetle, cucumber beetle; flea beetle
	Pyrethrum TR Micro	Total release aerosol. Colorado potato beetle, cucumber beetle; flea beetle; for best results apply during early evening when foliage is dry and temperature is between 60 and 80 degrees F.
	Pyreth-It	Colorado potato beetle, cucumber beetles, flea beetles
	Pyrenone Crop Spray	Colorado potato beetle, cucumber beetles, flea beetles
	EverGreen EC 60-6	Colorado potato beetle, cucumber beetles, elm leaf beetle, flea beetles
Spinosad	Conserve SC	Permitted in lath and shade house. Regardless of the crop or pest being treated (excluding leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moths) do not apply more than 10 times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. If Conserve SC is used for leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moth control do not apply more than six times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same active ingredient or having the same mode of action. Use only recommended label rates.
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 5.

Dipterous leafminer (Diptera: Agromyzidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Abamectin	Avid 0.15EC	Liriomyza leafminers; resistance management: To manage susceptibility in Liriomyza leafminer species, apply a maximum of three applications of Avid and then rotate to Citation for a maximum of three applications before rotating back to Avid or using another product. The rotation between these two products should be based on the generation time to avoid applying Avid to successive generations. Phytotoxicity has been observed on certain species of ferns and shasta daisy.
Abamectin	Lucid	Liriomyza leafminers; apply a maximum of three applications, then rotate to Citation for a maximum of three applications before rotating back to Lucid or using another product. The rotation between these two products should be based on the generation time of Liriomyza species to avoid applying Lucid to successive generations. Phytotoxicity has been observed on certain species of ferns and shasta daisy.
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Total release aerosol.
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Total release aerosol. Do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
Azadirachtin	Ornazin 3% EC
Bifenthrin	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos	Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Soil treatment; containerized, potted or balled and burlapped nursery stock; pre-plant incorporation treatment of field grown nursery stock
Cyromazine	Citation	Will not control adult stages of insect pests. Special precautions to minimize leafminer resistance: Leafminers can develop resistance, therefore, do not use as the only control for leafminers, make no more than three applications at 7-day intervals, then switch to Avid as an alternative control for the same period, then Citation may be applied again at 7-day intervals if necessary. Do not make more than six applications to one crop.
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Applications can be made by foliar sprays or soil applications, including drenches and broadcast foliar sprays. Resistance management recommendations: Do not apply Safari 20SG insecticide or other group 4A insecticides to consecutive generations of the same insect pest species. Regarding Safari or other group 4A insecticides: Do not drench soil media more than one time per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Do not make more than two foliar or broadcast sprays, or one soil drench and one foliar or broadcast spray, to a single crop during a 2 month period. Avoid runoff or puddling of irrigation water after application. Avoid application to areas that are water logged, saturated, frozen, or which will not allow penetration into the root zone of the plant. Avoid soil application when plants are dormant or not actively taking up water from the soil.
Dinotefuran	Safari 2 G	To delay the development of resistance, do not make more than one soil application per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Only apply to moist soil or media; do not apply to dry or saturated soil or when plants are not actively taking up water from soil. For optimal performance, do not apply until roots from transplanted plugs or liners have grown at least 1/2 inch. Higher rates will be needed to control insects on woody plants than on herbaceous plants.
Fenoxycarb	Preclude TR	Total release aerosol
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% G	Do not apply to bedding plants intended to be used as food crops. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity.
	Marathon 60 WP	This product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Do not allow leachate runout for the first 10 days after application, in order to retain the product and facilitate full uptake of the active ingredient.
	Marathon II
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	Adults; for turf and ornamentals in shade houses, greenhouses, and nurseries do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Adults; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Novaluron	Pedestal	Suppression; container grown ornamentals; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Do not apply to poinsettias. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle. Do not use less than the recommended label rates alone or in tank mixes.
Permethrin	Astro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-Up 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	Pyrenone Crop Spray
Spinosad	Conserve SC	Regardless of the crop or pest being treated (excluding leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moths) do not apply more than 10 times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. If Conserve SC is used for leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moth control do not apply more than six times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same active ingredient or having the same mode of action. Use only recommended label rates. Except for greenhouses and structures that can be altered to be closed or open, do not reapply within less than 7 days.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 6.

Fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Mycotrol O	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 7.

Fungus gnat (Diptera: Sciaridae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Total release aerosol.
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Total release aerosol. Do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Larvae; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Larvae; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
Azadirachtin	Ornazin 3% EC
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strain 65-52	Gnatrol Biological Larvicide	Soil drench for control of larvae only.
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Bifenthrin	Attain TR	Total release aerosol.
	Attain TR Micro	Total release aerosol.
	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Adults;
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Adults; not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Chlorfenapyr	Pylon	Early stage fungus gnat larvae (Bradisia sp.); non-edible ornamentals only; do not apply Pylon more than two times consecutively or a total of three times during a growing cycle (not more than 41 fl. oz. of product/100 gal. / crop / season or 0.64 lbs. of a.i. / 100 gal. / crop / season) (start to finish for one ornamental crop). Do not apply Pylon to consecutive crops in a greenhouse unless the Pylon is applied in combination with other effective miticides or insecticides with a different mode of action. Phytotoxicity is likely to occur to some varieties of carnations, dianthus, kalanchoe, poinsettia, roses, salvia, and zinnia. Additions of crop oils, surfactants, and fertilizers or other tank additives have been shown to increase the likelihood of foliar injury.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos & Cyfluthrin	Duraplex TR	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Total release aerosol.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Cyromazine	Citation	Will not control adult stages of insect pests. Do not make more than six applications to one crop.
Diflubenzuron	Adept Insect Growth Regulator	Do not make more than four applications per crop. Exceeding label rates, volumes or number of applications can cause serious foliar injury to crops, particularly, do not apply to poinsettias, hibiscus, and Reiger begonia. Do not reuse potting media which has been treated with Adept. Do not apply to plants grown on capillary water mats.
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Larvae; applications can be made by foliar sprays or soil applications, including drenches and broadcast foliar sprays. Resistance management recommendations: Do not apply Safari 20SG insecticide or other group 4A insecticides to consecutive generations of the same insect pest species. Regarding Safari or other group 4A insecticides: Do not drench soil media more than one time per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Do not make more than two foliar or broadcast sprays, or one soil drench and one foliar or broadcast spray, to a single crop during a 2 month period. Avoid runoff or puddling of irrigation water after application. Avoid application to areas that are water logged, saturated, frozen, or which will not allow penetration into the root zone of the plant. Avoid soil application when plants are dormant or not actively taking up water from the soil.
Dinotefuran	Safari 2 G	Larvae; to delay the development of resistance, do not make more than one soil application per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Only apply to moist soil or media; do not apply to dry or saturated soil or when plants are not actively taking up water from soil. For optimal performance, do not apply until roots from transplanted plugs or liners have grown at least 1/2 inch. Higher rates will be needed to control insects on woody plants than on herbaceous plants.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% G	Larvae only; do not apply to bedding plants intended to be used as food crops. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity.
	Marathon 60 WP	Larvae only; this product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant.On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Do not allow leachate runout for the first 10 days after application, in order to retain the product and facilitate full uptake of the active ingredient.
	Marathon II	Larvae only
Permethrin	Astro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-UP 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol.
	Pyrethrum TR Micro	Total release aerosol. For best results apply during early evening when foliage is dry and temperature is between 60 and 80 degrees F.
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6
Pyriproxyfen	Distance Insect Growth Regulator	For foliar spray application, apply Distance no more than two times per cropping cycle or no more than two times per 6 months. For sprench application, if a second application is needed, allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. For drench application: Do not drench plants more than one time per crop cycle. Phytotoxicity has been observed on salvia (Salvia spp.), ghost plant (Graptopetalum paraguayense), CityplaceBoston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), schefflera (Schefflera spp.), gardenia (Gardenia spp.), and coral bells (Heuchera sanguinea). It is therefore recommended that Distance not be used on these plants. Do not apply to poinsettia after bract formation.
S-Kinoprene	Enstar II	Application should be made to poinsettia before bract formation. Foliar damage on some sensitive varieties can result. Some varieties of roses, such as Yellow Blooded roses, show delayed damage. Slight to moderate injury has occurred on some blooms under certain conditions, suggest application be made in pre-bloom stage.
Steinernema feltiae	Nemasys	Active only against the larva of specified target pests. Treat entire house or plant inventory; in propagation areas treat new plants as they are introduced for optimum results. Once pests are established it may take 2 to 3 weeks before the number of adults is noticeably reduced. For fungus gnats: Irrigate immediately to wash nematodes off plant and onto soil medium surface. Do not irrigate to cause runoff from the tops of pots or liners. Do not use through drip irrigation or mist system. See label for list of incompatible tank-mixed pesticides.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 25 WG	Do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, which ever is shorter.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 8.

