Wildlife in Peril: South Florida

Wildlife in Peril: South Florida

Wildlife in Peril: South Florida

Wildlife in Peril: South Florida¹
Frank J. Mazzotti, Mary E. Hudson Kelley, Liz McKercher, and Jocie A. Graham ²

Background
The wilderness that once covered South Florida is rapidly disappearing. This has made the survival of our native wildlife difficult or even impossible. In an effort to recognize the plight of our wildlife, state and federal governments have worked together to study wildlife species, their interactions, and their requirements. The following list includes those species and subspecies considered to be most in need of protection by both the state government through the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC), and the federal government through the United States Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS). The Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals (FCREPA) is a non-governmental organization made up of scientists, conservationists, and concerned citizens which also prepares lists of animals (and plants) in danger of extinction. All three describe species as Endangered or Threatened. The FWC goes one step further and lists some as Species of Special Concern. FCREPA adds two categories: Rare and Species of Special Concern.
An Endangered species is defined as any species in danger of becoming extinct throughout all or most of its range. A species is considered Threatened when it is likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future. The designation Species of Special Concern is used in several situations by the FWC. It may be applied to a species in danger of becoming threatened or to a species that is not understood enough to classify it as threatened. The status Species of Special Concern may also include a species not fully recovered from a past decline or a species that occupies such an essential ecological position that any decline could adversely affect other species.
FCREPA's Rare designation is for those species that, although not presently endangered or threatened as defined above, are potentially at risk because they are found only within a restricted geographic area or habitat in the state, or, are sparsely distributed over a more extensive range. FCREPA's Species of Special Concern designation is for those that do not fit clearly into one of the previous categories yet warrant special attention. Examples of this include: (1) species that, although they are presently relatively abundant and widespread in the state, are especially vulnerable to certain types of exploitation or environmental changes and have experienced long-term population declines; and (2) species whose status in Florida has a potential impact on endangered or threatened populations of the same or other species outside of the state.
By far, the most common cause of declines in wildlife numbers is habitat loss or modification due to various human activities. Some species can be found in interior communities of sand pine scrub, or ponds and lakes. Others have adapted to coastal habitats such as open water and coastal strand. Whenever habitats are altered, their ability to provide the same quantity and quality of food, cover and water is changed. Sometimes these alterations are substantial enough to render areas no longer suitable for species originally occurring there.
Land-use decisions affect wildlife habitat every day. A species' use of habitats and occurrence within counties is the least information needed for the development and implementation of rational and effective protection policies for wildlife. Efforts to prevent extinction of species within county jurisdictions cannot be achieved without this first step. Home range requirements, amount of currently available habitat, and other facts need to be determined before a specific course of action is taken to maintain our wildlife integrity.

Overview
This document is an overview of the habitats and counties where listed endangered, threatened, and special concern species have been found in South Florida ( Figure 1 ), although these species also may occur in currently undocumented areas. Refer to:

CREDITS: South Florida Multi-Species Recovery Plan (USFWS 1999)

Figure 1. South Florida

Table 1 . Mammals

Table 2 . Birds

Table 3 . Amphibians

Table 4 . Reptiles

Table 5 . Fishes

Table 6 . Invertebrates

Update
The status of listed species is continually changing. USFWS and FWC update their lists periodically. Current status can be found on the World Wide Web at
http://ecos.fws.gov/webpage/webpage_usa_lists.html#FL
and
http://floridaconservation.org/pubs/endanger.html

For More Information
Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals (FCREPA). 1980, 1992, and 1996. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida . Peter C.H. Pritchard and R.E. Ashton, Jr., series eds. Univ. Presses of Fla., Gainesville. Six volumes.
Florida Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission. 1997. Official Lists of Endangered and Potentially Endangered Species, Threatened Species, and Species of Special Concern . Prepared by D.A. Wood. Bureau of Nongame Wildlife. Tallahassee, FL. 18 pp.
On the Internet: http://floridaconservation.org/pubs/endanger.html
Florida Natural Areas Inventory. 1990. Guide to the Natural Communities of Florida. Prepared in conjunction with the Fla. Dept. Nat. Res.. Tallahassee. 111 pp.
On the Internet: http://www.fnai.org/index.htm .
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. 1996. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants , 50 CFR 17.11 & 17.12. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C. 111 pp.
On the Internet:
http://ecos.fws.gov/webpage/webpage_usa_lists.html#FL

References
Deyrup, M., and R. Franz. 1994. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Volume IV. Invertebrates. University Press, Gainesville, FL.
Gilbert, C.R. 1992. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Volume II. Fishes. University Press, Gainesville, FL.
Humphrey, S.R. 1992. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Volume I. Mammals. University Press, Gainesville, FL.
Kale, H.W., and D.S. Maehr. 1990. Florida's Birds, A Handbook and Reference. Pineapple Press, Sarasota, FL. p. 144.
Moler, P.E. 1992. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Volume III. Amphibians and Reptiles. University Press, Gainesville, FL.
Rodgers, J.A., H.W. Kales, and H.T. Smith. 1996. Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida. Volume V. Birds. University Press, Gainesville, FL.
Sibley, D.A. 2000. The Sibley Guide to Birds. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY. p. 231.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1999. South Florida multi-species recovery plan. Atlanta, Georgia. 2172 pp.

Tables
Table 1. Mammals

Common name (Scientific name)

US FWS

FWC
FCREPA
Habitat
Counties

Bat, big brown (Eptesicus fuscus fuscus)

SU
open habitats, buildings, trees
Charlotte, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Bat, Brazilian free-tailed (Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala)

SU
various, buildings
Regionwide

Bat, Florida mastiff (Eumops glaucinus floridanus)

E
T
buildings, tree cavities
Broward, Dade, Charlotte

Bat, northern yellow (Lasiurus intermedius floridanus)

SU
Spanish moss
Regionwide

Bat, southeastern brown (Myotis austropriparius)

SU
caves, buildings, trees
Sarasota

Bear, Florida black (Ursus americanus floridanus)

T
T
hardwood swamp, dense thickets, various communities
Broward, Collier, Dade, Glades, Hendry, Highlands, Lee, Martin

Deer, key (Odocoileus virginianus clavium)¹

E

E

E

pine flatwoods, pine rocklands, hardwood hammocks, buttonwood wetlands, mangrove wetlands, freshwater wetlands

Monroe

Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus)

E

E

E

marine-fresh water

Regionwide

Mink (Mustela vison mink=evergladensis)

T

R

shallow wetlands, marshes

Collier, Monroe, Dade

Mouse, Florida (Podomys floridanus)

SSC

T

scrub, sandhill communities

Broward, Dade, Hardee, Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Mouse, Key Largo cotton (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola)

E
E
E
tropical hardwood forests, Salicornia coastal strands

Monroe

Mouse, southeastern beach (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris)

T
T
T
primary coastal dunes

Broward, Dade, Indian River, Martin, Palm Beach, St. Lucie

Muskrat, round-tailed (Neofiber alleni)

SSC
freshwater marshes, wet prairies

Regionwide

Panther, Florida (Puma concolor coryi)

E

E

E

swamp, hardwood hammock, pine flatwoods
Palm Beach, Broward, Dade, Collier, Hendry, Glades

Rabbit, Lower Keys marsh (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri)

E

E

E

saltmarsh, fresh water areas along hammocks and pine flatwoods
Monroe

Rice rat, Sanibel Island (Oryzomys palustris sanibeli)

SSC

marshes
Lee

Rice rat, silver (Oryzomys palustris natator)¹
E
E
R
freshwater marshes, sal marsh, mangrove fringe on 12 islands in the Lower Keys: Little Pine, Howe, Water, Middle Torch, Summerlands, Raccoon, Johnston, Cudjoe, Upper Sugarloaf, Lower Sugarloaf, and Saddlebunch
Monroe

Shrew, Sherman's short-tailed (Blarina carolinensis shermani)

SSC
SU
grassy ditches
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, DeSoto, Glades, Hendry, Highlands, Lee, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota

Squirrel, Big Cypress fox (Sciurus niger avicennia)

T
T
various including cypress swamp, pine flatwoods
Broward, Collier, Dade, Glades, Hendry, Lee, Monroe, Palm Beach

Squirrel, Sherman's fox (Sciurus niger shermani)

SSC
T
pine flatwoods, sandhill communities
Broward, Dade, Glades, Hardee, Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, St. Lucie

Weasel, Florida (Mustela frenata peninsulae)

R

various habitats

Charlotte, Collier, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Okeechobee, Osceola, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Woodrat, Key Largo (Neotoma floridana smalli)

E
E
E
tropical hardwood hammock
Monroe

¹Though this species may be present in other areas, the listing is applicable to the Lower Keys population only. Key: FWC=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; USFWS=United States Fish & Wildlife Service; FCREPA=Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. E=Endangered; T=Threatened; T(S/A)=Threatened/Similarity of appearance; T(E/P)=Threatened/Experimental Population; C=Commercially Exploited; R=Rare; SSC=Species of Special Concern; SU=Status Undetermined; ?=Tentative Rank.

