Dairy Business Analysis Project: 2000 Financial Summary1
A. de Vries, R. Giesy, L. Ely, D. Webb, A. Andreasen, B. Broaddus, P. Miller, T. Seawright, C. Vann, A. de Araujo2
Introduction
The Dairy Business Analysis Project (DBAP) was initiated in 1996 by the University of Florida in an effort to measure and document the financial performance of Florida dairy businesses using standardized accounting measures. The University of Georgia has been a formal collaborator since 1998. A committee of dairy farmers appointed by Southeast Milk, Inc. oversees the project and helps direct its course. The DBAP website is http://dairy.ifas.ufl.edu/index.shtml.
Financial data for the year 2000 were collected from participating dairies and screened for completeness and validity. Each dairy then received a report detailing its financial results compared to the average results for the other participants and the five dairies with the highest net farm income from operations per cwt.
This publication is a summary of the financial performance in the year 2000. It is intended for general use by dairy farmers, the allied industry, and government, and educational professionals.
Data Collection and Accounting Methods
Dairy businesses in Florida and Georgia were asked to participate in DBAP. Participants were therefore not a random sample of all dairies in both states.
Most of the data were collected by extension agents when visiting farms using a standardized data collection spreadsheet. Occasionally, data were sent in by the dairy farms. The financial data were either entered into the spreadsheet on the farm or mailed in on paper copies of the spreadsheet.
The accounting methods follow the recommendations made by the Farm Financial Standards Council3. All revenues and expenses were accrual adjusted. Cash receipts and expenses were therefore adjusted for changes in inventory, prepaid expenses, depreciation, accounts payable, and receivable. Depreciation data were taken from tax records. Asset valuation was based on market values, but the changes from January 1 to December 31 were kept small. Unpaid management was valued at $50,000 per farm. Gain/loss on sale of capital livestock resulted when livestock depreciation did not completely account for the gain or loss in the value of the purchased livestock during 2000. Appreciation resulted when machinery and building depreciation did not completely account for the gain or loss in the value of these capital assets during 2000.
All submitted data was carefully scrutinized and checked for completeness. The cash flow statement reconciles the net cash flow resulting from the reported operating, investing, and financing activities with the reported available cash on January 1 and December 31. The equity statement reconciles the changes in equity through reported retained capital and valuation with the calculated equity on the balance sheets. The reconciliation attempts typically resulted in unresolved imbalances. Both cash flow imbalance and equity imbalance had to be less than 10% for the business to be included in the summary results reported here.
Results
Twenty-six dairies submitted financial data. Twenty-three dairies were included in the summary results. Of these, six dairies were located in Georgia and 17 dairies were in Florida. The average herd size of the participating dairies was 1079 cows and 615 heifers with 17,778 lbs. milk sold per cow. The average culling rate was 38%. The milk price received by DBAP participants averaged $16.69 per cwt., 6% less than in 1999 and 10% less than in 1998. Average total revenues were $18.16 per cwt. sold. Milk receipts were 92% of total revenues. Total expenses averaged $17.08 per cwt., highlighted by purchased feed ($6.94 per cwt.) and personnel costs ($2.66 per cwt.). The DBAP average total expenses for 1995-1999 were $17.67. Thus it appears that producers reacted to the lower milk prices by successfully controlling costs. Net farm income from operations averaged $1.07, or 6% of total revenues.
Summary results are presented in Figures 1 through 5 and Tables 1.1 through 4.4. Some definitions and calculation rules are as follows:
Asset turnover ratio = total revenues / average assets
Assets = value of assets on the balance sheet
Average assets = average of value of assets on January 1 and December 31
Average equity = average of value of equity on January 1 and December 31
Capital replacement and term debt repayment margin = Net Farm Income From Operations (NFIFO) + depreciation + interest on term debt – net social security and income taxes – owner withdrawals – annual scheduled payments on term debt and capital leases
Cash flow coverage ratio = (cash revenues – cash expenses) / current liabilities
Current assets = short-term assets that can be utilized within one year
Current liabilities = liabilities due within one year
Current ratio = current assets / current liabilities
Debt to asset ratio = liabilities / assets
Debt to equity ratio = liabilities / equity
Depreciation expense ratio = depreciation / total revenue
Equity = assets – liabilities
Equity to asset ratio = equity / assets
FTE = full time equivalent worker, on average 54 hours per week
Interest expense ratio = interest paid / total revenue
Liabilities = value of liabilities on the balance sheet
NFIFO = net farm income from operations
NFIFO ratio = NFIFO / total revenue
Operating expense ratio = (total operating expenses – depreciation) / total revenue
Operating profit margin ratio = (NFIFO + interest paid – unpaid management) / total revenues
Rate of return on dairy assets = (NFIFO + interest paid – unpaid management) / average assets
Rate of return on equity = (NFIFO – unpaid management) / average equity
Term debt and capital lease coverage ratio = (NFIFO + non dairy income + depreciation + interest paid on term debt – net social security and income taxes – owner withdrawals) / (annual scheduled payments on term debt and capital leases)
Unpaid management = value of unpaid management: $50,000
Working capital = current assets / current liabilities
DBAP 2000 Summary - Milk per cow (lbs/year) by heifers per cow.