Heliothis (Tobacco budworm, etc.), Helicoverpa (Corn earworm, etc.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida. See also: Caterpillars.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857	XenTari Biological Insecticide Dry Flowable	Heliothis, tobacco budworm
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351	Biobit HP	Heliothis, tobacco budworm
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351	Dipel Pro DF & Dipel DF	Heliothis, tobacco budworm
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG2348	Condor Bioinsecticide	Tobacco budworm; precautions:Do not use in combination with any chlorothalonil based fungicide (Bravo, Terranil etc.). Mixing with other oil based products or surfactants could increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7826	Lepinox WDG	Tobacco budworm
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7841	Crymax Bioinsecticide	Tobacco budworm
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Deliver	Apply when leaf expansion reaches 40% to 50% as infestation warrants. If eggs hatch over a long period or if reinfestation occurs, spray about 14 days after first application. Apply when most larvae are 3rd or 4th instar. Also consider the opening of the bud cap to ensure foliage exposure. Apply after eggs have hatched and early instar larvae are feeding on exposed foliage.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Javelin WG	For most consistent control apply at first sign of newly hatched worms (1st and 2nd instar larvae).
Bifenthrin	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Budworms;
	Talstar Flowable	Budworms
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Budworms
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Budworms; not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP	Budworms
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	Budworms; for turf and ornamentals in shade houses, greenhouses, and nurseries do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Budworms; do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Permethrin	Astro	Heliothis spp.; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-UP 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Heliothis spp.; flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Heliothis spp.; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	Pyreth-It	Corn earworm
	Pyrenone Crop Spray	Heliothis
	EverGreen EC 60-6	Heliothis spp.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 9.

Leafhopper (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
Azadirachtin	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Mycotrol O	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
Bifenthrin	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Buprofezin	Talus 40SC	Leafhoppers and Planthoppers: Eastern grape leafhopper, glassy-winged sharpshooter, variegated leafhopper, potato leafhopper, brown planthopper; make no more than two applications of Talus 40SC per year. To preserve usefulness of Talus, do not make more than two consecutive applications. Prior to subsequent applications, use an alternative chemistry with a different mode of action. Talus belongs to a class of chemicals not previously used as pesticides and not known to be cross-resistant to other classes of insecticides. In addition to inhibiting chitin biosynthesis on the listed insects, Talus suppresses oviposition of adults and reduces viability of eggs.
Buprofezin	Talus Insect Growth Regulator	Leafhoppers and Planthoppers: Eastern grape leafhopper, glassy-winged sharpshooter, variegated leafhopper, potato leafhopper, brown planthopper; make no more than two applications per crop per season. To preserve usefulness of Talus, do not make more than two consecutive applications. Prior to subsequent applications, use an alternative chemistry with a different mode of action. Talus belongs to a class of chemicals not previously used as pesticides and not known to be cross-resistant to other classes of insecticides. In addition to inhibiting chitin biosynthesis on the listed insects, Talus suppresses oviposition of adults and reduces viability of eggs.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos	Quali-Pro Chlorpyrifos 4E	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Soil treatment; containerized, potted or balled and burlapped nursery stock; pre-plant incorporation treatment of field grown nursery stock
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Applications can be made by foliar sprays or soil applications, including drenches and broadcast foliar sprays. Resistance management recommendations: Do not apply Safari 20SG insecticide or other group 4A insecticides to consecutive generations of the same insect pest species. Regarding Safari or other group 4A insecticides: Do not drench soil media more than one time per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Do not make more than two foliar or broadcast sprays, or one soil drench and one foliar or broadcast spray, to a single crop during a 2 month period. Avoid runoff or puddling of irrigation water after application. Avoid application to areas that are water logged, saturated, frozen, or which will not allow penetration into the root zone of the plant. Avoid soil application when plants are dormant or not actively taking up water from the soil.
Dinotefuran	Safari 2 G	To delay the development of resistance, do not make more than one soil application per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Only apply to moist soil or media; do not apply to dry or saturated soil or when plants are not actively taking up water from soil. For optimal performance, do not apply until roots from transplanted plugs or liners have grown at least 1/2 inch. Higher rates will be needed to control insects on woody plants than on herbaceous plants.
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC Spray	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% G	Do not apply to bedding plants intended to be used as food crops. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity.
	Marathon 60 WP	This product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Do not allow leachate runout for the first 10 days after application, in order to retain the product and facilitate full uptake of the active ingredient.
	Marathon II
Kaolin	Surround WP	Suppression only; supplemental pest control methods may be needed to aid control. Special directions: Flowers and ornamental plants will obtain a white covering from applications of Surround WP. If this is undesirable do not spray. On cut-flower plants, it is best to spray only leafy foliage of the plant, so that cuttings are not affected.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	For turf and ornamentals in shade houses, greenhouses, and nurseries do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Neem Oil	Triact 70	Do not apply to known sensitive species, such as impatiens flowers, fuchsia flowers, hibiscus flowers, some rose flowers, ornamental olive trees, or some carnation varieties without prior testing. Applications should be made in early morning or late evening to minimize the potential for leaf burn.
Permethrin	Astro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-UP 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap	Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol.
	Pyrethrum TR Micro	Total release aerosol. For best results apply during early evening when foliage is dry and temperature is between 60 and 80 degrees F.
	Pyreth-It
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 25WG	Do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, which ever is shorter.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 10.

Leafroller (lepidotpera: Tortricidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida. See also: Caterpillars.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Total release aerosol.
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Total release aerosol. Do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
	Ornazin 3% EC
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857	XenTari Biological Insecticide Dry Flowable
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351	Biobit HP	Omnivorous leafroller
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351	Dipel Pro DF & Dipel DF	Omnivorous leafroller
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG2348	Condor Bioinsecticide	Omnivorous leafroller; precautions: Do not use in combination with any chlorothalonil based fungicide (Bravo, Terranil etc.). Mixing with other oil based products or surfactants could increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7841	Crymax Bioinsecticide	Omnivorous leafroller
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Deliver	Obliquebanded leafroller, omnivorous leafroller; apply when leaf expansion reaches 40% to 50% as infestation warrants. If eggs hatch over a long period or if reinfestation occurs, spray about 14 days after first application. Apply when most larvae are 3rd or 4th instar. Also consider the opening of the bud cap to ensure foliage exposure. Apply after eggs have hatched and early instar larvae are feeding on exposed foliage.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Javelin WG	Obliquebanded leafroller, omnivorous leafroller; for most consistent control apply at first sign of newly hatched worms (1st and 2nd instar larvae).
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7826	Lepinox WDG	Omnivorous leafroller
Bifenthrin	Attain TR	Total release aerosol.
	Attain TR Micro	Total release aerosol.
	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC Spray	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	For turf and ornamentals in shade houses, greenhouses, and nurseries do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Naled	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	A vapor treatment, avoid over-treatment and direct application to plants as injury may result. White Butterfly and Golden Rapture roses, Pink Champagne chrysanthemums, green wandering Jew, poinsettias, and Dutchmans pipe may be injured by vapor. Do not spray on ornamental cherries, liquid amber, chrysanthemums or ornamental kale as injury may occur. Spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature.
Permethrin	Astro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-UP 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	Pyreth-It
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6
Refined Petroleum Distillate	Saf-T-Side Spray Oil	This insecticide's mode of action is through suffocation of eggs, larvae and nymphs of insects and adults of soft bodied insects. This mode of action necessitates total spray coverage.
Spinosad	Conserve SC Turf and Ornamental	Regardless of the crop or pest being treated (excluding leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moths) do not apply more than 10 times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. If Conserve SC is used for leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moth control do not apply more than six times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same active ingredient or having the same mode of action. Use only recommended label rates. Except for greenhouses and structures that can be altered to be closed or open, do not reapply within less than 7 days.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 11.

Leaftier (Lepidoptera: Cambidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida. See also: Caterpillars.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Deliver	Omnivorous leaftier; apply when leaf expansion reaches 40% to 50% as infestation warrants. If eggs hatch over a long period or if reinfestation occurs, spray about 14 days after first application. Apply when most larvae are 3rd or 4th instar. Also consider the opening of the bud cap to ensure foliage exposure. Apply after eggs have hatched and early instar larvae are feeding on exposed foliage.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Javelin WG	Omnivorous leaftier; for most consistent control apply at first sign of newly hatched worms (1st and 2nd instar larvae).
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	Pyreth-It
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 12.