Table 2. Birds (*breeds in these counties only)

Common name (Scientific name)
US FWS

FWC
FCREPA
Habitat
Breeds in S. Fla.?

Counties

Avocet, American (Recurvirostra americana)

SSC
marshes, mud flats, estuaries, lakes, and ponds
N
Regionwide

Bittern, least (Ixobrychus exilis)

SSC
fresh and brackish wetlands
Y
Regionwide

Bunting, painted (Passerina ciris)

SU
open areas with scattered brush and trees
N
Regionwide

Caracara, crested (Caracara plancus)
T
T
T
dry or wet prairies with scattered cabbage palms (Sabal palmetto) or with lightly wooded areas, improved or semi-improved pastures

Y
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Crane, Florida sandhill (Grus canadensis pratensis)

T
T
pastures, prairies, and emergent wetlands
Y
Regionwide

Cuckoo, mangrove (Coccyzus minor)

R
tropical woodland
Y
Charlotte*, Collier*, Dade*, Indian River, Lee*, Monroe*, Palm Beach

Eagle, southern bald (Haliaeetus leucocephalus leucocephalus)

T
T
T
pine flatwoods, hardwood swamps, open water/upland interfaces
Y
Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Egret, great (Casmerodias albus)

SSC
coastal lines, various wetlands, marshes
Y
Regionwide

Egret, reddish (Egretta rufescens)

SSC
R
coastal strand, mangrove keys
Y
Broward, Charlotte*, Collier*, Dade*, Indian River*, Lee*, Martin, Monroe*, Palm Beach, Sarasota*, St. Lucie

Egret, snowy (Egretta thula)

SSC
SSC
coastal and inland wetlands
Y
Regionwide

Falcon, peregrine (Falco peregrinus)

E
coastal strand, marshes, fields
N
Regionwide

Frigatebird, magnificent (Fregata magnificens)

T
coastal strand
N
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Hawk, Cooper's (Accipiter cooperii)

SSC
various, broad-leafed, coniferous, or mixed forests
Y
Charlotte, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Polk, St. Lucie

Hawk, short-tailed (Buteo brachyurus)

R
mixed woodland and savanna
Y
Regionwide

Heron, great white (Ardea herodias occidentalis)

SSC
coastal and estuarine habitats
Y
Regionwide (Monroe*, Dade*, Collier*)

Heron, little blue (Egretta caerulea)

SSC

SSC
shallow freshwater, brackish, and saltwater habitats
Y
Regionwide

Heron, tricolored (Egretta tricolor)

SSC
SSC
mangrove islands, freshwater willow thickets
Y
Regionwide

Ibis, glossy (Plegadis falcinellus)

SSC
freshwater wetlands
N
Regionwide

Ibis, white (Eudocimus albus)

SSC
SSC
freshwater, brackish, and saline environments
Y
Regionwide

Jay, Florida scrub (Aphelocoma coerulescens)

T

T

T

ancient dune ecosystem or scrub areas

Y

Charlotte, Collier, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Kestrel, southeastern American (Falco sparverius paulus)

T

T

pine flatwoods

Y

Charlotte, Dade, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Lee, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Kite, American swallow-tailed (Elanoides forficatus)

T
swamp and floodplain forests
Y
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Lee, Monroe, Okeechobee, Osceola, Polk, Sarasota

Kite, Florida snail (Rostrhamus sociabilis plumbeus)

E
E
E
freshwater marsh and shallow vegetated edges of lakes where apple snails can be found, marsh/open water interface
Y

Broward, Collier, Dade, Glades, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk

Kite, white-tailed (Elanus leucurus)

R
grasslands
Y
Broward, Dade

Limpkin (Aramus guarauna)

SSC
SSC
freshwater wetlands
Y
Regionwide

Merlin (Falco columbarius)

SSC
shorelines, mudflats, marshes, open parkland, pastures, scrubby flatwoods
N
Regionwide

Nighthawk, Antillean (Chordeiles gundlachii)

R
open areas
Y
Broward, Dade*, Monroe*

Night-heron, black-crowned (Nyctanasa violacea)

SSC
freshwater and marine-estuarine wetlands
Y
Regionwide

Night-heron, yellow-crowned (Nyctanasa violacea)

SSC
wetland habitats
Y
Regionwide

Osprey (Pandion haliaetus)

SSC
T
marshes, swamps, open water
Y
Regionwide

Owl, Florida burrowing (Speotyto cunicularia floridana)

SSC
SSC
open, treeless areas, dry prairies
Y
Regionwide

Oystercatcher, American (Haematopus palliatus)

SSC
T
coastal strand
Y
Charlotte*, Collier, Indian River*, Lee*, Martin, Palm Beach*, Sarasota, St. Lucie*

Pelican, eastern brown (Pelecanus occidentalis carolinensis)

SSC
T
coastal strand
Y
Broward, Charlotte*, Collier*, Dade, Indian River*, Lee*, Martin*, Monroe*, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie*

Pigeon, white-crowned (Columba leucocephala)

T
T
mangrove keys, tropical hardwood hammocks
Y
Broward, Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach, St. Lucie

Plover, Cuban snowy (Charadrius alexandrinus tenuirostris)

E
coastal strand
Y
Charlotte, Collier, Lee, Sarasota

Plover, piping (Charadrius melodus)

T
T
E
beaches, mudflats, saltflats, barrier islands beaches, spoil islands

N
Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Plover, Wilson's (Charadrius wilsonia)

SSC
coastal strand
Y
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Rail, black (Laterallus jamaicensis)

R
tidal marshes
N
Regionwide

Redstart, American (Setophaga ruticilla)

R
mature deciduous forests
N
Regionwide

Skimmer, Black (Rynchops niger)

SSC
SSC
estuaries and coastlines
Y
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Palm Beach, St. Lucie

Sparrow, Cape Sable seaside (Ammodramus maritimus mirabilis)

E
E
E
mixed marl prairie community often including muhly grass

Y
Dade, Monroe

Sparrow, Florida grasshopper (Ammodramus savannarum floridanus)

E
E
treeless, relatively poorly-drained grasslands
Y

Charlotte, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Okeechobee, Osceola, Polk

Spoonbill, roseate (Ajaia ajaja)

SSC
R
coastal strand, marshes, slough
Y
Regionwide

Stork, wood (Myceteria americana)

E
E
E
various marsh and swamp communities
Y
Regionwide

Swallow, West Indian cave (Hirundo fulva fulva)

R
nests under highway bridges that cross canals
Y
Dade

Tern, Caspian (Sterna caspia)

SSC
coastal strand
N
Regionwide; Charlotte*

Tern, gull-billed (Sterna nilotica)

SU
coastal strand
Y
Palm Beach, Polk

Tern, least (Sterna antillarum)

T
T
coastal strand
Y
Palm Beach, Polk

Tern, roseate (Sterna dougallii)

T
T
T
coastal strand
Y
Monroe

Tern, royal (Sterna maxima)

SSC
coastal strand, islands, freshwater marshes

Y

Regionwide

Tern, sandwich* (Sterna sandivicensis)

SSC
coastal strand
N
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Vireo, black-whiskered (Vireo altiloquus)

R
coastal mangrove swamps, hardwood areas
Y
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Warbler, Cuban yellow (Dendroica petechia gundlachi)

R

red and black mangrove forests

Y

Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Monroe

Warbler, Florida prairie (Dendroica discolor paludicola)

SU
brush and thicket habitats, dry scrub, and low pine-juniper woodlands
Y
Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Warbler, Kirtland's (Dendroica kirtlandii)

E
E
E
jack pine forests
N
Collier, Dade, Martin, Palm Beach, St. Lucie

Woodpecker, hairy (Picoides villous)

SSC
variety of forested areas
Y
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Woodpecker, red-cockaded (Picoides borealis)

E
T
E
mature pine forests or pine dominated pine/hardwood stands with low or sparse understory

Y

Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Glades, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, St. Lucie

¹Though this species may be present in other areas, the listing is applicable to the Lower Keys population only. Key: FWC=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; USFWS=United States Fish & Wildlife Service; FCREPA=Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. E=Endangered; T=Threatened; T(S/A)=Threatened/Similarity of appearance; T(E/P)=Threatened/Experimental Population; C=Commercially Exploited; R=Rare; SSC=Species of Special Concern; SU=Status Undetermined; ?=Tentative Rank.