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DBAP 2000 Summary - Net farm income from operations (NFIFO) per cwt ($) by heifers per cow.
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DBAP 2000 Summary - Net farm income from operations (NFIFO) per cwt ($) by total expenses per cwt ($).
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DBAP 2000 Summary - Net farm income from operations (NFIFO) per cwt ($) by milk per cow (lbs/year).
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DBAP 2000 Summary - Net farm income from operations (NFIFO) per cwt ($) by average number of cows (lbs). X-axes not shown to prevent identification of farms.
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Tables
DBAP 2000 Summary - Business size and production efficiency by state and overall average, median, standard deviation.
Overall |
State Averages |
||||
| Category | Average |
Median |
Std1 |
Florida |
Georgia |
| Number of farms | 23 |
23 |
23 |
17 |
6 |
| Business size | |||||
| Average number of cows | 1,079 |
624 |
899 |
1,142 |
900 |
| Average number of heifers | 615 |
348 |
747 |
707 |
356 |
| Milk sold (million lbs) | 20.59 |
12.66 |
19.40 |
21.22 |
18.81 |
| FTE workers | 20 |
14 |
17 |
22 |
15 |
| Acres of pasture + cultivated land | 463 |
231 |
539 |
511 |
327 |
| Production efficiency | |||||
| Milk sold/cow (lbs) | 17,778 |
17,377 |
3,702 |
16,907 |
20,249 |
| Cows/FTE worker | 53.81 |
47.94 |
19.03 |
54.10 |
52.98 |
| Milk sold/FTE worker (lbs) | 0.96 |
0.89 |
0.37 |
0.91 |
1.08 |
| Cull rate | 0.38 |
0.36 |
0.11 |
0.40 |
0.32 |
1Standard deviation. |
|||||
DBAP 2000 Summary - Revenues and expenses by state and overall average, median, standard deviation.
Overall |
State Averages |
||||
Category |
Average |
Median |
Std1 |
Florida |
Georgia |
Number of farms |
23 |
23 |
23 |
17 |
6 |
Revenues (per cwt) |
|||||
| Milk sold ($) | 16.69 |
16.75 |
0.79 |
16.78 |
16.42 |
| Raised, leased cow sales ($) | 0.61 |
0.71 |
0.79 |
0.78 |
0.13 |
| Heifer sales ($) | 0.40 |
0.07 |
1.08 |
0.47 |
0.19 |
| Gain on purchased livestock sales ($) | (0.04) |
(0.06) |
0.63 |
(0.12) |
0.16 |
| Other revenues ($) | 0.50 |
0.59 |
0.62 |
0.41 |
0.80 |
| Total revenues ($) | 18.16 |
18.06 |
1.76 |
18.32 |
17.70 |
Expenses (per cwt) |
|||||
| Personnel ($) | 2.66 |
2.66 |
0.87 |
2.89 |
1.99 |
| Purchased feed ($) | 6.94 |
7.09 |
1.74 |
7.47 |
5.45 |
| Crops ($) | 0.27 |
0.05 |
0.42 |
0.16 |
0.58 |
Machinery ($) |
0.86 |
0.77 |
0.53 |
0.78 |
1.11 |
| Livestock ($) | 1.69 |
1.62 |
0.92 |
1.69 |
1.70 |
| Milk marketing ($) | 1.10 |
1.07 |
0.36 |
0.99 |
1.42 |
| Buildings and land ($) | 0.63 |
0.41 |
0.64 |
0.48 |
1.05 |
| Interest ($) | 0.65 |
0.58 |
0.43 |
0.70 |
0.50 |
| Depreciation: | |||||
|
0.88 |
0.66 |
0.76 |
0.89 |
0.84 |
|
0.44 |
0.35 |
0.41 |
0.38 |
0.61 |
|
0.22 |
0.18 |
0.18 |
0.22 |
0.20 |
| Other expenses ($) | 0.74 |
1.10 |
0.32 |
0.78 |
0.64 |
Total expenses ($) |
17.08 |
16.54 |
2.49 |
17.43 |
16.09 |
| Net farm income from operations ($) | 1.07 |
1.28 |
2.07 |
0.88 |
1.60 |
1Standard deviation. |
|||||
DBAP 2000 Summary - Financial ratios by state and overall average, median, standard deviation.