Looper (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida. See also: Caterpillars.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Cabbage loopers; total release aerosol.
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Cabbage loopers; total release aerosol. Do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Cabbage looper; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Cabbage looper; do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
	Ornazin 3% EC
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. aizawai strain ABTS-1857	XenTari Biological Insecticide Dry Flowable
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351	Biobit HP
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, strain ABTS-351	Dipel Pro DF & Dipel DF
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG2348	Condor Bioinsecticide	Precautions: Do not use in combination with any chlorothalonil based fungicide (Bravo, Terranil etc.). Mixing with other oil based products or surfactants could increase the risk of phytotoxicity.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7841	Crymax Bioinsecticide
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Deliver	Apply when leaf expansion reaches 40% to 50% as infestation warrants. If eggs hatch over a long period or if reinfestation occurs, spray about 14 days after first application. Apply when most larvae are 3rd or 4th instar. Also consider the opening of the bud cap to ensure foliage exposure. Apply after eggs have hatched and early instar larvae are feeding on exposed foliage.
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki	Javelin WG	For most consistent control apply at first sign of newly hatched worms (1st and 2nd instar larvae).
Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain EG7826	Lepinox WDG	Omnivorous looper
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Mycotrol O	Cabbage looper; do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
Capsaicin and other Capsaicinoids	Hot Pepper Wax Insect Repellent	Repels cabbage loopers; avoid use on variegated African violets and Dicentra eximia. Avoid use if greenhouse temperature exceeds 85 degrees F. before the product has dried.
Chlorfenapyr	Pylon	Caterpillars including cabbage looper; do not apply Pylon more than two times consecutively or a total of three times during a growing cycle (not more than 41 fl. oz. of product/100 gal. / crop / season or 0.64 lbs. of a.i. / 100 gal. / crop / season) (start to finish for one ornamental crop). Do not apply Pylon to consecutive crops in a greenhouse unless the Pylon is applied in combination with other effective miticides or insecticides with a different mode of action. Phytotoxicity is likely to occur to some varieties of carnations, dianthus, kalanchoe, poinsettia, roses, salvia, and zinnia. Additions of crop oils, surfactants, and fertilizers or other tank additives have been shown to increase the likelihood of foliar injury. Pylon is not ovicidal.
Permethrin	Astro	Cabbage looper; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-UP 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Cabbage looper; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	Pyreth-It	Cabbage looper
	Pyrenone Crop Spray	Cabbage looper
	EverGreen EC 60-6	Cabbage looper
Spinosad	Conserve SC Turf and Ornamental	Cabbage looper; regardless of the crop or pest being treated (excluding leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moths) do not apply more than 10 times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. If Conserve SC is used for leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moth control do not apply more than six times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same active ingredient or having the same mode of action. Use only recommended label rates. Except for greenhouses and structures that can be altered to be closed or open, do not reapply within less than 7 days.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 13.

Mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Total release aerosol
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Total release aerosol. Do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL Biological Insecticide	It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
	Ornazin 3% EC
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Botanigard 22 WP	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
	Botanigard ES Mycoinsecticide	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger. Do not apply to poinsettias after bract formation.
	Mycotrol O	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
Bifenthrin	Attain TR	Total release aerosol.
	Attain TR Micro	Total release aerosol.
	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Buprofezin	Talus 40 SC	Grape mealybug, vine mealybug, citrus mealybug, comstock mealybug, longtailed mealybug, Mexican mealybug, obscure mealybug; make no more than two applications of Talus 40SC per year. To preserve usefulness of Talus, do not make more than two consecutive applications. Prior to subsequent applications, use an alternative chemistry with a different mode of action. If another insect growth regulator with the mode of action as a chitin synthesis inhibitor (i.e. cyromazine, diflubenzuron, novaluron) has been used in the greenhouse within 28 days, do not apply Talus as the first whitefly application. Talus belongs to a class of chemicals not previously used as pesticides and not known to be cross-resistant to other classes of insecticides. In addition to inhibiting chitin biosynthesis on the listed insects, Talus suppresses oviposition of adults and reduces viability of eggs.
Buprofezin	Talus Insect Growth Regulator	Grape mealybug, vine mealybug, citrus mealybug, comstock mealybug, longtailed mealybug, Mexican mealybug, obscure mealybug; make no more than two applications per crop per season. To preserve usefulness of Talus, do not make more than two consecutive applications. Prior to subsequent applications, use an alternative chemistry with a different mode of action. If another insect growth regulator with the mode of action as a chitin synthesis inhibitor (i.e. cyromazine, diflubenzuron, novaluron) has been used in the greenhouse within 28 days, do not apply Talus as the first whitefly application. Talus belongs to a class of chemicals not previously used as pesticides and not known to be cross-resistant to other classes of insecticides. In addition to inhibiting chitin biosynthesis on the listed insects, Talus suppresses oviposition of adults and reduces viability of eggs.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos & Cyfluthrin	Duraplex TR	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Total release aerosol.
Clothianidin	Celero 16 WSG	Do not apply more than a total of 40 oz. of Celero 16WSG (0.4 lb. a.i.) per acre per season. When watering treated pots, avoid watering to the point of overflowing or leaching for 10 days after application.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Applications can be made by foliar sprays or soil applications, including drenches and broadcast foliar sprays. Resistance management recommendations: Do not apply Safari 20SG insecticide or other group 4A insecticides to consecutive generations of the same insect pest species. Regarding Safari or other group 4A insecticides: Do not drench soil media more than one time per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Do not make more than two foliar or broadcast sprays, or one soil drench and one foliar or broadcast spray, to a single crop during a 2 month period. Avoid runoff or puddling of irrigation water after application. Avoid application to areas that are water logged, saturated, frozen, or which will not allow penetration into the root zone of the plant. Avoid soil application when plants are dormant or not actively taking up water from the soil.
Dinotefuran	Safari 2 G	To delay the development of resistance, do not make more than one soil application per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Only apply to moist soil or media; do not apply to dry or saturated soil or when plants are not actively taking up water from soil. For optimal performance, do not apply until roots from transplanted plugs or liners have grown at least 1/2 inch. Higher rates will be needed to control insects on woody plants than on herbaceous plants.
Fenoxycarb	Preclude TR	Total release aerosol
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC Spray	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Fenpyroximate	Akari 5 SC	Suppression; do not apply more than 48 fl. oz. per crop cycle or per growing season, whichever is longer. Must be used in a program with other products to provide protection against mealybugs. Label has list of plants tested for tolerance to Akari 5SC. Do not use in successive applications in the same production area. Allow at least two different chemicals with two different modes of action to be used between treatments of Akari 5SC.
Flonicamid	Aria	This product stops insect feeding within 30 minutes, but insects may remain on plants for up to 5 days. This product gives excellent residual control. Certain pansy cultivars have exhibited sensitivity to Aria insecticide. Resistance management strategy: Do not apply this product more than two times consecutively before rotating to another chemistry. Do not exceed 16 applications per crop or year whichever is shorter.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% G	Do not apply to bedding plants intended to be used as food crops. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity.
	Marathon 60 WP	This product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity. For outdoor ornamentals grown in beds or turf, applications can not exceed a total of 10.7 oz. (0.4 lbs. Active ingredient) per acre per year. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Do not allow leachate runout for the first 10 days after application, in order to retain the product and facilitate full uptake of the active ingredient.
	Marathon II
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	For turf and ornamentals in shade houses, greenhouses, and nurseries do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Naled	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	A vapor treatment, avoid over-treatment and direct application to plants as injury may result. White Butterfly and Golden Rapture roses, Pink Champagne chrysanthemums, green wandering Jew, poinsettias, and Dutchmans pipe may be injured by vapor. Do not spray on ornamental cherries, liquid amber, chrysanthemums or ornamental kale as injury may occur. Spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature.
Neem Oil	Triact 70	Do not apply to known sensitive species, such as impatiens flowers, fuchsia flowers, hibiscus flowers, some rose flowers, ornamental olive trees, or some carnation varieties without prior testing. Applications should be made in early morning or late evening to minimize the potential for leaf burn.
Permethrin	Astro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-UP 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Flowering plants; label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. Lower rates (0.25-1.0% v/v solution) of this product may be used in tank mixes for knockdown/suppression of adult whiteflies. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol.
	Pyrethrum TR Micro	Total release aerosol. For best results apply during early evening when foliage is dry and temperature is between 60 and 80 degrees F.
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyriproxyfen	Distance Insect Growth Regulator	Suppression; for foliar spray application, apply Distance no more than two times per cropping cycle or no more than two times per 6 months. For sprench application, if a second application is needed, allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. For drench application: Do not drench plants more than one time per crop cycle. Phytotoxicity has been observed on salvia (Salvia spp.), ghost plant (Graptopetalum paraguayense), CityplaceBoston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), schefflera (Schefflera spp.), gardenia (Gardenia spp.), and coral bells (Heuchera sanguinea). It is therefore recommended that Distance not be used on these plants. Do not apply to poinsettia after bract formation.
S-Kinoprene	Enstar II	Application should be made to poinsettia before bract formation. Foliar damage on some sensitive varieties can result. Some varieties of roses, such as Yellow Blooded roses, show delayed damage. Slight to moderate injury has occurred on some blooms under certain conditions, suggest application be made in pre-bloom stage.
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 0.22G	Do not exceed 120 lbs. (0.265 lb. a.i.) of product per acre per crop or year, whichever is shorter. Do not distribute Flagship 0.22G from the palm of the hand.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 25WG	Do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, which ever is shorter.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 14.