Table 3. Amphibians

Common name (Scientific name)

US FWS

FWC
FCREPA

Habitat

Counties

Frog, Florida gopher (Rana capito)

SSC
T
various pine communities, ponds, lakes
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Newt, Striped (Notophthalmus perstriatus)

R

isolated sinkholes, cypress ponds, and bay ponds

Polk

Key: FWC=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; USFWS=United States Fish & Wildlife Service; FCREPA=Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. E=Endangered; T=Threatened; T(S/A)=Threatened/Similarity of Appearance; T(E/P) =Threatened/ Experimental Population; C=Commercially Exploited; R=Rare; SSC=Species of Special Concern; SU=Status Undetermined;?=Tentative Rank.

Table 4. Reptiles

Common name (Scientific name)
US FWS

FWC
FCREPA
Habitat
Counties

Alligator, American (Alligator mississippiensis)
T (S/A)

SSC

swamps, lakes, rivers, marshes
Regionwide

Crocodile, American (Crocodylus acutus)

E

E

E

estuarine mangrove-lined, low-energy bays, creeks, and inland swamps

Broward, Dade, Monroe, Collier, Lee

Lizard, Florida scrub (Sceloporus woodi)

T

scrub, sandhill communities

Broward, Collier, Dade, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Palm Beach, Polk, St. Lucie

Skink, Bluetail Mole (Eumeces egregius)

E
T
T
rosemary and oak-dominated scrub, turkey oak barrens, high pine, and xeric hammocks
Highlands, Polk

Skink, Florida Keys mole (Eumeces egregius egregius)

SSC
SSC
coastal strand
Monroe

Skink, Sand (Neoseps reynoldsi)

T
T
T
xeric uplands with sandy substrates, especially ecotonal areas between high pine scrub
Highlands, Polk

Snake, Atlantic Salt Marsh (Nerodia clarkii taeniata)

E
T
T
brackish, tidal marshes
Indian River

Snake, Big Pine Key ringneck (Diadophis punctatus acricus)

T
T
pine scrub, edge of hardwood hammocks
Monroe

Snake, eastern indigo (Drymarchon corais couperi)

T
T
SSC
natural vegetation
Regionwide

Snake, Florida brown (Lower Keys population) (Storeria dekayi victa)¹

T
T
pine forests, hardwood hammocks
Monroe

Snake, Florida pine (Pituophis melanoleucus mugitus)

SSC
SU
scrub, pine flatwoods, sandhill communities
Broward, Charlotte, Dade, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Snake, Florida ribbon (Thamnophis sauritus sackeni)¹

T
T
mangrove and spartina habitats
Monroe

Snake, red rat (Elaphe guttata guttata)¹

SSC
SSC
pine woods, mangrove forest
Monroe

Snake, rim rock crowned (Tantilla oolitica)

T
T
pine flatwoods, tropical hammock
Monroe, Dade

Snake, short-tailed (Stilosoma extenuatum)

E
C2
T
longleaf pine-turkey oak stands
Highlands, Osceola, Polk

Snake, south Florida rainbow (Farancia erytrogramma seminola)

SU
aquatic
Glades

Terrapin, mangrove (Malaclemys terrapin rhizophorarum)

R
mangrove forests
Monroe

Tortoise, gopher (Gopherus polyphemus)

SSC

T

sandhill communities, scrub, coastal strand, pine flatwoods

Broward

Turtle, Atlantic ridley (Lepidochelys kempii)

E
E
E
marine
Charlotte, Collier, Lee, Monroe, Sarasota

Turtle, green (Chelonia mydas)

E/T

E

E

high-energy oceanic beaches, convergence zones in the pelagic habitat, and benthic feeding ground in shallow waters
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Turtle, hawksbill (Eretmochelys imbricata)

E
E
E
coral reefs, marine
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Turtle, leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea)

E
E
R
coastal strand, marine
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, St. Lucie

Turtle, loggerhead sea (Caretta caretta)

T
T
T
marine, coastal strand
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Turtle, spotted (Clemmys guttata)

R

woodland ponds, streams, sloughs
Osceola, Polk

Turtle, striped mud (Kinosternon baurii)¹

E
E
freshwater ponds, marshes
Monroe

¹Though this species may be present in other areas, the listing is applicable to the Lower Keys population only. Key: FWC=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; USFWS=United States Fish & Wildlife Service; FCREPA=Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. E=Endangered; T=Threatened; T(S/A)=Threatened/Similarity of Appearance; T(E/P)=Threatened/Experimental Population; C=Commercially Exploited; R=Rare; SSC=Species of Special Concern; SU=Status Undetermined; ?=Tentative Rank.

Table 5. Fishes

Common name (Scientific name)
US FWS

FWC
FCREPA
Habitat
Counties

Croaker, striped (Bairdiella sanctaeluciae)

SSC
marine, rock-reef habitats
Martin, Palm Beach, St. Lucie, Indian River

Gambusia, mangrove (Gambusia rhizophorae)

SSC
brackish and salt water around mangrove roots
Dade, Monroe

Goby, river (Awaous tajasica)

T
tributaries to the Indian River Lagoon

Indian River

Goby, slashcheek (Gobionellus pseudofaciatus)

T
tributaries to the Indian River Lagoon
Indian River

Goby, spottail (Gobionellus stigmaturus)

SSC
marine, shallow tidal areas
Martin, Dade, Monroe, St. Lucie

Mullet, mountain (Agonostomus monticola)

R
coastal, marine
Dade, Indian River

Pipefish, opossum (Microphis brachyurus lineatus)

T
freshwater, marshes
Dade, Broward, Palm Beach, Martin

Pupfish, Lake Eustis (Cyprinodon variegatus hubbsi)

SSC
SSC
freshwater ditches, shallow tidal pools
Martin, Palm Beach, Dade, Monroe, Collier, Lee, Charlotte, Hendry, Sarasota, St. Lucie, Indian River, Glades, Okeechobee

Rivulus, mangrove (Rivulus marmoratus)

SSC
SSC
mangrove swamps, saltmarsh areas
Dade, Monroe, Collier, Indian River

Silverside, Key (Menidia conchorum)

T
SSC
marine, shallow bays
Monroe

Sleeper, bigmouth (Gobiomorus dormitor)

T
flowing fresh water
Broward, Dade, Indian River, Martin, Palm Beach, St. Lucie

Sturgeon, Atlantic (Acipenser oxyrinchus)

SSC
T
marine, rivers
Martin

Key: FWC=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; USFWS=United States Fish & Wildlife Service; FCREPA=Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. E=Endangered; T=Threatened; T(S/A)=Threatened/Similarity of Appearance; T(E/P)=Threatened/Experimental Population; C=Commercially Exploited; R=Rare; SSC=Species of Special Concern; SU=Status Undetermined; ?=Tentative Rank.