Overall |
State Averages |
||||
| Category | Average |
Median |
Std1 |
Florida |
Georgia |
| Number of farms | 23 |
23 |
23 |
17 |
6 |
Liquidity |
|||||
| Current ratio | 2.02 |
0.89 |
2.29 |
1.40 |
3.80 |
| Working capital ($) | (8,319) |
(5,760) |
632,552 |
(137,199) |
356,840 |
Solvency |
|||||
| Debt to asset ratio | 0.36 |
0.36 |
0.20 |
0.36 |
0.35 |
| Equity to asset ratio | 0.64 |
0.64 |
0.20 |
0.64 |
0.65 |
| Debt to equity ratio | 0.74 |
0.57 |
0.64 |
0.72 |
0.79 |
Profitability |
|||||
| Rate of return on assets | 0.07 |
0.05 |
0.08 |
0.07 |
0.08 |
| Rate of return on equity | 0.07 |
0.04 |
0.14 |
0.06 |
0.09 |
| Operating profit margin ratio | 0.06 |
0.06 |
0.13 |
0.05 |
0.08 |
| Financial efficiency | |||||
| Asset turnover rate | 0.89 |
0.79 |
0.46 |
0.83 |
1.07 |
| Operating expense ratio | 0.82 |
0.83 |
0.10 |
0.83 |
0.79 |
| Depreciation expense ratio | 0.08 |
0.08 |
0.04 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
| Interest expense ratio | 0.04 |
0.03 |
0.02 |
0.04 |
0.03 |
| Net farm income ratio | 0.06 |
0.07 |
0.12 |
0.05 |
0.09 |
Repayment capacity |
|||||
| Cash flow coverage ratio | 4.24 |
0.87 |
8.71 |
3.65 |
5.94 |
Term debt coverage ratio1 |
9.93 |
0.94 |
38.44 |
13.10 |
0.94 |
Capital replacement margin ($)2 |
145,544 |
15,799 |
578,631 |
167,361 |
83,731 |
1Term debt and capital lease coverage ratio. 2Capital replacement and term debt repayment margin. |
|||||
DBAP 2000 Summary - Balance sheet by state and overall average, median, standard deviation.
Overall |
State Averages |
||||
Category |
Average |
Median |
Std1 |
Florida |
Georgia |
Number of farms |
23 |
23 |
23 |
17 |
6 |
| Balance sheet (January 1) | |||||
| Current assets/cow ($) | 459 |
384 |
354 |
362 |
734 |
| Total assets/cow ($) | 4,584 |
3,978 |
2,620 |
4,657 |
4,376 |
| Current liabilities/cow ($) | 566 |
420 |
480 |
632 |
378 |
| Total liabilities/cow ($) | 1,392 |
1,384 |
790 |
1,441 |
1,255 |
| Equity/cow ($) | 3,191 |
2,196 |
2,875 |
3,216 |
3,121 |
| Balance sheet (December 31) | |||||
| Current assets/cow ($) | 405 |
398 |
267 |
353 |
552 |
| Total assets/cow ($) | 4,580 |
4,088 |
2,361 |
4,778 |
4,017 |
| Current liabilities/cow ($) | 425 |
394 |
316 |
508 |
190 |
| Total liabilities/cow ($) | 1,438 |
1,300 |
827 |
1,559 |
1,093 |
| Equity/cow ($) | 3,142 |
2,107 |
2,373 |
3,219 |
2,924 |
1Standard deviation. |
|||||
DBAP 2000 Summary - Business size and production efficiency by average number of cows and milk per cow.
Average number of cows |
Milk per cow (lbs/year) |
|||||
Category |
< 400 |
400- 1,600 |
> 1,600 |
< 16,000 |
16,000- 19,000 |
> 19,000 |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
| Business size | ||||||
| Average number of cows | 251 |
877 |
2,167 |
444 |
1,273 |
1,465 |
| Average number of heifers | 149 |
432 |
1,316 |
315 |
569 |
975 |
| Milk sold (million lbs) | 3.51 |
17.21 |
42.02 |
6.38 |
22.29 |
32.63 |
FTE workers |
5 |
18 |
38 |
10 |
21 |
30 |
| Acres of pasture + cultivated land | 196 |
305 |
933 |
360 |
507 |
510 |
| Production efficiency | ||||||
| Milk sold/cow (lbs) | 14,025 |
19,852 |
18,865 |
13,778 |
17,554 |
22,068 |
| Cows/FTE worker | 49.31 |
53.31 |
58.94 |
48.70 |
63.24 |
46.79 |
| Milk sold/FTW worker (lbs) | 0.69 |
1.04 |
1.12 |
0.67 |
1.11 |
1.05 |
| Cull rate | 0.42 |
0.35 |
0.38 |
0.39 |
0.40 |
0.34 |
DBAP 2000 Summary - Revenues and expenses by average number of cows and milk per cow.
