F. M. Fishel2
The Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 initiated the US Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Conventional Reduced Risk Pesticide Program. Its purpose is to expedite the review and registration process of conventional pesticides that pose less risk to human health and the environment than existing conventional alternatives. Riskier conventional alternatives are those pesticides the EPA deems as having neurotoxic, carcinogenic, reproductive, and developmental toxicity, or groundwater contamination effects. It serves as a means to ensure that reduced risk pesticides enter the channels of trade and are available to growers as soon as possible. Reduced risk decisions are made at the use level. The program does not apply to biological or antimicrobial pesticides, which are handled through separate expediting processes.
Compared to existing conventional pesticides, reduced risk pesticides may provide a number of benefits:
low impact on human health
lower toxicity to nontarget organisms (e.g., birds, fish, plants)
low potential for groundwater contamination
low use rates
low pest resistance potential
compatibility with Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices
EPA established an expedited review for manufacturers applying to register pesticides that may reasonably be expected to accomplish at least one of the following:
reduce the risks of pesticides to human health
reduce the risks of pesticides to nontarget organisms
reduce the potential for contamination of groundwater, surface water, or other valued environmental resources
broaden the adoption of IPM strategies, or make such strategies more available or more effective
Carbamates and organophosphates (OPs) are a group of closely related pesticides used in agriculture and nonagricultural sites that affect functioning of the nervous system by targeting the cholinesterase system. A main concern with these insecticides is acute toxicity. Carbamates and OPs are among EPA's first priority group of pesticides for review under the FQPA. EPA made alternatives to OP pesticides the first priority for review and regulatory decision-making. The conventional Reduced Risk Pesticide Program screens OP alternatives for this initiative. Table 1 provides a list of reduced risk and OP alternative pesticides currently registered for use in the United States. Some active ingredients listed in Table 1 are not registered for use in Florida.
EPA determines if a candidate is a potentially significant OP alternative by an approach that includes, but is not limited to, consideration of the following factors:
The affected OPs collectively have a significant market share for the specified use pattern.
Currently registered alternatives, if any exist, have constraints that prevented their widespread adoption as alternatives to the affected OPs, such as inferior efficacy or pest-resistance issues.
The proposed reduced risk alternative appears to overcome many of the constraints of the alternatives.
The IR-4 (Interregional Research Project No. 4) program is involved in making sure that pesticides are registered for use on minor crops. Minor-use pesticides are those that, for a variety of reasons, produce relatively little revenue for their manufacturers; they may be registered for use with a seldom-seen pest or for a crop that is not grown by a large number of producers. However, in Florida's agricultural setting, minor crops include some high-revenue fruit, vegetable, and ornamental crops. Based on publicly available data from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation and the CropLife Foundation, a 2009 report by IR-4 indicated that from 1994 to 2006, OP use in the United States has shown an overall decline by approximately 50%. During the same period, carbamate use declined 70%.
A direct benefit of the reduction has been to the environmental load. The environmental load is the rate of application (lbs/acre) of chemicals to the environment. The reduced risk pesticides are generally used at significantly lower application rates than the conventional compounds they are replacing, which has the effect of decreasing the amount of chemical applied to the environment. The trend from 1994 to 2006 has shown a 45% combined decrease in the environmental load for the carbamate and organophosphate insecticides.
Acute toxicity concerns have also been addressed with the increased number of reduced risk pesticides currently registered for use. Of the cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides, 73% of these compounds most widely used in the United States fall into the highest toxicity class of EPA and none are in the safest class. By contrast, 64% of the reduced risk insecticides fall into the highest safety class, and the rest are in the next safest group III.
Fishel, F.M. 2011. Pesticide Toxicity Profile: Organophosphate Pesticides. PI-50. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi087
Fishel, F.M. 2012. Pesticides and Cholinesterase. PI-221. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi221
Nesheim, O.N., F.M. Fishel, and M.A. Mossler. 2011. Toxicity of Pesticides. PI-13. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi008
Olexa, M.T., and Z. Broome. 2011. Handbook of Florida Water Regulation: Food Quality Protection Act. FE589. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fe589
Viray, F.A., and R. Hollingworth. 2009. “The Use and Benefits of Reduced Risk Pesticides since the Passage of the Food Quality Protection Act.” The IR-4 Project Newsletter Volume 40, Number 4. New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station. Accessed March 2016. http://ir4.rutgers.edu/Newsletter/vol40no4.pdf
Reduced risk (RR)/OP alternative pesticides registered in the United States.