Table 6. Invertebrates

Common name (Scientific name)

US
FWS

FWC
FCREPA
Habitat
Counties

Amphipod, Florida cave (Crangonyx grandimanus)

SSC
groundwater habitats in caves, wells, spring caves
Dade

Amphipod, Hobbes cave (Crangonyx hobbsi)

SSC
groundwater habitats in caves
Dade

Ant, desert snapping (Odontomachus clarus)

R
scrub and sandhill habitats
Highlands, Polk

Ant, elegant cone (Dorymyrex elegans)

R
sand pine scrub
Highlands, Polk

Ant, Jamaican fungus (Trachymyrmex jamaicensis)

R
tropical hardwood hammocks
Broward, Monroe

Ant, Lake Wales ridge velvet (Dasymutilla archboldi)

R
sand pine scrub
Highlands, Osceola, Polk

Ant, nocturnal scrub velvet (Photomorphus archboldi)

SU
sand pine scrub
Highlands

Ant, yellow-chested cone (Dorymyrex flavopectus)

SU
pine scrub
Highlands, Polk

Bee, eastern caupolicana bee (Caupolicana electa)

R

sand pine scrub

Dade, Highlands

Beetle, Alachua triplax (Triplax alachuae)

R
scrub and sandhill habitats
Highlands

Beetle, Archbold cebrionid (Selondon sp. 1)

R
sand pine scrub
Highlands

Beetle, bicolored burrowing scarab (Bolbocerasoma hamatum)

SU
unknown
Dade, Glades, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk

Beetle, Big Pine Key ataenius (Ataenius superficialis)

SU
unknown, pine rocklands

Monroe

Beetle, cabbage palm longhorn (Osmopleura chamaeropis)

SU
pine-palmetto woodlands
Dade, Glade

Beetle, Cape Sable longhorn (Heterachthes sablensis)

T
coastal mangrove forests
Dade, Monroe

Beetle, caracara trox (Trox howelli)

T
T
prairies with scattered pines and cabbage palms
Osceola

Beetle, Chevrolat's stenodontes (Stenodontes chevrolati)

T
tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade, Monroe

Beetle, darkling tritoma (Tritoma tenebrosa)

SU
unknown
Lee, Osceola, Polk

Beetle, delicate silky June (Serica delicatula)

SU
SU
unknown
Highlands, Polk

Beetle, Delong's aneflomorpha (Aneflomorpha delongi)

T
unknown
Collier, Dade, Highlands

Beetle, diurnal scrub June (Phyllophaga okeechobea)

SU
R
sand pine scrub
Highlands, Okeechobee, Polk

Beetle, elizoria June (Phyllophaga elizoria)

R
sand pine scrub
Highlands, Okeechobee, Palm Beach, Polk

Beetle, elongate June (Phyllophaga elongata)

R
sand pine scrub
Broward, Dade, Highlands, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota

Beetle, Florida cebrionid (Selondon sp. 5)

SU
unknown, probably sandy uplands
Osceola, Polk

Beetle, Florida coast scarab (Ataenius rudellus)

SU
coastal hammocks
Charlotte, Dade, Lee, Monroe

Beetle, Florida deepdigger scarab (Peltotrupes profundus)

SSC
scrub and sandhill habitats
Highlands, Martin, Osceola, Polk

Beetle, Florida forestiera borer (Nesostizocera floridana)

E
coastal thickets
Lee, Collier

Beetle, Florida hyptrichia (Hypotrichia spissipes)

SSC
sand pine scrub and sandhills
Highlands, Polk

Beetle, Florida pseudischyrus (Pseudischyrus nigrans)

SU
sandy uplands
Collier, Dade, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Palm Beach, St. Lucie

Beetle, Florida scrub tiger (Cicindela scabrosa)

R
scrub habitats
Broward, Dade, Highlands, Lee, Polk

Beetle, fox squirrel scarab (Ataenius sciurus)

T
open areas with large trees
Dade, Highlands

Beetle, Frost's silky June (Serica frosti)

SU
R
sand pine scrub
Highlands

Beetle, gopher tortoise aphodius (Aphodius troglodytes)

T
sandy uplands
Dade, Highlands, Palm Beach

Beetle, gopher tortoise copris (Copris gopheri)

T
sandy uplands
Highlands, Palm Beach

Beetle, gopher tortoise hister (Chelyoxenus xerobatis)

T
sandy uplands
Dade, Highlands, Palm Beach

Beetle, gopher tortoise onthophagus (Onthophagus polyphemi)

T
sandy uplands
Dade, Palm Beach

Beetle, handsome flower scarab (Rutela formosa)

SU
tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade, Monroe

Beetle, Havana ataenius (Ataenius havanensis)

R
unknown
Monroe

Beetle, Highlands tiger (Cincindela highlandensis)

T
open sandy areas in high, well-drained dunes
Highlands, Polk

Beetle, Horn's aethecerinus (Aethecerinus hornii)

SU
xeric habitats
Highlands, Lee, Martin, Polk

Beetle, Howden's Copris (Copris howdeni)

T
R
unknown
Highlands, Monroe, Okeechobee, Polk

Beetle, Keys green June (Cotinis new sp.)

R
open areas near hardwood hammocks
Monroe

Beetle, large-jawed cebrionid (Selondon mandibularis)

SU
unknown, probably sandy uplands
Hardee Highlands, Sarasota

Beetle, little silky June (Serica tantula)

SU
unknown
Palm Beach

Beetle, Miami chafer (Cyclocephala miamiensis)

SU
unknown
Dade, Monroe

Beetle, pygmy anomala (Anomala exigua)

SU
R
unknown
Polk

Beetle, Robinson's anomala (Anomala robinsoni)

SU
unknown
Dade

Beetle, round-necked romulus (Romulus globosus)

E
unknown, presumably scrub areas
Dade, Highlands

Beetle, sand pine scrub ataenius (Ataenius saramari)

SU
sand pine scrub
Highlands, Martin, Osceola, St. Lucie

Beetle, sandyland onthophagus (Onthophagus aciculatulus)

SU
scrub habitats
Highlands, Polk

Beetle, scaly anteater scarab (Cremastocheilus squamulosus)

SU
unknown
Palm Beach

Beetle, scrub anomala (Anomala eximia)

SU
R
sand pine scrub
Highlands

Beetle, scrub ischyrus (Ischyrus dunedinensis)

R
scrub species
Broward, Highlands, Indian River

Beetle, shining ball scarab (Ceratocanthus aenueus)

SU
forested areas

Highlands

Beetle, small pocket gopher scarab (Aphodius aegrotus)

SSC
sandy uplands, sandhills
Highlands

Beetle, southern Lakes Wales Ridge June (Phyllophaga panorpa)

SU
R
sand pine scrub
Highlands, Polk

Beetle, southwest Florida mycotrupes (Mycotrupes pedester)

T
deep sand ridges
Charlotte, DeSoto, Lee

Beetle, Strohecker's ataenius (Ataenius stroheckeri)

SU
unknown

Dade

Beetle, Strohecker's eburia (Eburia stroheckeri)

T
tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade, Monroe

Beetle, white-spotted longhorn (Linsleyonides albomaculatuds)

T
tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade, Monroe

Beetle, yellow-banded typocerus (Typocerus flavocinctus)

SU
pine flatwoods
Charlotte, Highlands, Sarasota

Butterfly, arogos skipper (Atrytone arogos arogos)

R
pine flatwoods and sandhills
Martin, Osceola, Sarasota

Butterfly, atala (Eumaeus atala florida)

SSC
tropical hardwood hammocks and pinelands
Broward, Dade

Butterfly, Baham swallowtail (Papilio andraemon bonhotei)

E
tropical hardwood hammocks
Broward, Dade, Monroe

Butterfly, Bartram's hairstreak (Strymon acis bartrami)

T
tropical pinelands
Dade, Monroe

Buttefly, Berry's skipper (Euphyes berryi)

R
wet prairies, marshes, and savannas
Collier, Dade

Butterfly, bush sulphur (Eurema dina helios)

SSC
tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade

Butterfly, Caribbean duskywing (Erynnis zarucco)¹

R
weed lots and disturbed sites
Monroe

Butterfly, dingy purplewing (Eunica monima)

SSC
tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade, Monroe

Butterfly, Florida duskywing (Ephyriades brunneus floridensis)

SSC
tropical pinelands
Dade, Monroe

Butterfly, Florida leafwing (Anaea troglodyta floridalis)