Average number of cows |
Milk per cow (lbs/year) |
|||||
Category |
< 400 |
400- 1,600 |
> 1,600 |
< 16,000 |
16,000- 19,000 |
> 19,000 |
| Number of farms | 7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
| Revenues (per cwt) | ||||||
| Milk sold ($) | 16.78 |
16.32 |
17.07 |
16.90 |
16.83 |
16.30 |
| Raised, leased cow sales ($) | 1.16 |
0.36 |
0.39 |
1.15 |
0.34 |
0.43 |
| Heifer sales ($) | 0.66 |
0.16 |
0.45 |
0.32 |
0.85 |
(0.11) |
| Gain on purchased livestock sales ($) | (0.04) |
(0.04) |
(0.06) |
(0.28) |
0.21 |
(0.14) |
| Other revenues ($) | 0.94 |
0.26 |
0.38 |
0.73 |
0.35 |
0.47 |
| Total revenues ($) | 19.50 |
17.06 |
18.23 |
18.82 |
18.58 |
16.95 |
Expenses (per cwt) |
||||||
| Personnel ($) | 2.53 |
2.81 |
2.59 |
2.49 |
2.83 |
2.60 |
| Purchased feed ($) | 7.81 |
6.49 |
6.66 |
8.04 |
6.79 |
6.04 |
| Crops ($) | 0.42 |
0.20 |
0.22 |
0.42 |
0.16 |
0.27 |
| Machinery ($) | 1.07 |
0.74 |
0.81 |
1.08 |
0.66 |
0.91 |
| Livestock ($) | 1.67 |
1.75 |
1.64 |
1.39 |
1.94 |
1.67 |
| Milk marketing ($) | 1.31 |
0.96 |
1.07 |
1.27 |
1.04 |
1.01 |
| Buildings and land ($) | 0.98 |
0.44 |
0.53 |
0.93 |
0.60 |
0.38 |
| Interest ($) | 0.80 |
0.54 |
0.64 |
0.86 |
0.55 |
0.55 |
| Depreciation: | ||||||
|
0.94 |
0.69 |
1.04 |
0.66 |
1.42 |
0.39 |
|
0.60 |
0.46 |
0.27 |
0.61 |
0.25 |
0.52 |
|
0.28 |
0.16 |
0.21 |
0.32 |
0.13 |
0.21 |
| Other expenses ($) | 0.69 |
0.69 |
0.86 |
0.71 |
0.69 |
0.86 |
| Total expenses ($) | 19.10 |
15.93 |
16.54 |
18.78 |
17.06 |
15.41 |
| Net farm income from operations ($) | 0.39 |
1.12 |
1.69 |
0.04 |
1.52 |
1.53 |
DBAP 2000 Summary - Financial ratios by average number of cows and milk per cow.
Average number of cows |
Milk per cow (lbs/year) |
|||||
Category |
< 400 |
400- 1,600 |
> 1,600 |
< 16,000 |
16,000- 19,000 |
> 19,000 |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
Liquidity |
||||||
| Current ratio | 1.20 |
2.79 |
1.87 |
1.29 |
2.19 |
2.55 |
| Working capital ($) | (42,456) |
59,076 |
(60,834) |
(27,969) |
(23,594) |
30,969 |
Solvency |
||||||
| Debt to asset ratio | 0.36 |
0.33 |
0.40 |
0.35 |
0.36 |
0.37 |
| Equity to asset ratio | 0.64 |
0.67 |
0.60 |
0.65 |
0.64 |
0.63 |
| Debt to equity ratio | 0.72 |
0.65 |
0.89 |
0.67 |
0.79 |
0.74 |
Profitability |
||||||
| Rate of return on assets | 0.03 |
0.06 |
0.11 |
0.01 |
0.09 |
0.10 |
| Rate of return on equity | 0.02 |
0.06 |
0.12 |
(0.03) |
0.10 |
0.13 |
| Operating profit margin ratio | (0.04) |
0.08 |
0.12 |
(0.04) |
0.09 |
0.11 |
Financial efficiency |
||||||
| Asset turnover rate | 0.86 |
0.90 |
0.92 |
0.61 |
1.11 |
0.89 |
| Operating expense ratio | 0.85 |
0.83 |
0.79 |
0.87 |
0.79 |
0.81 |
| Depreciation expense ratio | 0.10 |
0.08 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
0.10 |
0.07 |
| Interest expense ratio | 0.04 |
0.03 |
0.04 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
| Net farm income ratio | 0.01 |
0.07 |
0.09 |
(0.00) |
0.08 |
0.09 |
Repayment capacity |
||||||
| Cash flow coverage ratio | 1.28 |
4.21 |
7.25 |
1.60 |
6.97 |
3.38 |
Term debt coverage ratio1 |
0.85 |
2.48 |
28.59 |
0.49 |
23.81 |
1.52 |
Capital replacement margin ($)2 |
(19,886) |
9,977 |
485,276 |
(52,825) |
357,616 |
71,250 |
1Term debt and capital lease coverage ratio. 2Capital replacement and term debt repayment margin. |
||||||
DBAP 2000 Summary - Balance sheet by average number of cows and milk per cow.