Year |
Pesticide* |
Pesticide type |
Site |
Reduced risk (RR)/OP alternative† |
1994 |
Hexaflumuron |
Insecticide |
Belowground bait station (termites) |
RR |
Methyl anthranilate |
Repellent |
Cherry, blueberry, grape, forestry |
RR |
|
1995 |
Flumiclorac-pentyl |
Herbicide |
Corn, soybean |
RR |
Tebufenozide |
Insecticide |
Walnut |
RR |
|
Hymexazol |
Fungicide |
Sugar beet (seed treatment) |
RR |
|
1996 |
Fludioxonil |
Fungicide |
Corn |
RR |
Imazapic |
Herbicide |
Peanut |
RR |
|
Mefenoxam |
Fungicide |
All metalaxyl uses |
RR |
|
1997 |
Azoxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Non-residential turf |
RR |
Spinosad |
Insecticide |
Cotton |
RR |
|
Alpha-metolachlor |
Herbicide |
All metolachlor uses |
RR |
|
Imazamox |
Herbicide |
Soybean |
RR |
|
Hexaflumuron |
Insecticide |
Aboveground bait station (termites) |
RR |
|
Azoxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Grape, banana, peach, tomato, pecan, peanut |
RR |
|
1998 |
Fludioxonil |
Fungicide |
Potato and seed treatments (many crops) |
RR |
Diflubenzuron |
Insecticide |
Belowground bait station (termites) |
RR |
|
Cyprodinil |
Fungicide |
Stone fruit |
RR |
|
Spinosad |
Insecticide |
Almond, apple, citrus, brassica leafy vegetables, fruiting vegetables, and leafy vegetables |
RR |
|
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Cotton |
RR |
|
Tebufenozide |
Insecticide |
Pecan |
RR |
|
Carfentrazone-ethyl |
Herbicide |
Wheat, corn |
RR |
|
1999 |
Azoxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Turf (residential), almond, cucurbit vegetables, rice, wheat, canola, potato, stone fruit |
RR |
Diflufenzopyr |
Herbicide |
Corn |
RR |
|
Tebufenozide |
Insecticide |
Leafy, brassica, and fruiting vegetables, cranberry, forestry, ornamentals, berry crop group, mint, pome fruit, cotton, sugarcane, turnip, canola |
RR/OP |
|
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Pome fruit, walnut |
RR/OP |
|
Glyphosate |
Herbicide |
Glyphosate-tolerant corn, canola, sugar beet |
RR |
|
s-Dimethenamid |
Herbicide |
Corn, soybean, peanut |
RR |
|
Spinosad |
Insecticide |
Sweet corn, cucurbit and legume vegetables, stone fruit, cereal grains |
RR/OP |
|
Fenhexamid |
Fungicide |
Grape, strawberry, ornamentals |
RR |
|
Bifenazate |
Insecticide |
Ornamentals |
RR/OP |
|
Trifloxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Pome fruit, grape, cucurbit vegetables, peanut, turf, banana, ornamentals |
RR |
|
Fipronil |
Insecticide |
Outside home use (termites) |
OP |
|
Pymetrozine |
Insecticide |
Tuberous and corm vegetables, ornamentals, tobacco |
RR/OP |
|
2000 |
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Citrus, fruiting vegetables, tree nuts |
RR/OP |
Tebufenozide |
Insecticide |
Ornamentals (residential), tree nuts |
RR/OP |
|
Ecolyst |
Herbicide/ Insecticide/ Plant growth regulator |
Orange |
RR |
|
Spinosad |
Insecticide |
Non-grass animal feed crop group, grain amaranth, cilantro, grass, buckwheat, rye, pistachio, oat, barley, millet, apple, popcorn, ti leaves, watercress, tropical fruit, teosinte, turnip greens |
RR/OP |
|
Fenhexamid |
Fungicide |
Almond, stone fruit |
RR |
|
Prohexadione calcium |
Herbicide/ Plant growth regulator |
Apple |
RR |
|
Methoxyfenozide |
Insecticide |
Cotton, pome fruit |
RR/OP |
|
Trifloxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Almond, fruiting vegetables, hops, potato, sugar beet, wheat, ornamentals |
RR |
|
Carfentrazone-ethyl |
Herbicide |
Cereal grains |
RR |
|
Buprofezin |
Insecticide |
Cucurbit vegetables, head lettuce |
RR/OP |
|
Fenpyroximate |
Insecticide |
Ornamentals (greenhouse) |
RR/OP |
|
Indoxacarb |
Insecticide |
Cotton, fruiting and brassica leafy vegetables, lettuce, sweet corn, pome fruit |
RR/OP |
|
Flucarbazone-sodium |
Herbicide |
Wheat |
RR |
|
Glyphosate |
Herbicide |
Many: refer to http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/workplan/completionsportrait.pdf |
RR |
|
Azoxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Barley, onion, citrus, corn (field, sweet, pop), cotton, leafy, root, and tuberous vegetables, soybean |
RR |
|
2001 |
Fipronil |
Insecticide |
Home lawn, golf course, commercial and recreational turf and sod farms (fire ant), potting medium mixtures (fire ant) |
OP |
Thiamethoxam |
Insecticide |
Barley, canola, cotton, sorghum, wheat (all seed treatment), cotton, pome fruit, cucurbit, fruiting, tuberous, and corm vegetables (all foliar) |
OP |
|
Fludioxonil |
Fungicide |
Strawberry, bulb vegetables, turf |
RR |
|
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Food handling establishments |
RR |
|
Pistachio |
RR/OP |
|||
Imidacloprid |
Insecticide |
Leaf petioles, citrus |
OP |
|
Zoxamide |
Fungicide |
Grape, cucurbit vegetables, tomato |
RR |
|
Prohexadione calcium |
Plant growth regulator |
Grass (grown for seed) |
RR |
|
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Pistachio |
RR/OP |
|
Mesotrione |
Herbicide |
Corn (field) |
RR |
|
Cyprodinil |
Fungicide |
Onion (dry, bulb, and green), strawberry |
RR |
|
Buprofezin |
Insecticide |
Almond, citrus, cotton, grape, tomato |
RR/OP |
|
Carfentrazone-ethyl |
Herbicide |
Cotton (defoliant use) |
OP |
|
Turf |
RR |
|||
Fluazinam |
Fungicide |
Peanut, potato |
RR |
|
zeta-Cypermethrin |
Insecticide |
Alfalfa, corn (field, pop, sweet), head and stem brassica vegetables, leafy brassica greens, leafy vegetables, onion (green), sugar beet, sugarcane, rice |
OP |
|
Azoxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Leafy brassica greens, blueberry, eggplant, grass (grown for seed), jackfruit, juneberry, lingonberry, loquat, mint (spearmint, peppermint), okra, pawpaw, pepper, persimmon, salal, strawberry, tamarind, tropical fruit, turnip (greens), watercress, wax jambu, white sapote |
RR |
|
Novaluron |
Insecticide |
Ornamentals (indoors, non-food) |
RR |
|
Spinosad |
Insecticide |
Artichoke (globe), asparagus, bushberry, cranberry, foliage of legume vegetables, garden beet (root), juneberry, leaves of root and tuber vegetables, lingonberry, okra, pistachio, pome fruit, salal, strawberry, sugar beet (root), tree nuts |
RR/OP |
|
2002 |
Chlorfenapyr |
Insecticide |
Post-construction control of termites |
OP |
Imazamox |
Herbicide |
Alfalfa, canola, legume vegetables, wheat |
RR |
|
Pymetrozine |
Insecticide |
Cotton, leafy, head and stem brassica, and leafy brassica vegetables, hops |
RR/OP |
|
Pecans |
OP |
|||
Bifenazate |
Insecticide |
Cotton, grapes, hops, nectarine, peach, plum, pome fruit, strawberry |
RR/OP |
|
Acetamiprid |
Insecticide |
Cotton, pome fruit, citrus, grapes, brassica leafy, leafy (excl. brassica), and fruiting vegetables, ornamentals |
RR/OP |