Mites (Acari) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Abamectin	Avid 0.15EC Lucid	Eriophyid mites (bud mites, rust mites); European red mite, southern red mite, spruce spider mite, tarsonemid mites (broad mites, cyclamen mites), twospotted spider mite; for tarsonemid mites, repeat applications to newly developing tissue may be necessary to maintain control. Phytotoxicity has been observed on certain species of ferns and shasta daisy.
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Spider mites; total release aerosol.
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Spider mites; total release aerosol. Do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acequinocyl	Shuttle 15 SC	European red mite (Panonychus ulmi), twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae), spruce spider mite (Oligonychus ununguis); do not to exceed 25.6 oz/acre/year. Allow a minimum of 14 days between treatments. Certain varieties of miniature roses and impatiens are known to be sensitive to certain pesticides therefore test them for sensitivity to this product on a limited scale before wide spread use. Do not tank mix with strongly alkaline material and do not combine with Phos-ethyl (Fosetyl).
Azadirachtin	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Bifenazate	Floramite Ornamental Miticide in water soluble bags	Spider mites; do not make more than two applications per crop per year. Do not apply more than 16 oz. per acre per year. Apply only one application of Floramite before rotating to products of an alternative chemical class and use at least two alternative products between treatments of floramite. When used as directed, does not adversely affect populations of beneficial/predacious mites and insects.
Bifenazate	Floramite SC	Twospotted spider mite, European red mite, southern red mite; apply only one application before rotating to products of an alternative chemical class. Use at least two alternative products between treatments of Floramite SC. Do not make more than two applications per crop per year. Do not apply more than 32 fl. oz. per acre per year.
Bifenthrin	Attain TR	Total release aerosol.
	Attain TR Micro	Total release aerosol.
	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable	Broad mites, European red mite, spider mites
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. broad mites, European red mite, spider mites
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Broad mites, European red mite, spider mites; not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Capsaicin and other Capsaicinoids	Hot Pepper Wax Insect Repellent	Repels spider mites; avoid use on variegated African violets and Dicentra eximia. Avoid use if greenhouse temperature exceeds 85 degrees F. before the product has dried.
Chlorfenapyr	Pylon	Spider mites, broad mite, citrus bud mite, cyclamen mite, rust mite; non-edible ornamentals only; do not apply Pylon more than two times consecutively or a total of three times during a growing cycle (not more than 41 fl. oz. of product/100 gal. / crop / season or 0.64 lbs. of a.i. / 100 gal. / crop / season) (start to finish for one ornamental crop). Do not apply Pylon to consecutive crops in a greenhouse unless the Pylon is applied in combination with other effective miticides or insecticides with a different mode of action. Phytotoxicity is likely to occur to some varieties of carnations, dianthus, kalanchoe, poinsettia, roses, salvia, and zinnia. Additions of crop oils, surfactants, and fertilizers or other tank additives have been shown to increase the likelihood of foliar injury. Pylon is not ovicidal.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Spider mites; direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos & Cyfluthrin	Duraplex TR	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Total release aerosol.
Clofentezine	Ovation SC	European red mite, twospotted spider mite, yellow spider mite; recommended application frequency is once per crop cycle in greenhouse, saran house, and shade house culture. Has limited effect on beneficial insects, particularly predatory mites and can be used in IPM programs employing beneficial insects. Highly active on mite eggs and early mite stages. Has shown activity and persistence up to 45 days after application. If a high population of adult mites is present at time of application, Ovation should be tank mixed with an adult miticide; test for physical compatibility and phytotoxicity first.
Etoxazole	TetraSan 5 WDG	Spider mites; controls in egg and nymph stages of growth. Do not apply to poinsettia after bract formation. Resistant management: Do no apply more than two times per cropping season or within a 6 month period. Apply second application, if necessary, no sooner than 14 days after the first application. If rapid control (less than 7 days) is required, apply in combination with a contact adulticide.
Fenbutatin-oxide	ProMite 50 WP	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Oligonychus (Oak mite, southern red mite), twospotted spider mite; when daily temperatures at application average below 70 deg. F., performance is reduced. Apply to chrysanthemums pre-bloom and to poinsettias prebract only. Occasional minor sensitivity has been observed on certain species, see label.
Fenoxycarb	Preclude TR	Total release aerosol.
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC Spray	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Southern red mite, twospotted spider mite; do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Fenpyroximate	Akari 5 SC	Spider mites, tarsonemid mites (broad mite, cyclamen mite), eriophyid mites (rust mites, gall mites, bud mites); do not apply more than 48 fl. oz. per crop cycle or per growing season, whichever is longer. Do not use in successive applications in the same production area. Allow at least two different chemicals with two different modes of action to be used between treatments of Akari 5SC. Make sequential application of a miticide, with a different mode of action, up to 21 days after the initial Akari application. See label for list of species tested for tolerance to Akari 5SC.
Hexythiazox	Hexygon DF	European red mite, southern red mite, twospotted spider mite; apply only once per crop cycle. If crop cycle is longer than 1 year do not apply more than once per year. If used on orchids, apply prior to bloom formation. Do not use Plyac® or household detergents in tank-mix combinations with Hexygon.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	Do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Methiocarb	Mesurol 75-W Insecticide – Molluscicide	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply with oil.
Naled	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	Spider mites; a vapor treatment, avoid over-treatment and direct application to plants as injury may result. White Butterfly and Golden Rapture roses, Pink Champagne chrysanthemums, green wandering Jew, poinsettias, and Dutchmans pipe may be injured by vapor. Do not spray on ornamental cherries, liquid amber, chrysanthemums or ornamental kale as injury may occur. Spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature.
Neem Oil	Triact 70	Do not apply to known sensitive species, such as impatiens flowers, fuchsia flowers, hibiscus flowers, some rose flowers, ornamental olive trees, or some carnation varieties without prior testing. Applications should be made in early morning or late evening to minimize the potential for leaf burn.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol.
	Pyrethrum TR Micro	Total release aerosol. For best results apply during early evening when foliage is dry and temperature is between 60 and 80 degrees F.
	Pyrenone Crop Spray	Strawberry mite
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyridaben	Sanmite	Broad mite, European red mite, southern red mite, tumid mite, twospotted spider mite; maximum seasonal use rate: Do not exceed 21.34 ounces per acre per year. Do not use Sanmite in successive miticide applications. Use in rotation with other treatments having different modes of action.
Spinosad	Conserve SC Turf and Ornamental	Spider mites; if Conserve SC is used for leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moth control do not apply more than six times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same active ingredient or having the same mode of action. Use only recommended label rates.
Spiromesifen	Judo	Spider mites (including twospotted spider mite, southern red mite), tarsonemid mites, (including broad mite, cyclamen mite), tenuipalpid mites (including false spider mite), rust mite; phytotoxicity has been observed on geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) and impatiens (Impatiens spp.); it is recommended that Judo not be used on these. Resistance management: Using Judo in successive miticide applications during the same cropping cycle is not recommended. Do not apply Judo more than four times per season.
Sulfur	Microthiol Disperss Micronized Wettable Sulfur	Twospotted spider mite; application not recommended if temperature will exceed 90 degrees F. within 3 days following spraying due to risk of crop injury. Greenhouse crops may be more sensitive to sulfur injury. Do not use within 2 weeks of an oil spray treatment except for dormant, delayed dormant or post harvest applications with a suitable oil.
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 15.

Plant (Lygus) Bug (Hemiptera: Miridae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Total release aerosol.
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame / Orthene TR	Total release aerosol. Do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Mycotrol O	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
Bifenthrin	Attain TR Micro	Total release aerosol.
	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Tarnished plant bugs; direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC Spray	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Tarnished plant bug; do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	Do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Permethrin	Astro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Perm-Up 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Label names specific pests on specific crops. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever yours, G. Wave, Jack frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Sonia, Town Crier, Tropicana, and Visa. Other varieties may vary in sensitivity. Marginal leaf burn may occur on salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
	Permethrin E-Pro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	Pyrenone Crop Spray
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	EverGreen EC 60-6
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 25WG	Do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, which ever is shorter.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 16.