Average number of cows |
Milk per cow (lbs/year) |
|||||
| Category | < 400 |
400- 1,600 |
> 1,600 |
< 16,000 |
16,000- 19,000 |
> 19,000 |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
Balance sheet (January 1) |
||||||
| Current assets/cow ($) | 219 |
478 |
676 |
257 |
411 |
724 |
| Total assets/cow ($) | 5,417 |
4,380 |
4,013 |
5,799 |
3,456 |
4,819 |
| Current liabilities/cow ($) | 362 |
518 |
831 |
359 |
645 |
670 |
| Total liabilities/cow ($) | 1,384 |
1,202 |
1,646 |
1,518 |
1,067 |
1,686 |
| Equity/cow ($) | 4,033 |
3,178 |
2,367 |
4,282 |
2,389 |
3,133 |
| Balance sheet (December 31) | ||||||
| Current assets/cow ($) | 213 |
433 |
559 |
223 |
388 |
607 |
| Total assets/cow ($) | 5,546 |
4,330 |
3,933 |
5,889 |
3,575 |
4,562 |
| Current liabilities/cow ($) | 360 |
364 |
567 |
319 |
416 |
542 |
| Total liabilities/cow ($) | 1,623 |
1,261 |
1,480 |
1,779 |
1,167 |
1,444 |
| Equity/cow ($) | 3,923 |
3,069 |
2,454 |
4,110 |
2,408 |
3,117 |
DBAP 2000 Summary - Business size and production efficiency by net farm income from operations per cwt and rate of return on assets.
Net farm income from operations/cwt ($) |
Rate of return on assets (%) |
|||||
| Category | < $0.30 |
$0.30-$2.00 |
> $2.00 |
< 2.5% |
2.5%-8.5% |
> 8.5% |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
| Business size | ||||||
| Average number of cows | 878 |
975 |
1,414 |
726 |
711 |
1,906 |
| Average number of heifers | 589 |
538 |
741 |
506 |
402 |
999 |
| Milk sold (million lbs) | 14.63 |
18.21 |
29.61 |
12.09 |
13.17 |
38.64 |
| FTE workers | 19 |
18 |
24 |
17 |
13 |
32 |
| Acres of pasture + cultivated land | 504 |
250 |
696 |
364 |
366 |
686 |
| Production efficiency | ||||||
| Milk sold/cow (lbs) | 15,438 |
18,941 |
18,624 |
15,541 |
18,109 |
19,591 |
| Cows/FTE worker | 42.60 |
55.67 |
62.62 |
42.04 |
54.49 |
64.70 |
| Milk sold/FTW worker (lbs) | 0.66 |
1.01 |
1.18 |
0.66 |
0.96 |
1.25 |
| Cull rate | 0.42 |
0.33 |
0.39 |
0.43 |
0.33 |
0.39 |
DBAP 2000 Summary - Revenues and expenses by net farm income from operations per cwt and rate of return on assets.