T
tropical pinelands

Dade, Monroe

Butterfly, Florida purplewing (Eunica tatila tatilista)

SSC
tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade, Monroe

Butterfly, Florida statira sulphur (Aphrissa statira floridensis)

SSC
coastal habitats
Broward, Collier, Dade, Lee, Palm Beach, Sarasota

Butterfly, Florida white (Appias drusilla neumoegenii)

SSC
tropical hardwood hammocks
Broward, Collier, Dade, Lee, Palm Beach, Sarasota

Butterfly, Guayacan sulphur (Kricogonia lyside)

SSC
tropical hardwood hammocks
Monroe

Butterfly, Jamaican sulphur (Eurema nise nise)

SSC
tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade, Monroe

Butterfly, Klot's skipper (Euphyes pilatka klotsi)

T
tropical pinelands and sawgrass marshes
Monroe

Butterfly, least Florida skipper (Amblyscirtes alternata)

R
pine flatwoods and sandhill ridges
Dade, Martin

Butterfly, Maesites hairstreak (Chlorostrymon maesites)

T
tropical hardwood hammocks
Monroe

Butterfly, mangrove buckeye (Junonia evarete)

SSC
mangroves and salt marshes
Broward, Collier, Dade, Lee, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota

Butterfly, mangrove skipper (Phocides pigmalion okeechobee)

SSC
mangrove forests and salt marshes
Broward, Collier, Dade, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota

Butterfly, martial hairstreak (Strymon martialis)

R
beaches, salt marshes, tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade, Monroe

Butterfly, Miami blue (Hemiargus thomasi bethunebakeri)

SSC
tropical hardwood hammocks
Collier, Dade, Lee, Monroe

Butterfly, rockland grass skipper (Hesperia meskei)

T
grassy tropical pinelands
Monroe

Butterfly, Schaus swallowtail (Papilio aristodemus ponceanus)

E
E
E
tropical hardwood hammocks
Dade

Butterfly, southern dusted skipper (Atrytonopsis hianna loammi)

R
pine flatwoods
Charlotte, Highlands, Lee, Martin, Sarasota

Butterfly, Zestos skipper (Epargyreus zestos zestos)

SSC
tropical hardwood hammocks
Monroe

Caddisfly, Florida cream and brown mottled microcaddisfly (Oxyethira (Dampfitrichia) florida)

T
unknown
Dade, DeSoto

Caddisfly, Florida long-horn sedge (Oecetis floridana)

SU
unknown
Dade

Caddisfly, Florida scaly wing sedge (Ceraclea floridana)

SU
freshwater
Dade

Caddisfly, king's cream and brown mottled microcaddisfly (Oxyethira (Dactylotrichia) kingi)

T
unknown
Dade

Caddisfly, little long-horn sedge (Oecetis parva)

SU
unknown, possibly Tohopekaliga Lake
Osceola

Caddisfly, little meadow long-horn sedge (Oecetis pratelia)

T
unknown
Glades, Hendry

Caddisfly, Llogan's varicolored microcaddisfly (Hydroptila lloganae)

R
unknown, probably running water habitats including seeps
Highlands

Caddisfly, Porter's long-horn sedge (Oecetis porteri)

T
unknown
Dade

Caddisfly, short orthotrichian microcaddisfly (Orthotrichia curta)

R
R
blackwater streams
Highlands

Caddisfly, Tavares white Miller (Nectopsyche tavara)

R
unpolluted mesotrophic lakes
Highlands

Cockroach, Florida sand (Arenivaga floridensis)

R
sandhill communities and scrub habitats
Highlands, Polk

Coral, brain (Agaricia agaricites; Siderastrea siderea; Diploria clivosa, D. labyrinthiformis, D. strigosa;Colpophyllia natans; Manicina areolata; Montastrea annularis, M. cavernosa; Meandrina meandrites)

T
moderate to deep water
Palm Beach, Dade, Broward, Monroe

Coral, elkhorn (Acropora palmata)

E
offshore reefs
Monroe

Coral, flower (Eusmilia fastigiata)

E
3 m to 40 m depths
Broward, Dade, Monroe

Coral, pillar (Dendrogyra cylindrus)

E
E
horizontal plains or gentle slopes in reefs
Monroe

Coral, staghorn (Acropora cervicornis and A. prolifera)

E
reef crests down to fore reef slopes
Monroe

Crab, Benedict's wharf (Sesarma=Holometopus benedicti)

SU
banks of brackish streams or nearly fresh water
Monroe

Crab, mangrove (Goniopsis cruentata)

T
muddy areas adjacent to estuarine environments
Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie

Crayfish, Miami cave (Procambarus= Leconticambarus milleri)

R
Biscayne Aquifer
Dade

Cricket, Keys scaly (Cycloptilum irregularis)

T
tropical hammocks
Monroe

Dragonfly, Everglades sprite (Nahalennia pallidula)

SSC
marshy ponds and slow streams
Dade, Glades, Polk

Dragonfly, maidencane cruiser (Didymops floridensis)

SSC
SSC
sand-bottomed lakes
Highlands, Polk

Dragonfly, purple skimmer (Libellula jesseana)

T
clear-water, sand-bottomed lakes
Palm Beach

Dragonfly, sandhill clubtail (Gomphus cavillaris)

SSC
SSC
sand-bottomed lakes
Highlands, Polk

Dragonfly, taper-tailed darner (Gomphaeschna antilope)

R
bald cypress swamps
Collier, Highlands

Dragonfly, tawny sanddragon (Progomphus alachuensis)

SSC
clear sand-bottomed lakes
DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Highlands, Polk, Sarasota

Fly, black-bearded neomomydas (Neomomydas melanopogon)

SU
scrub with open bare sand
Highlands, Osceola

Fly, Florida asaphomyian tabanid (Asaphomyia floridensis)

R
scrub habitats
Highlands

Fly, tortoise burrow anthomyiid (Eutrichota gopheri)

SSC
gopher tortoise burrows
Highlands

Fly, tortoise burrow dance (Drapetis sp., Crossopalus sp.)

SSC
gopher tortoise burrows
Highlands

Grasshopper, Big Pine Key conehead (Belocephalus micanopy)

T
pine woods
Highlands, Polk

Grasshopeer, broad cercus scrub (Melanoplus forcipatus)

SU
sand pine scrub with scrub oaks
Highlands, Polk

Grasshopper, east coast scrub (Melanoplus indicifer)

R
scrub habitats
Indian River, Martin, Palm Beach, St. Lucie

Grasshopper, Keys short-winged conehead (Belocephalus sleighti)

T
pine woods, open areas
Monroe

Grasshopper, rosemary (Schistocerca ceratiola)

SSC
scrub and sandhill habitats
Highlands, Martin, Polk

Millipede, Florida scrub (Floridobolus penneri)

R
open sand pine scrub habitats
Highlands, Polk

Mosquito, Antillean psorophora (Psorophora=Janthinosoma johstonii)

R
rain-filled depressions
Monroe

Mosquito, Bahamian culex (Culex bahamensis)

T
temporary rain pools
Broward, Dade, Monroe

Mosquito, Central American malaria (Anopheles= Nyssorhynchus albinmanus)

E
standing water
Monroe

Mosquito, Keys ochlerotatus (Aedes=Ochlerotatus thelcter)

R
rain pool depressions
Monroe

Mosquito, Mulrennan's culex (Culex=Melanoconion mulrennani)

T
wells, shallow depressions
Monroe

Scorpion, dusky-handed tailless whip (Paraphrynus raptator)

E
privies, old cisterns, under debris
Monroe

Sea fans (Gorgonia ventalina, G. flabellum)

T
shallow coral reef
Monroe

Snail, banded tree (Orthalicus floridensis)

SSC
native hammocks, landscaped suburban settings
Monroe, Dade

Snail, Florida Keys tree (Orthalicus reses nesodryas)

T
native hammock trees
Monroe

Snail, Florida tree (Liguus fasciatus Mller)

SSC
SSC
native hammock trees
Broward, Collier, Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach

Snail, ridge scrubsnail (Praticolella bakeri)

T
scrub habitats
Highlands, Polk

Snail, Stock Island tree (Orthalicus reses reses)