|
Trifloxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Citrus, corn (field, pop), pecan, rice, stone fruit |
RR |
|
Cyhalofop-butyl |
Herbicide |
Rice |
RR |
|
Indoxacarb |
Insecticide |
Alfalfa, peanut, potato, soybean |
RR/OP |
|
Fludioxonil |
Fungicide |
Caneberry, pistachio, stone fruit, watercress |
RR |
|
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Stone fruit, blueberry, lychee, guava |
RR/OP |
|
Imazethapyr |
Herbicide |
Rice |
RR |
|
Diflufenzopyr |
Herbicide |
Corn (pop, sweet), grass (forage, hay) |
RR |
|
Macalayea extract |
Fungicide |
Greenhouse ornamentals |
RR |
|
Azoxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Legume vegetables |
RR |
|
Methoxyfenozide |
Insecticide |
Fruiting, leafy, and brassica leafy vegetables, grapes, corn (field, sweet), stone fruit, tree nuts |
RR/OP |
|
Fenamidone |
Fungicide |
Lettuce |
RR |
|
Lambda-cyhalothrin |
Insecticide |
Legume and fruiting vegetables, sugarcane |
RR (sugarcane)/OP (all) |
|
Spinosad |
Insecticide |
Berry group, fig, grape, herbs, peanut, root and tuber vegetables |
RR/OP |
|
2003 |
Lambda-cyhalothrin |
Insecticide |
Termite barrier |
RR |
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Brassica leafy and cucurbit vegetables, olive |
RR/OP |
|
Cyprodinil |
Fungicide |
Bushberry, caneberry, pistachio, watercress, brassica leafy vegetables, carrot, herbs, lychee fruits |
RR |
|
EH-2001 Rodenticide |
Rodenticide |
Richardson/Wyoming ground squirrel |
RR |
|
Mesotrione |
Herbicide |
Corn (pop) |
RR |
|
Noviflumuron |
Insecticide |
Aboveground bait station |
RR/OP |
|
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Avocado fruits, fig, okra, sugar apple fruits |
RR/OP |
|
Clothianidin |
Insecticide |
Canola, corn (seed treatments) |
OP |
|
Methoxyfenozide |
Insecticide |
Cranberry, cucurbits, okra, peas (black-eyed, southern), turnip (greens) |
RR/OP |
|
Azoxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Artichoke (globe), asparagus, head and stem brassica subgroup, herbs |
RR |
|
Emamectin benzoate |
Insecticide |
Cotton, fruiting vegetables, tobacco |
OP |
|
Buprofezin |
Insecticide |
Bean (succulent), lychee fruits, pistachio |
RR/OP |
|
Boscalid |
Fungicide |
Berries, bulb, fruiting, legume (root except sugar beet, garden beet, radish, turnip), tuberous and corm vegetables, grape, lettuce (head, leaf), peanut, stone fruit, strawberry, tree nuts, turf |
RR |
|
Thiamethoxam |
Insecticide |
Ornamentals, succulent beans (seed), stone fruit, sunflower (seed) |
OP |
|
Trifloxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Root vegetables leaf petioles (except sugar beet) subgroup, except radish |
RR |
|
Flonicamid |
Insecticide |
Ornamentals (greenhouse) |
OP |
|
Acequinocyl |
Insecticide |
Ornamentals (greenhouse) |
RR |
|
Bifenazate |
Insecticide |
Cucurbits, fruiting vegetables, mint, pistachio, tomato (greenhouse), tree nuts |
RR |
|
Fenhexamid |
Fungicide |
Cucumber (greenhouse), fruiting vegetables (except non-bell pepper), kiwifruit, leafy green subgroup (except spinach), stone fruit |
RR |
|
Etoxazole |
Insecticide |
Cotton, pome fruit, strawberry |
RR |
|
Quinoxyfen |
Fungicide |
Grape, hops, cherry |
RR |
|
Glufosinate-ammonium |
Herbicide |
Rice |
RR |
|
2004 |
Fluroxypyr |
Herbicide |
Corn (field, sweet) |
RR |
Mesosulfuron-methyl |
Herbicide |
