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Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Arsenical Herbicides1
Frederick M. Fishel2This document provides a general overview of human toxicity, provides a listing of laboratory animal and wildlife toxicities and a cross reference of chemical, common and trade names of the arsenical herbicides registered for use in Florida.
General
The arsenical herbicides are a group of older herbicides, having been in use since the 1950s. There are currently three arsenical herbicide active ingredients registered for use in Florida: cacodylic acid, disodium methanearsonate, and monosodium methanearsonate (DSMA and MSMA, respectively). Many arsenic compounds have been discontinued in the United States because of regulatory reasons. They are applied as postemergence or directed sprays acting primarily as contact materials with limited translocation. Their mode of action is to inhibit plant growth by uncoupling phosphorylation. Their initial plant injury symptoms are chlorosis caused by a loss of chlorophyll. Their phytotoxic activities are inactivated upon soil contact. They have been historically useful for grass control in turfgrass sites, cotton, citrus, rights-of-way and other industrial and non-crop sites. Commercial products are readily available and numerous. They are formulated as liquids.Toxicity
The arsenical active ingredients remaining on the market in the U.S. are the organic methylated compounds which are considered to present less toxic hazard than other forms (arsines or arsenites). Acute poisoning symptoms and signs usually appear within one hour, if ingested. Cacodylic acid is absorbed into the bloodstream more readily through inhalation than through ingestion or dermal exposure. With severe cases, garlicky odor of the breath and feces are noticeable. There may also be a salty, metallic taste in the mouth, along with abdominal discomfort. The central nervous system is also commonly affected with acute exposures, beginning with dizziness, headache, drowsiness and confusion. Symptoms may progress with weakened muscles, spasms, coma and convulsions. Death usually occurs one to three days following onset of symptoms and is often the result of circulatory failure, but renal injury may also contribute. Chronic exposures are more difficult to determine; but, neurological symptoms are usually more common than gastrointestinal effects which are more closely associated with acute poisoning. A sign of exposure is the formation of white bands across the nails. Mammalian toxicities for the arsenical herbicides are shown in Table 1 . Table 2 lists the toxicities to wildlife by the common name of the pesticide. Table 3 provides a cross listing of many of the trade names that these products are registered and sold by in Florida.Additional Information
- Crop Protection Handbook. 2005. vol. 91. Willoughby, Ohio: Meister Publishing Co. http://www.meisterpro.com/mpn.
- Extension toxicology network (EXTOXNET). Cornell University and Michigan State University. http://extoxnet.orst.edu/index.html. Visited November 2005.
- Nesheim, O.N., F. M. Fishel, and M. A. Mossler. 2005. Toxicity of pesticides. UF/IFAS EDIS Document PI-13. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/PI008 .
- Ware, G.W. 2000. The pesticide book. 5th edition. Thomson Publications.
Tables
Table 1. Arsenical herbicide mammalian toxicities (mg/kg of body weight).
Common name
Rat oral LD50
Rabbit dermal LD50
Cacodylic acid (sodium salt)
2,756
---
DSMA
600
236 - 325
MSMA
1,700
>2,500
Table 2. Arsenical herbicide wildlife toxicity ranges.
Common name
Bird acute oral LD50 (mg/kg)*
Fish (ppm)**
Bee†
Cacodylic acid (sodium salt)
PNT
ST - PNT
PNT
DSMA
ST
PNT
PNT
MSMA
PNT
PNT
PNT
*Bird LD50: Practically nontoxic (PNT) = >2,000; slightly toxic (ST) = 501 - 2,000; moderately toxic (MT) = 51 - 500; highly toxic (HT) = 10 - 50; very highly toxic (VHT) = <10.
**Fish LC50: PNT = >100; ST = 10 - 100; MT = 1 - 10; HT = 0.1 - 1; VHT = <0.1.
†Bee: HT = highly toxic (kills upon contact as well as residues); MT = moderately toxic (kills if applied over bees); PNT = relatively nontoxic (relatively few precautions necessary).
Table 3. Cross reference list of common, trade and chemical names of arsenical herbicides.
Common name
Trade names*
Chemical name
Cacodylic acid (sodium salt)
Liquid Edger®, others
Hydroxydimethylarsine oxide
DSMA
DSMA, Methar®, others
Disodium methanearsonate
MSMA
Ansar®, Bueno®, MSMA, others
Monosodium methanearsonate
* Does not include manufacturers' prepackaged mixtures.
Footnotes
1. This document is PI-89, one of a series of the Pesticide Information Office, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date November, 2005. Visit the EDIS Web Site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.2. Frederick M. Fishel, Associate Professor, Agronomy Department, and Director, Pesticide Information Office; Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.
Copyright Information
This document is copyrighted by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) for the people of the State of Florida. UF/IFAS retains all rights under all conventions, but permits free reproduction by all agents and offices of the Cooperative Extension Service and the people of the State of Florida. Permission is granted to others to use these materials in part or in full for educational purposes, provided that full credit is given to the UF/IFAS, citing the publication, its source, and date of publication.