T
E
E
native hammock trees
Monroe

Spider, Eleuthera orb weaver (Eustala eleuthra)

T
uncertain, probably tropical hardwood hammocks
Monroe

Spider, Keys cesonia (Cesonia irvingi)

T
unknown

Monroe

Spider, Lake Placid funnel wolf (Sosippus placidus)

E
E
scrub habitats
Highlands, Polk

Spider, McCrone's burrowing wolf (Geolycosa xera)

T
R
sand hills and sand pine scrub habitats
Highlands, Polk

Spider, red widow (Latrodectus bishopi)

SSC
scrub palmettoes in scrub habitat
Martin, Palm Beach

Spider, workman's jumping (Phidippus workmani)

R
sand pine scrub habitats
Highlands

¹Though this species may be present in other areas, the listing is applicable to the Lower Keys population only. Key: FWC=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; USFWS=United States Fish & Wildlife Service; FCREPA=Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. E=Endangered; T=Threatened; T(S/A)=Threatened/Similarity ofAppearance; T(E/P)=Threatened/Experimental Population; C=Commercially Exploited; R=Rare; SSC=Species of Special Concern; SU=Status Undetermined; ?=Tentative Rank.

Footnotes
1. This document is Circular 1427, formerly SS-WIS-07, one of a series of the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published: December, 1990, as SS-WIS-07 "South Florida Wildlife in Danger of Extinction". Revised: March, 1999. Major Revisions: November, 2002. Please visit the Edis Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
2. Frank J. Mazzotti, Associate Professor; Mary E. Hudson Kelley, former Biological Scientist; Liz McKercher, Wildlife Research Assistant; and Jocie A. Graham, Biological Scientist; Wildlife Ecology and Conservation Department, University of Florida, Ft. Lauderdale REC, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33314, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.

Copyright Information
This document is copyrighted by the University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (UF/IFAS) for the people of the State of Florida. UF/IFAS retains all rights under all conventions, but permits free reproduction by all agents and offices of the Cooperative Extension Service and the people of the State of Florida. Permission is granted to others to use these materials in part or in full for educational purposes, provided that full credit is given to the UF/IFAS, citing the publication, its source, and date of publication.

Common name (Scientific name)	US FWS	FWC	FCREPA	Habitat	Counties
Bat, big brown (Eptesicus fuscus fuscus)			SU	open habitats, buildings, trees	Charlotte, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie
Bat, Brazilian free-tailed (Tadarida brasiliensis cynocephala)			SU	various, buildings	Regionwide
Bat, Florida mastiff (Eumops glaucinus floridanus)		E	T	buildings, tree cavities	Broward, Dade, Charlotte
Bat, northern yellow (Lasiurus intermedius floridanus)			SU	Spanish moss	Regionwide
Bat, southeastern brown (Myotis austropriparius)			SU	caves, buildings, trees	Sarasota
Bear, Florida black (Ursus americanus floridanus)		T	T	hardwood swamp, dense thickets, various communities	Broward, Collier, Dade, Glades, Hendry, Highlands, Lee, Martin
Deer, key (Odocoileus virginianus clavium)¹	E	E	E	pine flatwoods, pine rocklands, hardwood hammocks, buttonwood wetlands, mangrove wetlands, freshwater wetlands	Monroe
Manatee, West Indian (Trichechus manatus)	E	E	E	marine-fresh water	Regionwide
Mink (Mustela vison mink=evergladensis)		T	R	shallow wetlands, marshes	Collier, Monroe, Dade
Mouse, Florida (Podomys floridanus)		SSC	T	scrub, sandhill communities	Broward, Dade, Hardee, Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie
Mouse, Key Largo cotton (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola)	E	E	E	tropical hardwood forests, Salicornia coastal strands	Monroe
Mouse, southeastern beach (Peromyscus polionotus niveiventris)	T	T	T	primary coastal dunes	Broward, Dade, Indian River, Martin, Palm Beach, St. Lucie
Muskrat, round-tailed (Neofiber alleni)			SSC	freshwater marshes, wet prairies	Regionwide
Panther, Florida (Puma concolor coryi)	E	E	E	swamp, hardwood hammock, pine flatwoods	Palm Beach, Broward, Dade, Collier, Hendry, Glades
Rabbit, Lower Keys marsh (Sylvilagus palustris hefneri)	E	E	E	saltmarsh, fresh water areas along hammocks and pine flatwoods	Monroe
Rice rat, Sanibel Island (Oryzomys palustris sanibeli)		SSC		marshes	Lee
Rice rat, silver (Oryzomys palustris natator)¹	E	E	R	freshwater marshes, sal marsh, mangrove fringe on 12 islands in the Lower Keys: Little Pine, Howe, Water, Middle Torch, Summerlands, Raccoon, Johnston, Cudjoe, Upper Sugarloaf, Lower Sugarloaf, and Saddlebunch	Monroe
Shrew, Sherman's short-tailed (Blarina carolinensis shermani)		SSC	SU	grassy ditches	Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, DeSoto, Glades, Hendry, Highlands, Lee, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota
Squirrel, Big Cypress fox (Sciurus niger avicennia)		T	T	various including cypress swamp, pine flatwoods	Broward, Collier, Dade, Glades, Hendry, Lee, Monroe, Palm Beach
Squirrel, Sherman's fox (Sciurus niger shermani)		SSC	T	pine flatwoods, sandhill communities	Broward, Dade, Glades, Hardee, Highlands, Indian River, Martin, Okeechobee, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk, St. Lucie
Weasel, Florida (Mustela frenata peninsulae)			R	various habitats	Charlotte, Collier, DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Hendry, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Okeechobee, Osceola, Polk, Sarasota, St. Lucie
Woodrat, Key Largo (Neotoma floridana smalli)	E	E	E	tropical hardwood hammock	Monroe
¹Though this species may be present in other areas, the listing is applicable to the Lower Keys population only. Key: FWC=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; USFWS=United States Fish & Wildlife Service; FCREPA=Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. E=Endangered; T=Threatened; T(S/A)=Threatened/Similarity of appearance; T(E/P)=Threatened/Experimental Population; C=Commercially Exploited; R=Rare; SSC=Species of Special Concern; SU=Status Undetermined; ?=Tentative Rank.