Wheat |
RR |
|
Gamma-cyhalothrin |
Insecticide |
Alfalfa, brassica head and stem subgroup, canola, corn (field, sweet), cotton, fruiting and legume (edible-podded) subgroup vegetables, garlic, lettuce (head, leaf), tree nuts, onion (dry bulb), pea and bean dry shelled (except soybean) subgroup, pea and bean succulent shelled subgroup, peanut, pome fruit, rice, sorghum, soybean, stone fruit, sugarcane, sunflower, wheat |
OP |
|
Novaluron |
Insecticide |
Cotton, pome fruit |
OP |
|
Fenpyroximate |
Insecticide |
Cotton, grape, pome fruit |
RR |
|
Acequinocyl |
Insecticide |
Strawberry, almond, citrus, pome fruit, field ornamentals |
RR |
|
Lufenuron |
Insecticide |
Termite bait station |
RR |
|
Indoxacarb |
Insecticide |
Fire ant bait |
RR/OP |
|
Pyrimethanil |
Fungicide |
Almond, grape, onion (dry bulb, green), pome and stone fruit, strawberry, tomato, tuberous and corm vegetables |
RR |
|
Dinotefuran |
Insecticide |
Leafy vegetables |
RR/OP |
|
Penoxsulam |
Herbicide |
Rice |
RR |
|
Tebufenozide |
Insecticide |
Citrus, grape, tuberous and corm vegetables |
RR |
|
Fenamidone |
Fungicide |
Cucurbit vegetables, onion (dry bulb, green), potato, tomato |
RR |
|
Cyazofamid |
Fungicide |
Cucurbit vegetables, potato, tomato |
RR |
|
Bispyribac-sodium |
Herbicide |
Turf |
RR |
|
Deltamethrin |
Insecticide |
Corn (field), cucurbit, fruiting, root and tuber vegetables, onion (dry, bulb, green), sorghum, tree nuts |
OP |
|
2005 |
Fenamidone |
Fungicide |
Ornamentals |
RR |
Diflubenzuron |
Insecticide |
Horse oral larvicide feed-through treatment |
RR |
|
Dinotefuran |
Insecticide |
Public health use, cotton, brassica head and stem subgroup, cucurbit and fruiting vegetables, grape, potato |
RR/OP |
|
Clothianidin |
Insecticide |
Turf, ornamentals, pome fruit, tobacco |
OP |
|
Thiamethoxam |
Insecticide |
Mint |
OP |
|
Clofentezine |
Insecticide |
Grape |
RR |
|
Mesotrione |
Herbicide |
Corn (sweet) |
RR |
|
Buprofezin |
Insecticide |
Avocado, guava, peach, pome fruit, sugar apple |
RR/OP |
|
Acetamiprid |
Insecticide |
Potato |
RR/OP |
|
Spiromesifen |
Insecticide |
Brassica leafy, fruiting, tuberous, and corm vegetables, corn (field), cotton, cucurbits, leafy greens, ornamentals, strawberry |
RR |
|
Pymetrozine |
Insecticide |
Asparagus |
OP |
|
Etoxazole |
Insecticide |
Grape, tree nuts |
RR/OP |
|
Pinoxaden |
Herbicide |
Barley, wheat |
RR |
|
Aminopyralid |
Herbicide |
Range and pasture lands, rights-of-way, roadsides, industrial vegetation management |
RR |
|
Flonicamid |
Insecticide |
Cotton, cucurbit and fruiting vegetables, pome and stone fruit, potato, nursery and landscape ornamentals |
OP |
|
2006 |
Boscalid |
Fungicide |
Celery, spinach |
RR |
Flumiclorac-pentyl |
Herbicide |
Cotton defoliant use |
RR/OP |
|
Spinosad |
Insecticide |
Alfalfa, fruit fly bait, mint, onion (green) |
RR |
|
Fenhexamid |
Fungicide |
Ginseng, pear, cilantro, pepper (non-bell), pomegranate |
RR |
|
Flonicamid |
Insecticide |
Head and stem brassica |
OP |
|
Trifloxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Barley, oats |
RR |
|
Azoxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Herbs, spices, safflower, sunflower |
RR |
|
Methoxyfenozide |
Insecticide |
Soybean |
RR/OP |
|
Fenpyroximate |
Insecticide |
Citrus, hops, mint, pistachio, tree nuts |
RR |
|
Quinoxyfen |
Fungicide |
