Proturans Proturaspp. (Entognatha: Protura)1
Christopher Tipping2
Introduction
Protura are minute soil-inhabiting hexapods characterized by the lack of eyes and antennae, a 12-segmented abdomen, and development by anamorphosis. The first described species of Protura, Acerentomon doderoi, was published in 1907 by Silvestri.
Early woodcut of the first published illustrations of Protura (Berlese 1907).
Credit: Christopher Tipping, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Little is known about the ecology of Protura, including their diet. In culture, proturans have been observed feeding on mycorrhizal fungi, dead Acari, and mushroom powder. Early taxonomic work led researchers to believe Protura were a sister group to the Collembola. Recent phylogenetic examinations revealed very large differences between proturans and the insect orders. Once considered insects, proturans are now listed as an order in the class Entognatha, though Protura may also be a separate class. Presently, there are over 500 species described within nine families (two suborders) found worldwide (Tipping 2008).
Distribution
Proturans are found worldwide primarily inhabiting soil, leaf litter, moss, and decaying wood. They have also been collected in animal burrows, meadows, and agriculture soils. One researcher has even collected proturans from the grassy margins of a Chicago freeway.
A single proturan species was reported from Orlando, Florida, by Ewing in 1940, Acerentulus floridanus. Undoubtedly, other species, both novel and previously described, will be found in Florida with further investigations of the soil biota.
Prothoracic legs, head and thorax of the proturan Eosentomon maryae Tipping, (300x).
Credit: Christopher Tipping, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Description
Protura are divided into two suborders: Eosentomoidea and Acerentomoidea. Members of Eosentomoidea possess meso and metathoracic spiracles with a primitive tracheal system while proturans within Acerentomoidea lack these structures. Proturans have small appendages ventral on the first three abdominal segments. Mouthparts are entognathous and are greatly modified between genera.
Photomicrograph of the head of Eosentomon megatibiense Tipping with mouthparts inserted inside of the head capsule (900x).
Credit: Christopher Tipping, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Video of a proturan walking (Christopher Tipping, University of Florida).
The first pair of legs are used as antennae and have many tarsal sensilla and sensory hairs.
Foretarsi of Eosentomon maryae Tipping with sensilla and setal patterns.
Credit: Christopher Tipping, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
The internal genitalia (squama genitalis) are sclerotized with anterior basal apodemes. Genital opening is between the eleventh segment and the telson.
Squamma genitalis of Eosentomon caddoense Tipping; male left, female right.
Credit: Christopher Tipping, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Frontal view of an acerentomid proturan.
Credit: Dr. David E. Walter, University of Queensland, Australia
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Lateral view of an acerentomid proturan.
Credit: Dr. David E. Walter, University of Queensland, Australia
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Life History
Unique among hexapods, Protura exhibit anamorphosis, i.e., the larvae hatch with a few abdominal segments with the number increasing with subsequent moults. The embryology is unknown. All proturans have five distinct stages. One family, Acerentomidae, has six. The eggs of only a few species have been recorded.
Egg of proturan from the family Eosentomidae (1200x).
Credit: Christopher Tipping, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
The prelarva is hatched with nine abdominal segments and weakly developed mouthparts. Larva I also has nine abdominal segments with fully developed mouthparts. Larva II is the third stage and has an additional segment added between the telson and the eighth. Maturus junior is the next stage and exhibits 12 abdominal segments. The maturus junior moults to the adult except for males in the family Acerentomidae, which have another stage known as the pre-imago. This stage displays partially developed genitalia. It is not known if the adult continues to moult throughout its life.
Proturan life stages. P=prelarva, L1=larva I, LII=larva II, A=adult.
Credit: Christopher Tipping, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Collecting
Proturans are easily collected with Berlese-type funnels. Deeper soil forms can be collected by the centrifugation sugar flotation technique. Material should be stored in 75 to 80% ethanol until permanent slides can be made. Various mounting media have been used to clear and preserve specimens, including Swan's, Hoyer's, and balsam.
Selected References
Berlese, A. 1907. Monografia dei Myrientomata. Redia 6: 1-82.
Copeland, T. P. 1964. New species of Protura from Tennessee. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science 39: 17-29.
Copeland, T. P., and G. Imadate. 1990. In Soil Biology Guide. D. L. Dindall (ed.). Wiley Press, New York. Chapter 29, 911-933.
Ewing, H. E. 1940. The Protura of North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 33: 495-551.
Jenkins, W. R. 1964. A rapid centrification- flotation technique for separating nematodes from the soil. Plant Distribution Report 48:692.
Nosek, J. 1973. The European Protura. Mus. D'Hist. Naturelle, Geneva 345 pp.
Tipping C. 2008. Proturans (Protura). pp. 3062-3064. In Encyclopedia of Entomology, Vol. 3, Capinera JL (editor). Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
Tipping, C. and R. T. Allen. 1994. Description of two new species of Eosentomon from the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas (Protura: Eosentomidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 67: 253-266.
Tipping, C. and R. T. Allen. 1995. Description of two new species of Eosentomon with a key to the species with the 6/4 setal pattern on sterna IX/X (Protura: Eosentomidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 103: 287-301.
Tuxen, S. L. 1964. The Protura. Paris: Herman. 360 pp.
Footnotes
This document is EENY-043, one of a series of Featured Creatures from the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Published July 1998. Revised February 2010. Reviewed March 2013. This document is also available on Featured Creatures website at http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures. Please visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. Additional information on these organisms, including many color photographs, is available at the Entomology and Nematology Department website at http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/
Christopher Tipping. Entomology and Nematology Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL. 32611. Photographs and drawings: Christopher Tipping, University of Florida, and Dr. David E. Walter, University of Queensland (Australia).
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