Common name (Scientific name)	US FWS	FWC	FCREPA	Habitat	Counties
Amphipod, Florida cave (Crangonyx grandimanus)			SSC	groundwater habitats in caves, wells, spring caves	Dade
Amphipod, Hobbes cave (Crangonyx hobbsi)			SSC	groundwater habitats in caves	Dade
Ant, desert snapping (Odontomachus clarus)			R	scrub and sandhill habitats	Highlands, Polk
Ant, elegant cone (Dorymyrex elegans)			R	sand pine scrub	Highlands, Polk
Ant, Jamaican fungus (Trachymyrmex jamaicensis)			R	tropical hardwood hammocks	Broward, Monroe
Ant, Lake Wales ridge velvet (Dasymutilla archboldi)			R	sand pine scrub	Highlands, Osceola, Polk
Ant, nocturnal scrub velvet (Photomorphus archboldi)			SU	sand pine scrub	Highlands
Ant, yellow-chested cone (Dorymyrex flavopectus)			SU	pine scrub	Highlands, Polk
Bee, eastern caupolicana bee (Caupolicana electa)			R	sand pine scrub	Dade, Highlands
Beetle, Alachua triplax (Triplax alachuae)			R	scrub and sandhill habitats	Highlands
Beetle, Archbold cebrionid (Selondon sp. 1)			R	sand pine scrub	Highlands
Beetle, bicolored burrowing scarab (Bolbocerasoma hamatum)			SU	unknown	Dade, Glades, Osceola, Palm Beach, Polk
Beetle, Big Pine Key ataenius (Ataenius superficialis)			SU	unknown, pine rocklands	Monroe
Beetle, cabbage palm longhorn (Osmopleura chamaeropis)			SU	pine-palmetto woodlands	Dade, Glade
Beetle, Cape Sable longhorn (Heterachthes sablensis)			T	coastal mangrove forests	Dade, Monroe
Beetle, caracara trox (Trox howelli)		T	T	prairies with scattered pines and cabbage palms	Osceola
Beetle, Chevrolat's stenodontes (Stenodontes chevrolati)			T	tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade, Monroe
Beetle, darkling tritoma (Tritoma tenebrosa)			SU	unknown	Lee, Osceola, Polk
Beetle, delicate silky June (Serica delicatula)		SU	SU	unknown	Highlands, Polk
Beetle, Delong's aneflomorpha (Aneflomorpha delongi)			T	unknown	Collier, Dade, Highlands
Beetle, diurnal scrub June (Phyllophaga okeechobea)		SU	R	sand pine scrub	Highlands, Okeechobee, Polk
Beetle, elizoria June (Phyllophaga elizoria)			R	sand pine scrub	Highlands, Okeechobee, Palm Beach, Polk
Beetle, elongate June (Phyllophaga elongata)			R	sand pine scrub	Broward, Dade, Highlands, Palm Beach, Polk, Sarasota
Beetle, Florida cebrionid (Selondon sp. 5)			SU	unknown, probably sandy uplands	Osceola, Polk
Beetle, Florida coast scarab (Ataenius rudellus)			SU	coastal hammocks	Charlotte, Dade, Lee, Monroe
Beetle, Florida deepdigger scarab (Peltotrupes profundus)			SSC	scrub and sandhill habitats	Highlands, Martin, Osceola, Polk
Beetle, Florida forestiera borer (Nesostizocera floridana)			E	coastal thickets	Lee, Collier
Beetle, Florida hyptrichia (Hypotrichia spissipes)			SSC	sand pine scrub and sandhills	Highlands, Polk
Beetle, Florida pseudischyrus (Pseudischyrus nigrans)			SU	sandy uplands	Collier, Dade, Highlands, Indian River, Lee, Palm Beach, St. Lucie
Beetle, Florida scrub tiger (Cicindela scabrosa)			R	scrub habitats	Broward, Dade, Highlands, Lee, Polk
Beetle, fox squirrel scarab (Ataenius sciurus)			T	open areas with large trees	Dade, Highlands
Beetle, Frost's silky June (Serica frosti)		SU	R	sand pine scrub	Highlands
Beetle, gopher tortoise aphodius (Aphodius troglodytes)			T	sandy uplands	Dade, Highlands, Palm Beach
Beetle, gopher tortoise copris (Copris gopheri)			T	sandy uplands	Highlands, Palm Beach
Beetle, gopher tortoise hister (Chelyoxenus xerobatis)			T	sandy uplands	Dade, Highlands, Palm Beach
Beetle, gopher tortoise onthophagus (Onthophagus polyphemi)			T	sandy uplands	Dade, Palm Beach
Beetle, handsome flower scarab (Rutela formosa)			SU	tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade, Monroe
Beetle, Havana ataenius (Ataenius havanensis)			R	unknown	Monroe
Beetle, Highlands tiger (Cincindela highlandensis)			T	open sandy areas in high, well-drained dunes	Highlands, Polk
Beetle, Horn's aethecerinus (Aethecerinus hornii)			SU	xeric habitats	Highlands, Lee, Martin, Polk
Beetle, Howden's Copris (Copris howdeni)		T	R	unknown	Highlands, Monroe, Okeechobee, Polk
Beetle, Keys green June (Cotinis new sp.)			R	open areas near hardwood hammocks	Monroe
Beetle, large-jawed cebrionid (Selondon mandibularis)			SU	unknown, probably sandy uplands	Hardee Highlands, Sarasota
Beetle, little silky June (Serica tantula)			SU	unknown	Palm Beach
Beetle, Miami chafer (Cyclocephala miamiensis)			SU	unknown	Dade, Monroe
Beetle, pygmy anomala (Anomala exigua)		SU	R	unknown	Polk
Beetle, Robinson's anomala (Anomala robinsoni)			SU	unknown	Dade
Beetle, round-necked romulus (Romulus globosus)			E	unknown, presumably scrub areas	Dade, Highlands
Beetle, sand pine scrub ataenius (Ataenius saramari)			SU	sand pine scrub	Highlands, Martin, Osceola, St. Lucie
Beetle, sandyland onthophagus (Onthophagus aciculatulus)			SU	scrub habitats	Highlands, Polk
Beetle, scaly anteater scarab (Cremastocheilus squamulosus)			SU	unknown	Palm Beach
Beetle, scrub anomala (Anomala eximia)		SU	R	sand pine scrub	Highlands
Beetle, scrub ischyrus (Ischyrus dunedinensis)			R	scrub species	Broward, Highlands, Indian River
Beetle, shining ball scarab (Ceratocanthus aenueus)			SU	forested areas	Highlands
Beetle, small pocket gopher scarab (Aphodius aegrotus)			SSC	sandy uplands, sandhills	Highlands
Beetle, southern Lakes Wales Ridge June (Phyllophaga panorpa)		SU	R	sand pine scrub	Highlands, Polk
Beetle, southwest Florida mycotrupes (Mycotrupes pedester)			T	deep sand ridges	Charlotte, DeSoto, Lee
Beetle, Strohecker's ataenius (Ataenius stroheckeri)			SU	unknown	Dade
Beetle, Strohecker's eburia (Eburia stroheckeri)			T	tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade, Monroe
Beetle, white-spotted longhorn (Linsleyonides albomaculatuds)			T	tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade, Monroe
Beetle, yellow-banded typocerus (Typocerus flavocinctus)			SU	pine flatwoods	Charlotte, Highlands, Sarasota
Butterfly, arogos skipper (Atrytone arogos arogos)			R	pine flatwoods and sandhills	Martin, Osceola, Sarasota
Butterfly, atala (Eumaeus atala florida)			SSC	tropical hardwood hammocks and pinelands	Broward, Dade
Butterfly, Baham swallowtail (Papilio andraemon bonhotei)			E	tropical hardwood hammocks	Broward, Dade, Monroe
Butterfly, Bartram's hairstreak (Strymon acis bartrami)			T	tropical pinelands	Dade, Monroe
Buttefly, Berry's skipper (Euphyes berryi)			R	wet prairies, marshes, and savannas	Collier, Dade
Butterfly, bush sulphur (Eurema dina helios)			SSC	tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade
Butterfly, Caribbean duskywing (Erynnis zarucco)¹			R	weed lots and disturbed sites	Monroe
Butterfly, dingy purplewing (Eunica monima)			SSC	tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade, Monroe
Butterfly, Florida duskywing (Ephyriades brunneus floridensis)			SSC	tropical pinelands	Dade, Monroe
Butterfly, Florida leafwing (Anaea troglodyta floridalis)			T	tropical pinelands	Dade, Monroe
Butterfly, Florida purplewing (Eunica tatila tatilista)			SSC	tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade, Monroe
Butterfly, Florida statira sulphur (Aphrissa statira floridensis)			SSC	coastal habitats	Broward, Collier, Dade, Lee, Palm Beach, Sarasota
Butterfly, Florida white (Appias drusilla neumoegenii)			SSC	tropical hardwood hammocks	Broward, Collier, Dade, Lee, Palm Beach, Sarasota
Butterfly, Guayacan sulphur (Kricogonia lyside)			SSC	tropical hardwood hammocks	Monroe
Butterfly, Jamaican sulphur (Eurema nise nise)			SSC	tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade, Monroe