Net farm income from operations/cwt ($) |
Rate of return on assets (%) |
|||||
| Category | < $0.30 |
$0.30-$2.00 |
> $2.00 |
< 2.5% |
2.5%-8.5% |
> 8.5% |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
Revenues (per cwt) |
||||||
| Milk sold ($) | 16.84 |
16.34 |
16.99 |
16.69 |
16.42 |
17.02 |
| Raised, leased cow sales ($) | 0.91 |
0.33 |
0.68 |
0.95 |
0.33 |
0.63 |
| Heifer sales ($) | 0.58 |
0.24 |
0.42 |
0.50 |
0.28 |
0.45 |
| Gain on purchased livestock sales ($) | (0.28) |
(0.05) |
0.21 |
(0.27) |
(0.00) |
0.12 |
| Other revenues ($) | 0.43 |
0.31 |
0.79 |
0.39 |
0.57 |
0.55 |
| Total revenues ($) | 18.48 |
17.17 |
19.09 |
18.26 |
17.60 |
18.77 |
Expenses (per cwt) |
||||||
| Personnel ($) | 3.45 |
2.46 |
2.13 |
3.51 |
2.06 |
2.57 |
| Purchased feed ($) | 8.11 |
6.68 |
6.11 |
8.46 |
6.00 |
6.63 |
| Crops ($) | 0.28 |
0.18 |
0.40 |
0.18 |
0.44 |
0.15 |
| Machinery ($) | 0.92 |
0.84 |
0.84 |
0.88 |
0.99 |
0.69 |
| Livestock ($) | 2.07 |
1.49 |
1.57 |
1.89 |
1.61 |
1.60 |
| Milk marketing ($) | 1.03 |
1.08 |
1.20 |
0.99 |
1.24 |
1.02 |
| Buildings and land ($) | 0.48 |
0.64 |
0.77 |
0.36 |
1.06 |
0.36 |
| Interest ($) | 0.97 |
0.50 |
0.52 |
0.87 |
0.57 |
0.53 |
| Depreciation: | ||||||
|
0.81 |
0.87 |
0.95 |
0.81 |
0.68 |
1.19 |
|
0.58 |
0.46 |
0.29 |
0.55 |
0.57 |
0.17 |
|
0.30 |
0.10 |
0.28 |
0.25 |
0.21 |
0.18 |
| Other expenses ($) | 0.65 |
0.67 |
0.88 |
0.61 |
0.74 |
0.89 |
| Total expenses ($) | 19.65 |
15.97 |
15.94 |
19.36 |
16.17 |
15.98 |
| Net farm income from operations ($) | 1.17 |
1.20 |
3.15 |
(1.10) |
1.43 |
2.78 |
DBAP 2000 Summary - Financial ratios by net farm income from operations per cwt and rate of return on assets.
Net farm income from operations/cwt ($) |
Rate of return on assets (%) |
|||||
| Category | < $0.30 |
$0.30-$2.00 |
> $2.00 |
< 2.5% |
2.5%-8.5% |
> 8.5% |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
Liquidity |
||||||
Current ratio |
0.60 |
2.37 |
3.01 |
0.61 |
2.78 |
2.47 |
Working capital ($) |
(190,075) |
(185,020) |
400,622 |
(86,138) |
(20,360) |
84,979 |
Solvency |
||||||
Debt to asset ratio |
0.44 |
0.32 |
0.32 |
0.39 |
0.33 |
0.37 |
Equity to asset ratio |
0.56 |
0.68 |
0.68 |
0.61 |
0.67 |
0.63 |
Debt to equity ratio |
0.92 |
0.73 |
0.57 |
0.78 |
0.71 |
0.74 |
Profitability |
||||||
Rate of return on assets |
(0.01) |
0.06 |
0.16 |
(0.01) |
0.05 |
0.17 |
Rate of return on equity |
(0.07) |
0.06 |
0.21 |
(0.07) |
0.04 |
0.24 |
Operating profit margin ratio |
(0.07) |
0.07 |
0.16 |
(0.07) |
0.07 |
0.17 |
Financial efficiency |
||||||
Asset turnover rate |
0.63 |
0.93 |
1.11 |
0.60 |
0.93 |
1.14 |
Operating expense ratio |
0.92 |
0.82 |
0.73 |
0.93 |
0.81 |
0.74 |
Depreciation expense ratio |
0.09 |
0.08 |
0.08 |
0.09 |
0.08 |
0.08 |
Interest expense ratio |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
Net farm income ratio |
(0.07) |
0.07 |
0.17 |
(0.06) |
0.08 |
0.15 |
Repayment capacity |
||||||
Cash flow coverage ratio |
0.73 |
3.32 |
8.94 |
0.78 |
4.12 |
7.86 |
Term debt coverage ratio1 |
0.46 |
1.64 |
30.06 |
0.51 |
0.83 |
31.05 |
Capital replacement margin ($)2 |
(279,085) |
167,497 |
541,949 |
(206,211) |
11,974 |
669,034 |
1Term debt and capital lease coverage ratio. 2Capital replacement and term debt repayment margin. |
||||||
DBAP 2000 Summary - Balance sheet by net farm income from operations per cwt and rate of return on assets.
Net farm income from operations/cwt ($) |
Rate of return on assets (%) |
|||||
| Category | < $0.30 |
$0.30-$2.00 |
> $2.00 |
< 2.5% |
2.5%-8.5% |
> 8.5% |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
Balance sheet (January 1) |
||||||
| Current assets/cow ($) | 377 |
414 |
600 |
324 |
480 |
568 |
| Total assets/cow ($) | 5,986 |
4,193 |
3,684 |
6,148 |
4,103 |
3,639 |
| Current liabilities/cow ($) | 711 |
403 |
629 |
631 |
374 |
746 |
| Total liabilities/cow ($) | 1,776 |
1,123 |
1,356 |
1,642 |
1,083 |
1,541 |
| Equity/cow ($) | 4,209 |
3,071 |
2,328 |
4,506 |
3,020 |
2,098 |
Balance sheet (December 31) |
||||||
| Current assets/cow ($) | 276 |
353 |
600 |
250 |
403 |
562 |
| Total assets/cow ($) | 5,999 |
4,080 |
3,802 |
6,193 |
4,024 |
3,681 |
| Current liabilities/cow ($) | 512 |
389 |
384 |
449 |
325 |
528 |
| Total liabilities/cow ($) | 2,229 |
1,091 |
1,092 |
2,021 |
1,131 |
1,249 |
| Equity/cow ($) | 3,770 |
2,990 |
2,710 |
4,172 |
2,893 |
2,432 |
DBAP 2000 Summary - Business size and production efficiency by assets per cow and liabilities per cow.