Shore Fly (Diptera: Ephydridae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
	Azatrol EC	Flies; waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
	Ornazin 3% EC
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos & Cyfluthrin	Duraplex TR	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Total release aerosol.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP Greenhouse and Nursery Insecticide	Flies
Cyromazine	Citation	Will not control adult stages of insect pests. Do not make more than six applications to one crop.
Diflubenzuron	Adept Insect Growth Regulator	Do not make more than four applications per crop. Exceeding label rates, volumes or number of applications can cause serious foliar injury to crops, particularly, do not apply to poinsettias, hibiscus, and Reiger begonia. Do not reuse potting media which has been treated with Adept. Do not apply to plants grown on capillary water mats.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4	Flies
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0	Flies
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol. Flies
	Pyrenone Crop Spray	Flies
	EverGreen EC 60-6	Flies
Pyriproxyfen	Distance Insect Growth Regulator	For foliar spray application, apply Distance no more than two times per cropping cycle or no more than two times per 6 months. For sprench application, if a second application is needed, allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. For drench application: Do not drench plants more than one time per crop cycle. Phytotoxicity has been observed on salvia (Salvia spp.), ghost plant (Graptopetalum paraguayense), Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), schefflera (Schefflera spp.), gardenia (Gardenia spp.), and coral bells (Heuchera sanguinea). It is therefore recommended that Distance not be used on these plants. Do not apply to poinsettia after bract formation.
Steinernema carpocapsae	Millenium	See label for precautions on compatibility with other pesticides. For shore flies: Three applications must be applied at 7 day intervals. For greenhouse applications also spray the surface of the pots, the tops, sides and undersides of benches and other areas insects can breed.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 17.

Slug & Snail (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Limacidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Iron phosphate	Monterey Sluggo-Ag
Metaldehyde	Deadline Bullets	For best results apply in evening. Apply every 3 to 4 weeks during growing season, or as needed. Repeat treatment as necessary to maintain control. Do not apply pellets in piles.
	Deadline M-Ps Mini-Pellets	Test first on extremely tender plants. For best results apply in evening. Apply every 3 to 4 weeks during growing season, or as needed. Repeat treatment as necessary to maintain control. Do not apply pellets in piles.
	Durham Metaldehyde Granules 3.5	Do not apply directly to plants. Some slight tip burning has been noticed on extremely tender orchids. Do not re-water for 48 hours. For heavily infested greenhouses a second application is recommended 7 to 10 days after first application.
	Durham Metaldehyde Granules 7.5	Do not apply directly to plants. Some slight tip burning has been noticed on extremely tender orchids. Do not re-water for 48 hours. For heavily infested greenhouses a second application is recommended 7 to 10 days after first application.
	Or-Cal Slug & Snail Bait	Do not use on daylilies and clematis.
	Slug-Fest	Do not apply directly to plants unless prior experience has shown the plant to be tolerant, however some slight tip burning has been noticed on extremely tender orchids. Thoroughly water areas to be treated before application. For best results apply in the evening.
	Trails End 3.5	Do not apply directly on to plants. Use only as a baiting treatment ... Trail's End should never be applied to dry soil. Applications should be made following irrigation for best results. Do not re-water for 48 hours after application. Some slight tip burning has been noticed on extremely tender orchids. For heavily infested greenhouses a second application is recommended 7-10 days following the first application.
Methiocarb	Mesurol 75-W Insecticide – Molluscicide	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply with oil.
Methiocarb	Mesurol Pro Insecticide – Molluscicide	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Should not be applied more than twice per year. Do not use in spray mixes containing oil.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 18.

Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Abamectin	Avid 0.15 EC Lucid	Do not use for suppression of aphids, whiteflies, and thrips on roses, chrysanthemum, and gerbera. For suppression of pest populations (aphids, thrips & whiteflies) young immatures must be contacted by the spray. Phytotoxicity has been observed on certain species of ferns and shasta daisy.
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Total release aerosol.
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Total release aerosol. Do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
	Ornazin 3% EC
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Botanigard 22 WP	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
	Botanigard ES Mycoinsecticide	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger. Do not apply to poinsettias after bract formation.
	Mycotrol O	Greenhouse thrips, Cuban laurel thrips, onion thrips, Thrips palmi, western flower thrips; do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
Bifenthrin	Attain TR	Total release aerosol.
	Attain TR Micro	Total release aerosol.
	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Chlorpyrifos	Duraguard ME	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Direct spray to some open blooms may cause petal drop. Do not spray on kalanchoes.
Chlorpyrifos & Cyfluthrin	Duraplex TR	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Total release aerosol.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Chili thrips, suppression; applications can be made by foliar sprays or soil applications, including drenches and broadcast foliar sprays. Resistance management recommendations: Do not apply Safari 20SG insecticide or other group 4A insecticides to consecutive generations of the same insect pest species. Regarding Safari or other group 4A insecticides: Do not drench soil media more than one time per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Do not make more than two foliar or broadcast sprays, or one soil drench and one foliar or broadcast spray, to a single crop during a 2 month period. Avoid runoff or puddling of irrigation water after application. Avoid application to areas that are water logged, saturated, frozen, or which will not allow penetration into the root zone of the plant. Avoid soil application when plants are dormant or not actively taking up water from the soil.
Dinotefuran	Safari 2 G	Suppression; including chili, western flower thrips; to delay the development of resistance, do not make more than one soil application per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Only apply to moist soil or media; do not apply to dry or saturated soil or when plants are not actively taking up water from soil. For optimal performance, do not apply until roots from transplanted plugs or liners have grown at least 1/2 inch. Higher rates will be needed to control insects on woody plants than on herbaceous plants.
Fenoxycarb	Preclude TR	Total release aerosol.
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC Spray	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Flonicamid	Aria	Suppression on flowers; this product stops insect feeding within 30 minutes, but insects may remain on plants for up to 5 days. This product gives excellent residual control. Certain pansy cultivars have exhibited sensitivity to Aria insecticide. Resistance management strategy: Do not apply this product more than two times consecutively before rotating to another chemistry. Do not exceed 16 applications per crop or year whichever is shorter.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% G	Suppression on foliage only; on plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Woody perennials: onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity.
	Marathon 60 WP	Suppression on foliage only; this product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. Woody perennials: onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Do not allow leachate runout for the first 10 days after application, in order to retain the product and facilitate full uptake of the active ingredient.
	Marathon II	Suppression on foliage only
Kaolin (aluminum silicate)	Surround WP	Suppression only; supplemental pest control methods may be needed to aid control. Special directions: Flowers and ornamental plants will obtain a white covering from applications of Surround WP. If this is undesirable do not spray. On cut-flower plants, it is best to spray only leafy foliage of the plant, so that cuttings are not affected.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	For ornamentals in shade houses, greenhouses, and nurseries do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Methiocarb	Mesurol 75-W Insecticide – Molluscicide	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Western flower thrips; do not apply with oil.
Novaluron	Pedestal	Container grown ornamentals; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Do not apply to poinsettias. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle. Do not use less than the recommended label rates alone or in tank mixes.
Permethrin	Astro	Citrus thrips; do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
Permethrin	Permethrin E-Pro	Citrus thrips; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Exposed thrips; blossom thrips on African violets; tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. Lower rates (0.25-1.0% v/v solution) of this product may be used in tank mixes for knockdown/suppression of adult whiteflies. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Exposed thrips; tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol.
	Pyrethrum TR Micro	Total release aerosol. For best results apply during early evening when foliage is dry and temperature is between 60 and 80 degrees F.
	Pyreth-It
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
	EverGreen EC 60-6
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Refined Petroleum Distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil (Paraffinic Oil)	Always use lower dosage or test spray oil sensitive plants such as cryptomeria, smoke tree, chamaecypris, juniper, Japanese holly and spruce. Do not spray when buds have fully opened and shoot elongation is occurring. Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
S-Kinoprene	Enstar II	Complete coverage of foliage is essential for control of thrips; spray both top and bottom surfaces of leaves until runoff. Application should be made to poinsettia before bract formation. Foliar damage on some sensitive varieties can result. Some varieties of roses, such as Yellow Blooded roses, show delayed damage. Slight to moderate injury has occurred on some blooms under certain conditions, suggest application be made in pre-bloom stage.
Spinosad	Conserve SC Turf and Ornamental	Exposed thrips; regardless of the crop or pest being treated (excluding leafminers, spider mites and/or diamondback moths) do not apply more than 10 times in a 12 month period inside a greenhouse or a structure that can be altered to be closed or open. Because generations of a specific pest may overlap, rotate control products and never apply more than three consecutive applications of Conserve SC or products containing the same active ingredient or having the same mode of action.
Steinernema feltiae	Nemasys	Western flower thrips; active only against the larvae of specified target pests. Treat entire house or plant inventory; in propagation areas treat new plants as they are introduced for optimum results. Once pests are established it may take 2 to 3 weeks before the number of adults is noticeably reduced. For western flower thrips: Do not apply in direct sunlight, use blackouts during and for at least 2 hours after application, ensure the crop remains wet for at least 2 hours following application, provide another light overhead irrigation approximately 2 hours after application. Do not use through drip irrigation or mist system. See label for list of incompatible tank-mixed pesticides.
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	For commercial use only. Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 19.

Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) control measures available for commercial greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida.

Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Notes from Label²
Abamectin	Avid 0.15 EC Lucid	Do not use for suppression of aphids, whiteflies, and thrips on roses, chrysanthemum, and gerbera. For suppression of pest populations (aphids, thrips & whiteflies) young immatures must be contacted by the spray. Phytotoxicity has been observed on certain species of ferns and shasta daisy.
Acephate	1300 Orthene TR	Total release aerosol.
Acephate & Fenpropathrin	Tame/Orthene TR	Total release aerosol; do not apply within 48 hours of a previous application.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 30 SG	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 23.9 ounces of TriStar 30 SG per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Acetamiprid	TriStar 70 WSP	Do not make more than five applications per year. Do not reapply more than once every 7 days. Do not apply more than 22 water soluble packs per acre (0.55 lb. a.i./acre) per year. Resistance to other chloronicotinyls/ neonicotinyls, such as Merit and Marathon, may result in resistance to TriStar. Therefore, to minimize resistance, rotate with other classes of insecticides.
Azadirachtin	Azatin XL	Effective on all larval stages and pupae. It also reduces crop damage by repelling and deterring feeding of all stages of insect.
	Azatrol EC	Waxy bloom on certain ornamental plants may be reduced after an application. Caution is recommended when making applications to orchid, poinsettia or violets; spotting of plant foliage and blossoms is possible.
	Ornazin 3% EC
Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040	Naturalis L	Do not tank mix with fungicides. Wait a minimum of 48 hours after application before applying fungicides.
Beauveria bassiana Strain GHA	Botanigard 22 WP	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
	Botanigard ES Mycoinsecticide	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger. Do not apply to poinsettias after bract formation.
	Mycotrol O	Do not apply through a thermal pulse fogger.
Bifenthrin	Attain TR	Total release aerosol.
	Attain TR Micro	Total release aerosol.
	Bifenthrin Pro Multi-Insecticide (EPA Reg. No. 51036-391)	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	Talstar Flowable
	Talstar Nursery Flowable	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
	TalstarOne Multi-Insecticide	Not for use in nurseries. Repeat applications should be limited to no more than once per 7 days.
Buprofezin	Talus 40 SC	Make no more than two applications of Talus 40SC per year. To preserve usefulness of Talus, do not make more than two consecutive applications. Prior to subsequent applications, use an alternative chemistry with a different mode of action. If another insect growth regulator with the mode of action as a chitin synthesis inhibitor (i.e. cyromazine, diflubenzuron, novaluron) has been used in the greenhouse within 28 days, do not apply Talus as the first whitefly application. Talus belongs to a class of chemicals not previously used as pesticides and not known to be cross-resistant to other classes of insecticides. In addition to inhibiting chitin biosynthesis on the listed insects, Talus suppresses oviposition of adults and reduces viability of eggs.
Buprofezin	Talus Insect Growth Regulator	Make no more than two applications per crop per season. To preserve usefulness of Talus, do not make more than two consecutive applications. Prior to subsequent applications, use an alternative chemistry with a different mode of action. If another insect growth regulator with the mode of action as a chitin synthesis inhibitor (i.e. cyromazine, diflubenzuron, novaluron) has been used in the greenhouse within 28 days, do not apply Talus as the first whitefly application. Talus belongs to a class of chemicals not previously used as pesticides and not known to be cross-resistant to other classes of insecticides. In addition to inhibiting chitin biosynthesis on the listed insects, Talus suppresses oviposition of adults and reduces viability of eggs.
Capsaicin and other Capsaicinoids	Hot Pepper Wax Insect Repellent	Repels whiteflies; avoid use on variegated African violets and Dicentra eximia. Avoid use if greenhouse temperature exceeds 85 degrees F. before the product has dried.
Chlorpyrifos & Cyfluthrin	Duraplex	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE.
Clothianidin	Celero 16 WSG	Do not apply more than a total of 40 oz. of Celero 16WSG (0.4 lb. a.i.) per acre per season. When watering treated pots, avoid watering to the point of overflowing or leaching for 10 days after application.
Cyfluthrin	Decathlon 20 WP
Diflubenzuron	Adept Insect Growth Regulator	Suppression; do not make more than four applications per crop. Exceeding label rates, volumes or number of applications can cause serious foliar injury to crops, particularly, do not apply to poinsettias, hibiscus, and Reiger begonia. Do not reuse potting media which has been treated with Adept. Do not apply to plants grown on capillary water mats.
Diflubenzuron	Dimilin SC Flowable Insect Growth Regulator	Suppression
Dinotefuran	Safari 20 SG	Including giant whitefly; greenhouse whitefly; silverleaf whitefly; sweet potato whitefly (B and Q Biotypes); applications can be made by foliar sprays or soil applications, including drenches and broadcast foliar sprays. Resistance management recommendations: Do not apply Safari 20SG insecticide or other group 4A insecticides to consecutive generations of the same insect pest species. Do not drench soil media more than one time per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Do not make more than two foliar or broadcast sprays, or one soil drench and one foliar or broadcast spray, to a single crop during a 2 month period. Avoid runoff or puddling of irrigation water after application. Avoid application to areas that are water logged, saturated, frozen, or which will not allow penetration into the root zone of the plant. Avoid soil application when plants are dormant or not actively taking up water from the soil.
Dinotefuran	Safari 2 G	Including giant whitefly; greenhouse whitefly; silverleaf whitefly; sweet potato whitefly (B and Q Biotypes); to delay the development of resistance, do not make more than one soil application per crop cycle or 3 months, whichever is shorter. Only apply to moist soil or media; do not apply to dry or saturated soil or when plants are not actively taking up water from soil. For optimal performance, do not apply until roots from transplanted plugs or liners have grown at least 1/2 inch. Higher rates will be needed to control insects on woody plants than on herbaceous plants. Poinsettias: For optimal control of whiteflies, treat plants 1 to 3 weeks after pinch.
Fenoxycarb	Preclude TR	Total release aerosol.
Fenpropathrin	Tame 2.4 EC Spray	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not use less than a 7 day retreatment interval. Do not apply to chrysanthemums or roses with open flowers.
Flonicamid	Aria	This product stops insect feeding within 30 minutes, but insects may remain on plants for up to 5 days. This product gives excellent residual control. Suppression of silverleaf whitefly. It is highly recommended to rotate or tank mix with a product of a different chemical class to achieve optimal whitefly management. Certain pansy cultivars have exhibited sensitivity to Aria insecticide. Resistance management strategy: Do not apply this product more than two times consecutively before rotating to another chemistry. Do not exceed 16 applications per crop or year whichever is shorter.
Imidacloprid	Marathon 1% G	Do not apply to bedding plants intended to be used as food crops. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Woody perennials: Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity.
	Marathon 60 WP	This product is to be applied as a soil treatment only. Woody perennials:Onset of protection is slower than in herbaceous species. A delay of 2 or more weeks should be expected. Longer delays may be expected with larger plants. Application should therefore be made in advance of expected insect activity. On plants with a production cycle of less than 1 year, application is not to exceed a frequency of more than once each 16 weeks for a particular plant. On stock plants and woody crops with a production cycle of greater than 1 year, application may not exceed once a year. Do not allow leachate runout for the first 10 days after application, in order to retain the product and facilitate full uptake of the active ingredient.
	Marathon II
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Lambda-Cy EC	Do not apply more than 0.36 lb. a.i. per acre per year; apply at 7 day intervals if retreatment is necessary.
Lambda-cyhalothrin	Scimitar GC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Do not apply more than 0.36 lbs. a.i. (52.4 fl. oz. of concentrate) per acre per year.
Naled	Dibrom 8 Emulsive	Spotting, bronzing or localized burning can occur under certain climatic conditions such as slow drying and high humidity or stress caused by drought or high temperature. In greenhouse: a vapor treatment, avoid over-treatment and direct application to plants as injury may result. White Butterfly and Golden Rapture roses, Pink Champagne chrysanthemums, green wandering Jew, poinsettias, and Dutchmans pipe may be injured by vapor. Do not spray on ornamental cherries, liquid amber, chrysanthemums or ornamental kale as injury may occur.
Neem Oil	Triact 70	Do not apply to known sensitive species, such as impatiens flowers, fuchsia flowers, hibiscus flowers, some rose flowers, ornamental olive trees, or some carnation varieties without prior testing. Applications should be made in early morning or late evening to minimize the potential for leaf burn.
Novaluron	Pedestal	Container grown ornamentals; do not apply more than once every 30 days. Do not make more than two applications per crop year. Do not apply more than 52 fl. oz. per acre per year per crop. Do not apply to poinsettias. Resistance management: Do not apply in successive applications, use only one application before rotation with other classes of insecticides with different modes of action. Use at least two alternative products between applications of pedestal. Do not use more than once within each generation cycle. Do not use less than the recommended label rates alone or in tank mixes.
Permethrin	Astro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lb. a.i. per acre per year. Marginal leaf burn may occur on: Salvia, dieffenbachia and Pteris fern. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals.
Permethrin	Permethrin E-Pro	Do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per year.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	AllPro Insecticidal Soap 40%	Lower rates (0.25-1.0% v/v solution) of this product may be used in tank mixes for knockdown/suppression of adult whiteflies. Tank mixes with products containing chlorothalonil should be avoided as they can cause severe phytotoxicity. If wilting occurs a few hours after application rinse with a clean water spray. Since applications may cause injury to flowers of some plant cultivars, test product on a few flowering plants.
Potassium Salts of Fatty Acids	M-Pede	Lower rates (0.25-1.0% v/v solution) of this product may be used in tank mixes for knockdown/suppression of adult whiteflies. Tank mixes with chlorothalonil should be avoided. Potential for injury increases on plants stressed by heat, humidity, drought, or insect, mite or disease pressure. Do not apply to very sensitive plants such as: Cherimoya, bleeding heart, or sweet peas. The following may be sensitive: Crown of thorns and other euphorbia, dieffenbachia, fuschia, gardenia, impatiens, Asiatic and oriental lily varieties, jade plant, lantana, ornamental ivy, poinsettia, redbud, schefflera, zebra plant and some succulents. Flowers of the following may be injured when sprayed: African violet, ageratum, azalea, begonia, camellia, chrysanthemum, dahlia, geranium, gloxinia, impatiens, lily, marigold, orchid, pansy, petunia, poinsettia bracts, rose, salvia, snapdragon, vinca, and zinnia.
Pymetrozine	Endeavor	Do not apply more than 10 oz. per acre per application. For indoor use, do not apply more than 100 oz. per acre per year. Low toxicity to beneficial insect (including honey bees and bumble bees) and mite populations. Applications should not be made to poinsettia after bract formation.
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 1.4
Pyrethrins	PyGanic Crop Protection EC 5.0
Pyrethrins & Piperonyl Butoxide	1100 Pyrethrum TR	Total release aerosol.
	EverGreen EC 60-6
	Pyrethrum TR Micro	Total release aerosol. For best results apply during early evening when foliage is dry and temperature is between 60 and 80 degrees F.
	Pyreth-It
	Pyrenone Crop Spray
Pyrethrins & Rotenone and other associated resins	Pyrellin E.C.	Apply in intervals of 7 days or less.
Pyridaben	Sanmite	Maximum seasonal use rate: Do not exceed 21.34 ounces per acre per year. Do not use Sanmite in successive miticide applications. Use in rotation with other treatments having different modes of action.
Pyriproxyfen	Distance Insect Growth Regulator	For foliar spray application, apply Distance no more than two times per cropping cycle or no more than two times per 6 months. For sprench application, if a second application is needed, allow a minimum of 21 days between applications. For drench application: Do not drench plants more than one time per crop cycle. Phytotoxicity has been observed on salvia (Salvia spp.), ghost plant (Graptopetalum paraguayense), Boston fern (Nephrolepis exaltata), schefflera (Schefflera spp.), gardenia (Gardenia spp.), and coral bells (Heuchera sanguinea). It is therefore recommended that Distance not be used on these plants. Do not apply to poinsettia after bract formation.
S- Kinoprene	Enstar II	Application should be made to poinsettia before bract formation. Foliar damage on some sensitive varieties can result. Some varieties of roses, such as Yellow Blooded roses, show delayed damage. Slight to moderate injury has occurred on some blooms under certain conditions, suggest application be made in pre-bloom stage.
Spiromesifen	Judo	Nymphs and pupal stages; phytotoxicity has been observed on geraniums (Pelargonium spp.) and impatiens (Impatiens spp.), it is recommended that Judo not be used on these. Resistance management: Using Judo in successive miticide applications during the same cropping cycle is not recommended. Do not apply Judo more than four times per season.
Tau-fluvalinate	Mavrik Aquaflow	Repeat applications not more than four times per month at 5-7 day intervals unless otherwise noted in use directions.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 0.22G	Do not exceed 120 lbs. (0.265 lb. a.i.) of product per acre per crop or year, whichever is shorter.
Thiamethoxam	Flagship 25WG	Do not exceed 8 oz. per acre per crop or year, which ever is shorter.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Table 20.