Butterfly, Klot's skipper (Euphyes pilatka klotsi)			T	tropical pinelands and sawgrass marshes	Monroe
Butterfly, least Florida skipper (Amblyscirtes alternata)			R	pine flatwoods and sandhill ridges	Dade, Martin
Butterfly, Maesites hairstreak (Chlorostrymon maesites)			T	tropical hardwood hammocks	Monroe
Butterfly, mangrove buckeye (Junonia evarete)			SSC	mangroves and salt marshes	Broward, Collier, Dade, Lee, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota
Butterfly, mangrove skipper (Phocides pigmalion okeechobee)			SSC	mangrove forests and salt marshes	Broward, Collier, Dade, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota
Butterfly, martial hairstreak (Strymon martialis)			R	beaches, salt marshes, tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade, Monroe
Butterfly, Miami blue (Hemiargus thomasi bethunebakeri)			SSC	tropical hardwood hammocks	Collier, Dade, Lee, Monroe
Butterfly, rockland grass skipper (Hesperia meskei)			T	grassy tropical pinelands	Monroe
Butterfly, Schaus swallowtail (Papilio aristodemus ponceanus)	E	E	E	tropical hardwood hammocks	Dade
Butterfly, southern dusted skipper (Atrytonopsis hianna loammi)			R	pine flatwoods	Charlotte, Highlands, Lee, Martin, Sarasota
Butterfly, Zestos skipper (Epargyreus zestos zestos)			SSC	tropical hardwood hammocks	Monroe
Caddisfly, Florida cream and brown mottled microcaddisfly (Oxyethira (Dampfitrichia) florida)			T	unknown	Dade, DeSoto
Caddisfly, Florida long-horn sedge (Oecetis floridana)			SU	unknown	Dade
Caddisfly, Florida scaly wing sedge (Ceraclea floridana)			SU	freshwater	Dade
Caddisfly, king's cream and brown mottled microcaddisfly (Oxyethira (Dactylotrichia) kingi)			T	unknown	Dade
Caddisfly, little long-horn sedge (Oecetis parva)			SU	unknown, possibly Tohopekaliga Lake	Osceola
Caddisfly, little meadow long-horn sedge (Oecetis pratelia)			T	unknown	Glades, Hendry
Caddisfly, Llogan's varicolored microcaddisfly (Hydroptila lloganae)			R	unknown, probably running water habitats including seeps	Highlands
Caddisfly, Porter's long-horn sedge (Oecetis porteri)			T	unknown	Dade
Caddisfly, short orthotrichian microcaddisfly (Orthotrichia curta)		R	R	blackwater streams	Highlands
Caddisfly, Tavares white Miller (Nectopsyche tavara)			R	unpolluted mesotrophic lakes	Highlands
Cockroach, Florida sand (Arenivaga floridensis)			R	sandhill communities and scrub habitats	Highlands, Polk
Coral, brain (Agaricia agaricites; Siderastrea siderea; Diploria clivosa, D. labyrinthiformis, D. strigosa;Colpophyllia natans; Manicina areolata; Montastrea annularis, M. cavernosa; Meandrina meandrites)			T	moderate to deep water	Palm Beach, Dade, Broward, Monroe
Coral, elkhorn (Acropora palmata)			E	offshore reefs	Monroe
Coral, flower (Eusmilia fastigiata)			E	3 m to 40 m depths	Broward, Dade, Monroe
Coral, pillar (Dendrogyra cylindrus)		E	E	horizontal plains or gentle slopes in reefs	Monroe
Coral, staghorn (Acropora cervicornis and A. prolifera)			E	reef crests down to fore reef slopes	Monroe
Crab, Benedict's wharf (Sesarma=Holometopus benedicti)			SU	banks of brackish streams or nearly fresh water	Monroe
Crab, mangrove (Goniopsis cruentata)			T	muddy areas adjacent to estuarine environments	Broward, Charlotte, Collier, Dade, Indian River, Lee, Martin, Monroe, Palm Beach, Sarasota, St. Lucie
Crayfish, Miami cave (Procambarus= Leconticambarus milleri)			R	Biscayne Aquifer	Dade
Cricket, Keys scaly (Cycloptilum irregularis)			T	tropical hammocks	Monroe
Dragonfly, Everglades sprite (Nahalennia pallidula)			SSC	marshy ponds and slow streams	Dade, Glades, Polk
Dragonfly, maidencane cruiser (Didymops floridensis)		SSC	SSC	sand-bottomed lakes	Highlands, Polk
Dragonfly, purple skimmer (Libellula jesseana)			T	clear-water, sand-bottomed lakes	Palm Beach
Dragonfly, sandhill clubtail (Gomphus cavillaris)		SSC	SSC	sand-bottomed lakes	Highlands, Polk
Dragonfly, taper-tailed darner (Gomphaeschna antilope)			R	bald cypress swamps	Collier, Highlands
Dragonfly, tawny sanddragon (Progomphus alachuensis)			SSC	clear sand-bottomed lakes	DeSoto, Glades, Hardee, Highlands, Polk, Sarasota
Fly, black-bearded neomomydas (Neomomydas melanopogon)			SU	scrub with open bare sand	Highlands, Osceola
Fly, Florida asaphomyian tabanid (Asaphomyia floridensis)			R	scrub habitats	Highlands
Fly, tortoise burrow anthomyiid (Eutrichota gopheri)			SSC	gopher tortoise burrows	Highlands
Fly, tortoise burrow dance (Drapetis sp., Crossopalus sp.)			SSC	gopher tortoise burrows	Highlands
Grasshopper, Big Pine Key conehead (Belocephalus micanopy)			T	pine woods	Highlands, Polk
Grasshopeer, broad cercus scrub (Melanoplus forcipatus)			SU	sand pine scrub with scrub oaks	Highlands, Polk
Grasshopper, east coast scrub (Melanoplus indicifer)			R	scrub habitats	Indian River, Martin, Palm Beach, St. Lucie
Grasshopper, Keys short-winged conehead (Belocephalus sleighti)			T	pine woods, open areas	Monroe
Grasshopper, rosemary (Schistocerca ceratiola)			SSC	scrub and sandhill habitats	Highlands, Martin, Polk
Millipede, Florida scrub (Floridobolus penneri)			R	open sand pine scrub habitats	Highlands, Polk
Mosquito, Antillean psorophora (Psorophora=Janthinosoma johstonii)			R	rain-filled depressions	Monroe
Mosquito, Bahamian culex (Culex bahamensis)			T	temporary rain pools	Broward, Dade, Monroe
Mosquito, Central American malaria (Anopheles= Nyssorhynchus albinmanus)			E	standing water	Monroe
Mosquito, Keys ochlerotatus (Aedes=Ochlerotatus thelcter)			R	rain pool depressions	Monroe
Mosquito, Mulrennan's culex (Culex=Melanoconion mulrennani)			T	wells, shallow depressions	Monroe
Scorpion, dusky-handed tailless whip (Paraphrynus raptator)			E	privies, old cisterns, under debris	Monroe
Sea fans (Gorgonia ventalina, G. flabellum)			T	shallow coral reef	Monroe
Snail, banded tree (Orthalicus floridensis)			SSC	native hammocks, landscaped suburban settings	Monroe, Dade
Snail, Florida Keys tree (Orthalicus reses nesodryas)			T	native hammock trees	Monroe
Snail, Florida tree (Liguus fasciatus Mller)		SSC	SSC	native hammock trees	Broward, Collier, Dade, Monroe, Palm Beach
Snail, ridge scrubsnail (Praticolella bakeri)			T	scrub habitats	Highlands, Polk
Snail, Stock Island tree (Orthalicus reses reses)	T	E	E	native hammock trees	Monroe
Spider, Eleuthera orb weaver (Eustala eleuthra)			T	uncertain, probably tropical hardwood hammocks	Monroe
Spider, Keys cesonia (Cesonia irvingi)			T	unknown	Monroe
Spider, Lake Placid funnel wolf (Sosippus placidus)		E	E	scrub habitats	Highlands, Polk
Spider, McCrone's burrowing wolf (Geolycosa xera)		T	R	sand hills and sand pine scrub habitats	Highlands, Polk
Spider, red widow (Latrodectus bishopi)			SSC	scrub palmettoes in scrub habitat	Martin, Palm Beach
Spider, workman's jumping (Phidippus workmani)			R	sand pine scrub habitats	Highlands
¹Though this species may be present in other areas, the listing is applicable to the Lower Keys population only. Key: FWC=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; USFWS=United States Fish & Wildlife Service; FCREPA=Florida Committee on Rare and Endangered Plants and Animals. E=Endangered; T=Threatened; T(S/A)=Threatened/Similarity ofAppearance; T(E/P)=Threatened/Experimental Population; C=Commercially Exploited; R=Rare; SSC=Species of Special Concern; SU=Status Undetermined; ?=Tentative Rank.

Wildlife in Peril: South Florida1

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Wildlife in Peril: South Florida¹