Assets per cow ($) |
Liabilities per cow ($) |
|||||
Category |
< $3,400 |
$3,400- $4,500 |
> $4,500 |
< $1,000 |
$1,000- $1,800 |
> $1,800 |
| Number of farms | 7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
| Business size | ||||||
| Average number of cows | 818 |
1,473 |
833 |
667 |
1,093 |
1,472 |
| Average number of heifers | 292 |
806 |
693 |
363 |
374 |
1,177 |
| Milk sold (million lbs) | 16.23 |
25.99 |
18.01 |
12.04 |
20.55 |
29.19 |
| FTE workers | 13 |
28 |
17 |
13 |
17 |
31 |
| Acres of pasture + cultivated land | 179 |
649 |
508 |
469 |
262 |
715 |
| Production efficiency | ||||||
| Milk sold/cow (lbs) | 17,780 |
17,513 |
18,119 |
16,828 |
18,387 |
17,946 |
| Cows/FTE worker | 58.19 |
56.39 |
46.11 |
55.70 |
59.50 |
44.60 |
| Milk sold/FTW worker (lbs) | 1.03 |
0.98 |
0.85 |
0.92 |
1.09 |
0.82 |
| Cull rate | 0.39 |
0.37 |
0.38 |
0.38 |
0.38 |
0.37 |
DBAP 2000 Summary - Revenues and expenses by assets per cow and liabilities per cow.
Assets per cow ($) |
Liabilities per cow ($) |
|||||
Category |
< $3,400 |
$3,400- $4,500 |
> $4,500 |
< $1,000 |
$1,000- $1,800 |
> $1,800 |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
Revenues (per cwt) |
||||||
Milk sold ($) |
16.75 |
16.86 |
16.41 |
16.63 |
16.81 |
16.59 |
Raised, leased cow sales ($) |
0.18 |
0.85 |
0.74 |
0.49 |
0.65 |
0.69 |
Heifer sales ($) |
0.66 |
0.62 |
(0.14) |
(0.13) |
0.69 |
0.55 |
| Gain on purchased livestock sales ($) | 0.30 |
(0.09) |
(0.33) |
0.07 |
(0.13) |
(0.05) |
| Other revenues ($) | 0.71 |
0.36 |
0.46 |
0.21 |
0.68 |
0.56 |
Total revenues ($) |
18.60 |
18.60 |
17.14 |
17.27 |
18.70 |
18.34 |
Expenses (per cwt) |
||||||
Personnel ($) |
2.02 |
3.10 |
2.72 |
2.45 |
2.39 |
3.21 |
Purchased feed ($) |
6.49 |
7.58 |
6.57 |
7.19 |
6.19 |
7.66 |
Crops ($) |
0.28 |
0.24 |
0.31 |
0.21 |
0.35 |
0.24 |
Machinery ($) |
0.77 |
0.74 |
1.13 |
0.93 |
0.88 |
0.79 |
Livestock ($) |
1.98 |
1.67 |
1.43 |
1.14 |
2.01 |
1.84 |
Milk marketing ($) |
1.40 |
0.93 |
1.01 |
1.07 |
1.20 |
0.99 |
Buildings and land ($) |
1.18 |
0.39 |
0.40 |
0.68 |
0.76 |
0.42 |
Interest ($) |
0.56 |
0.71 |
0.65 |
0.33 |
0.62 |
1.01 |
| Depreciation: | ||||||
|
1.28 |
0.89 |
0.46 |
0.74 |
1.38 |
0.36 |
|
0.35 |
0.26 |
0.76 |
0.52 |
0.32 |
0.52 |
|
0.11 |
0.19 |
0.36 |
0.24 |
0.16 |
0.26 |
Other expenses ($) |
0.61 |
0.76 |
0.85 |
0.81 |
0.68 |
0.74 |
Total expenses ($) |
17.03 |
17.46 |
16.65 |
16.31 |
16.94 |
18.04 |
| Net farm income from operations ($) | 1.58 |
1.14 |
0.48 |
0.96 |
1.76 |
0.29 |
DBAP 2000 Summary - Financial ratios by assets per cow and liabilities per cow.