Additional control measures available for certain named greenhouse-grown flower crops in Florida. See also: Tables 1-19.

Named Crop	Pesticide Common Name	Trade Name/ Formulation¹	Insects and mites controlled and notes from Label²
Ageratum	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Anthurium	Acephate	Acephate 97UP	Aphids, mealybugs, scales (crawlers), thrips, and whiteflies including sweetpotato whiteflies and silverleaf whiteflies; before treating large plantings, spray only a few plants and observe 2 weeks for varietal phytotoxicity.
Anthurium	Acephate	Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray 97	Aphids, mealybugs, scales (crawlers), sweetpotato whiteflies, thrips, whiteflies; before treating large plantings, spray only a few plants and observe 2 weeks for varietal phytotoxicity.
Aster	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Azalea	Acephate	Precise	Container grown nursery stock; potted plants: For use on 3 inch to 12 inch diameter pots. Aphids, ants, including imported fire ant, azalea lace bug, grubs, mealybugs; irrigate immediately after application, but avoid excessive irrigation, to position product in the root zone. Do not apply to freshly rooted cuttings.
	Polyhedral occlusion bodies (OBs) of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera exigua	Spod-X LC	Beet armyworm; use non-chlorinated water at a pH near 7.0 in the spray tank mix.
	Refined petroleum distillate	Saf-T-Side	Aphids, fungus gnat, leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scales, eggs of many mites and insects including spider and eriophyid mites, armored and soft scales, psyllids, whiteflies, leafrollers, leaftiers, webworms, cankerworms, plant bugs, leafhoppers, adelgids, thrips; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Begonia	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Carnation	Acephate	Acephate 97UP	Aphids, thrips; do not apply more often than once every 28 days to carnations.
	Acephate	Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray 97	Aphids, thrips; do not apply more often than once every 28 days to carnations.
	Polyhedral occlusion bodies (OBs) of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera exigua	Spod-X LC	Beet armyworm; use non-chlorinated water at a pH near 7.0 in the spray tank mix.
	Refined petroleum distillate	Saf-T-Side	Aphids, fungus gnat, leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scales, eggs of many mites and insects including spider and eriophyid mites, armored and soft scales, psyllids, whiteflies, leafrollers, leaftiers, webworms, cankerworms, plant bugs, leafhoppers, adelgids, thrips; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Celosia	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Chrysanthemum	Acephate	Acephate 97UP	Aphids, thrips; do not apply more often than once every 28 days to chrysanthemums. Caution: Phytotoxicity has occurred on the following chrysanthemum varieties: Albatross, Bonnie Jean, Dixie, Garland, Gent, Iceberg, Pride, Showoff, Statesman, Tally-Ho, Westward-Ho, and Wild Honey. Do not apply to chrysanthemums with open flowers. Before treating large plantings, spray only a few plants and observe 2 weeks for varietal phytotoxicity.
	Acephate	Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray 97	Aphids, thrips; do not apply more often than once every 28 days to chrysanthemums. Phytotoxicity has occurred on the following chrysanthemum varieties: Albatross, Bonnie Jean, Dixie, Garland, Gem, Iceberg Pride, Showoff, Statesman, Tally-Ho, Westward-Ho, and Wild Honey. Do not apply to chrysanthemums with open flowers. Before treating large plantings, spray only a few plants and observe 2 weeks for varietal phytotoxicity.
	Diflubenzuron	Dimilin 25W Insect Growth Regulator	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Beet armyworm
	Polyhedral occlusion bodies (OBs) of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera exigua	Spod-X LC	Beet armyworm; use non-chlorinated water at a pH near 7.0 in the spray tank mix.
	Refined petroleum distillate	JMS Stylet-Oil	Leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scale insects, whiteflies; do not spray wet foliage. Do not spray when freezing temperatures are anticipated within 48 hours of an oil application, above 90° F, or when plants are under heat or moisture stress. Do not tank mix with spreader stickers, Nu-Film-P, or Nu-Film-17, or highly ionized nutrient spray materials. Do not use the following during, with or following an oil spray: Captan, oxythioquinox (Morestan), or organic tin compounds (Du-Ter). Do not apply propargite (Omite) within 30 days of an oil application. Do not use chlorothalonil (Bravo), dicofol (Kelthane) or dimethoate (Cygon) in a spray program with this product on ornamentals. Do not use the following unless at least 2 weeks have elapsed between the use of oil and the chemical anilazine (Dyrene), chlorothalonil (Bravo), dichloran (Botran), dicofol (Kelthane), Dikar, dinocap (Karathane), permethrin (Ambush, Pounce). Do not apply micronized sulfur within 10 days of an oil application and do not apply oil within 14 days of an application of wettable or dusting sulfur.
		Saf-T-Side	Mums; aphids, fungus gnat, leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scales, eggs of many mites and insects including spider and eriophyid mites, armored and soft scales, psyllids, whiteflies, leafrollers, leaftiers, webworms, cankerworms, plant bugs, leafhoppers, adelgids, thrips; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
		Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Coleus	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Crown of thorns	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Cyclamen	Polyhedral occlusion bodies (OBs) of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera exigua	Spod-X LC	Beet armyworm; use non-chlorinated water at a pH near 7.0 in the spray tank mix.
Dusty Miller	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Fuchsia	Refined petroleum distillate	Saf-T-Side	Aphids, fungus gnat, leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scales, eggs of many mites and insects including spider and eriophyid mites, armored and soft scales, psyllids, whiteflies, leafrollers, leaftiers, webworms, cankerworms, plant bugs, leafhoppers, adelgids, thrips; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
Geranium	Polyhedral occlusion bodies (OBs) of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera exigua	Spod-X LC	Beet armyworm; use non-chlorinated water at a pH near 7.0 in the spray tank mix.
Gerbera	Polyhedral occlusion bodies (OBs) of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera exigua	Spod-X LC	Beet armyworm; use non-chlorinated water at a pH near 7.0 in the spray tank mix.
Gerbera	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Hibiscus	Refined petroleum distillate	Saf-T-Side	Aphids, fungus gnat, leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scales, eggs of many mites and insects including spider and eriophyid mites, armored and soft scales, psyllids, whiteflies, leafrollers, leaftiers, webworms, cankerworms, plant bugs, leafhoppers, adelgids, thrips; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
Hibiscus	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Hibiscus foliage; aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Hydrangea	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Lily	Refined petroleum distillate	Saf-T-Side	Aphids, fungus gnat, leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scales, eggs of many mites and insects including spider and eriophyid mites, armored and soft scales, psyllids, whiteflies, leafrollers, leaftiers, webworms, cankerworms, plant bugs, leafhoppers, adelgids, thrips; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
Lisianthus	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Marigold	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
New Guinea Impatiens	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Nicotonia	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Petunia	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Poinsettia	Acephate	Acephate 97UP	Aphids, mealybugs, scales (crawlers), sweetpotato whiteflies, silverleaf whiteflies, thrips, whiteflies; applications on poinsettias after bract formation may result in phytotoxicity on certain varieties. Before treating large plantings, spray only a few plants and observe 2 weeks for varietal phytotoxicity.
		Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray 97	Aphids, mealybugs, scales (crawlers), sweetpotato whiteflies, thrips, whiteflies; applications on poinsettias after bract formation may result in phytotoxicity on certain varieties. Before treating large plantings, spray only a few plants and observe 2 weeks for varietal phytotoxicity.
		Precise	Container grown nursery stock; potted plants: For use on 3 inch to 12 inch diameter pots. Aphids, ants, including imported fire ant, azalea lace bug, grubs, mealybugs; irrigate immediately after application, but avoid excessive irrigation, to position product in the root zone. Do not apply to freshly rooted cuttings.
	Refined petroleum distillate	JMS Stylet-Oil	Leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scale insects, whiteflies; do not spray wet foliage. Do not spray when freezing temperatures are anticipated within 48 hours of an oil application, above 90° F, or when plants are under heat or moisture stress. Do not tank mix with spreader stickers, Nu-Film-P, or Nu-Film-17, or highly ionized nutrient spray materials. Do not use the following during, with or following an oil spray: Captan, oxythioquinox (Morestan), or organic tin compounds (Du-Ter). Do not apply propargite (Omite) within 30 days of an oil application. Do not use chlorothalonil (Bravo), dicofol (Kelthane) or dimethoate (Cygon) in a spray program with this product on ornamentals. Do not use the following unless at least 2 weeks have elapsed between the use of oil and the chemical anilazine (Dyrene), chlorothalonil (Bravo), dichloran (Botran), dicofol (Kelthane), Dikar, dinocap (Karathane), permethrin (Ambush, Pounce). Do not apply micronized sulfur within 10 days of an oil application and do not apply oil within 14 days of an application of wettable or dusting sulfur.
		Saf-T-Side	Aphids, fungus gnat, leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scales, eggs of many mites and insects including spider and eriophyid mites, armored and soft scales, psyllids, whiteflies, leafrollers, leaftiers, webworms, cankerworms, plant bugs, leafhoppers, adelgids, thrips; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
		Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Portulaca	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Rose	Acephate	Acephate 97UP	Aphids, leafrollers, thrips; do not apply to roses with open flowers. Do not apply more often than once every 28 days for aphids or thrips.
		Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray Orthene Turf Tree & Ornamental Spray 97	Aphids, leafrollers, thrips; do not apply to roses with open flowers.
		Precise	Container grown nursery stock; potted plants: For use on 3 inch to 12 inch diameter pots. Aphids, ants, including imported fire ant, azalea lace bug, grubs, mealybugs; irrigate immediately after application, but avoid excessive irrigation, to position product in the root zone. Do not apply to freshly rooted cuttings.
	Permethrin	Ambush 25W	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Beet armyworm, cabbage looper, omnivorous leafroller; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per season. Application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Town Crier, Tropicana and Visa.
		Permethrin 3.2 EC	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Beet armyworm, cabbage looper, omnivorous leafroller; application to blooming plants may cause browning of petals. Not phytotoxic to the following varieties of greenhouse roses: Ballena, Bettina, Cara Mia, Coquette, Excitement, Forever Yours, G. Wave, Jack Frost, Jr. Bridesmaid, Matador, Paul's Pink, Samantha, Seventeen, Town Crier, Tropicana and Visa.
		Perm-UP 25DF Pounce 25 WP	RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDE. Beet armyworm, cabbage looper, omnivorous leafroller; do not apply more than 2.0 lbs. a.i. per acre per season. Varieties may vary in their sensitivity to these products.
	Polyhedral occlusion bodies (OBs) of the nuclear polyhedrosis virus of Spodoptera exigua	Spod-X LC	Beet armyworm; use non-chlorinated water at a pH near 7.0 in the spray tank mix.
	Refined petroleum distillate	JMS Stylet-Oil	Leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scale insects, whiteflies; do not spray wet foliage. Do not spray when freezing temperatures are anticipated within 48 hours of an oil application, above 90° F, or when plants are under heat or moisture stress. Do not tank mix with spreader stickers, Nu-Film-P, or Nu-Film-17, or highly ionized nutrient spray materials. Do not use the following during, with or following an oil spray: Captan, oxythioquinox (Morestan), or organic tin compounds (Du-Ter). Do not apply propargite (Omite) within 30 days of an oil application. Do not use chlorothalonil (Bravo), dicofol (Kelthane) or dimethoate (Cygon) in a spray program with this product on ornamentals. Do not use the following unless at least 2 weeks have elapsed between the use of oil and the chemical anilazine (Dyrene), chlorothalonil (Bravo), dichloran (Botran), dicofol (Kelthane), Dikar, dinocap (Karathane), permethrin (Ambush, Pounce). Do not apply micronized sulfur within 10 days of an oil application and do not apply oil within 14 days of an application of wettable or dusting sulfur.
	Refined petroleum distillate	Saf-T-Side	Aphids, fungus gnat, leafminers, mealybugs, mites, scales, eggs of many mites and insects including spider and eriophyid mites, armored and soft scales, psyllids, whiteflies, leafrollers, leaftiers, webworms, cankerworms, plant bugs, leafhoppers, adelgids, thrips; do not use in combination with or immediately before or after spraying with fungicides such as Captan, oxythioquinox or any product containing sulfur. Also do not use with carbaryl (Sevin) or dimethoate. Do not use with any product whose label recommends the use of no oils. Do not use in combination with NPK foliar fertilizer applications.
Snapdragon	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Sunflower	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
Zinnia	Refined petroleum distillate	Ultra-Fine Oil	Aphids, fungus gnats, leafminers, mealybugs, scales (soft and hard), spider mites, thrips, whiteflies; Caution: Spray no more than four consecutive sprays. The frequency of consecutive sprays should not exceed once every 2 weeks. Early morning applications are recommended. For greenhouse pests listed, use once a week initially, then, as the pest is controlled, decrease the frequency to every 2-3 weeks as needed. Do not tank mix with insecticide or miticide whose label indicates that it should not be used with oil. Do not use with Captan, chlorothalonil, dimethoate, methiocarb, oxythioquinox, propargite, or any product containing sulfur. This list is not exhaustive; therefore for products not included in this list consult label for compatibility information.
¹ Usually only one or a few formulations are given. There may be other products available that are as effective as those listed. ² Notes are taken from product labels and restrict use to the condition indicated (suppression, beet armyworm, exposed thrips, etc.), limit numbers or patterns of applications, provide phytotoxicity precautions, etc.

Footnotes

This document is ENY-656 (IN399), one of a series of the Entomology & Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: December 2001. Revised: July 2008. For more publications related to horticulture/agriculture, please visit the EDIS Website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/.

James F. Price, associate professor, Curtis Nagle, biologist, Entomology and Nematology Department, Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Wimauma, 33598; and Elzie McCord, Jr., associate professor of biology, Division of Natural Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, 34232.

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer, Interim Dean.

Insect and Mite Management Options on Commercial Greenhouse-Grown Flower Crops in Florida1

Tables

Footnotes

Insect and Mite Management Options on Commercial Greenhouse-Grown Flower Crops in Florida¹