Assets per cow ($) |
Liabilities per cow ($) |
|||||
Category |
< $3,400 |
$3,400- $4,500 |
> $4,500 |
< $1,000 |
$1,000- $1,800 |
> $1,800 |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
Liquidity |
||||||
Current ratio |
1.91 |
1.94 |
2.26 |
2.88 |
2.45 |
0.62 |
Working capital ($) |
157,940 |
(125,613) |
(23,773) |
188,888 |
51,408 |
(282,319) |
Solvency |
||||||
Debt to asset ratio |
0.43 |
0.43 |
0.20 |
0.13 |
0.43 |
0.51 |
Equity to asset ratio |
0.57 |
0.57 |
0.80 |
0.87 |
0.57 |
0.49 |
Debt to equity ratio |
0.94 |
0.95 |
0.28 |
0.15 |
0.89 |
1.13 |
Profitability |
||||||
Rate of return on assets |
0.09 |
0.08 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
0.11 |
0.04 |
Rate of return on equity |
0.12 |
0.06 |
0.03 |
0.04 |
0.13 |
0.02 |
Operating profit margin ratio |
0.07 |
0.09 |
0.00 |
0.02 |
0.10 |
0.04 |
Financial efficiency |
||||||
Asset turnover rate |
1.35 |
0.84 |
0.50 |
0.73 |
1.12 |
0.76 |
Operating expense ratio |
0.80 |
0.83 |
0.84 |
0.84 |
0.77 |
0.86 |
Depreciation expense ratio |
0.09 |
0.07 |
0.09 |
0.09 |
0.10 |
0.06 |
Interest expense ratio |
0.03 |
0.04 |
0.04 |
0.02 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
Net farm income ratio |
0.08 |
0.06 |
0.03 |
0.05 |
0.09 |
0.02 |
Repayment capacity |
||||||
Cash flow coverage ratio |
2.44 |
6.22 |
3.51 |
8.87 |
3.46 |
0.62 |
Term debt coverage ratio1 |
0.87 |
23.63 |
1.37 |
27.03 |
3.74 |
0.79 |
Capital replacement margin ($)2 |
86,519 |
246,677 |
74,542 |
337,988 |
181,075 |
(92,581) |
1Term debt and capital lease coverage ratio. 2Capital replacement and term debt repayment margin. |
||||||
DBAP 2000 Summary - Balance sheet by assets per cow and liabilities per cow.
Assets per cow ($) |
Liabilities per cow ($) |
|||||
Category |
< $3,400 |
$3,400- $4,500 |
> $4,500 |
< $1,000 |
$1,000- $1,800 |
> $1,800 |
Number of farms |
7 |
9 |
7 |
7 |
9 |
7 |
Balance sheet (January 1) |
||||||
| Current assets/cow ($) | 441 |
430 |
516 |
324 |
540 |
491 |
| Total assets/cow ($) | 2,630 |
3,921 |
7,390 |
5,950 |
3,402 |
4,738 |
| Current liabilities/cow ($) | 475 |
701 |
482 |
233 |
676 |
757 |
| Total liabilities/cow ($) | 1,258 |
1,603 |
1,257 |
478 |
1,429 |
2,260 |
| Equity/cow ($) | 1,372 |
2,318 |
6,133 |
5,472 |
1,973 |
2,478 |
| Balance sheet (December 31) | ||||||
| Current assets/cow ($) | 413 |
381 |
426 |
323 |
471 |
401 |
| Total assets/cow ($) | 2,685 |
4,009 |
7,208 |
5,648 |
3,423 |
4,998 |
| Current liabilities/cow ($) | 362 |
458 |
444 |
237 |
414 |
627 |
| Total liabilities/cow ($) | 1,131 |
1,730 |
1,368 |
580 |
1,371 |
2,382 |
| Equity/cow ($) | 1,554 |
2,279 |
5,840 |
5,068 |
2,053 |
2,616 |
Footnotes
This document is AN135, one of a series of the Animal Sciences Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date December 3, 2002. Reviewed January 2008, and March 2011. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
A. de Vries, Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida; R. Giesy, Extension Agent III, Sumter County; L. Ely, Professor, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia; D. Webb, Professor, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida; A. Andreasen, Extension Agent IV, Washington County; B. Broaddus, Extension Agent I, Hillsborough County; P. Miller, Extension Agent IV, Okeechobee County; T. Seawright, Extension Agent IV, Manatee County; C. Vann, Extension Agent II, Lafayette County; A. de Araujo, Graduate Student, University of Florida, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.
3. Farm Financial Standards Council. 1997. Financial Guidelines for Agricultural Producers.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal
Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational
information and other services only to individuals and institutions
that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed,
color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital
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For more information on obtaining other extension publications,
contact your county Cooperative Extension service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service,
University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative
Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place,
Dean.