Lettuce (head, leaf), melons, pepper (bell, non-bell), strawberry |
RR |
|
Bifenazate |
Insecticide |
Stone fruit, edible-podded pea, tuberous and corm vegetables |
RR/OP |
|
2007 |
Fluthiacet-methyl |
Herbicide |
Cotton |
OP |
Spiromesifen |
Insecticide |
Tomato (greenhouse) |
RR |
|
Flazasulfuron |
Fungicide |
Turf |
RR |
|
Penoxsulam |
Herbicide |
Turf, aquatic use |
RR |
|
Indoxacarb |
Insecticide |
Grape |
RR |
|
Spinosad |
Insecticide |
Mosquito larvicide use |
RR |
|
Spinetoram |
Insecticide |
Many: refer to http://www.epa.gov/opprd001/workplan/completionsportrait.pdf |
RR |
|
2008 |
Mandipropamid |
Fungicide |
Brassica leafy, bulb, cucurbit, fruiting, tuberous and corm, and leafy vegetables, grape |
RR |
Mesotrione |
Herbicide |
Berry group, cranberry, flax, turf (sod farm, golf courses) |
RR |
|
Chlorantraniliprole |
Insecticide |
Cotton, grape, pome and stone fruit, potato, turf, ornamentals, brassica leafy, cucurbit, fruiting, and leafy vegetables |
RR |
|
Spirotetramat |
Insecticide |
Almond, citrus, grape, hops, onion (bulb), brassica head and stem, brassica leafy greens, cucurbits, fruiting, leafy, and tuberous and corm vegetables |
RR |
|
Etofenprox |
Insecticide |
Mosquito adulticide use |
RR |
|
2009 |
Etofenprox |
Insecticide |
Rice |
RR |
Mesotrione |
Herbicide |
Turf (commercial, residential) |
RR |
|
Spiromesifen |
Insecticide |
Corn (pop, sweet), low-growing berry group |
RR |
|
Penoxsulam |
Herbicide |
Grape, tree nuts |
RR |
|
Chlorantraniliprole |
Insecticide |
Tree nuts, pistachio |
RR |
|
Cyazofamid |
Fungicide |
Fruiting vegetables (regional tolerance), okra |
RR |
|
Saflufenacil |
Herbicide |
Cereal grains, citrus, cotton, foliage of legume vegetables, forage, fodder, and straw of cereal grains, grape, legume vegetables, pome and stone fruit, sunflower, tree nuts |
RR |
|
Spinetoram |
Insecticide |
Date, hops, pineapple, pomegranate, spice (ex. black pepper) |
RR |
|
Methoxy fenozide |
Insecticide |
Citrus, corn (pop), pea (dry seed), pomegranate |
RR |
|
2010 |
Dinotefuran |
Insecticide |
Brassica leafy greens, turnip (greens) |
RR |
Chlorantraniliprole |
Insecticide |
Artichoke, asparagus, caneberry, cacao, citrus, coffee, corn (field, sweet, pop), fig, forage, fodder, and straw of cereal grains, grass forage, fodder, and hay, herbs and spices, hops, legume vegetables (ex., soybean), mint, non-grass animal feeds, oilseed crops, okra, olive, peanut, persimmon, pomegranate, prickly pear cactus, rice, small vine-climbing fruits, strawberry, sugar, cane, tea, tobacco, tropical fruits, tuberous and corm vegetables, termiticide use |
RR |
|
Tolfenpyrad |
Insecticide |
Ornamentals (greenhouse) |
RR |
|
Cyazofamid |
Fungicide |
Brassica leafy vegetables, hops, spinach, turnip (greens) |
RR |
|
Spiromesifen |
Insecticide |
Pea, dry |
RR |
|
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Artichoke (globe), asparagus, foliage of legume, vegetables, leafy vegetables, leaves of root & tuber vegetables, small vine climbing fruits (ex. grape), watercress |
RR |
|
Endothall |
Herbicide |
Irrigation canal use |
RR |
|
2011 |
Spirotetramat |
Insecticide |
Cotton, legume vegetables, tropical fruits |
RR |
Chlorantraniliprole |
Insecticide |
Bushberry, cucurbit vegetables, fruiting vegetables okra, onion, bulb, root & tuber vegetables, sugar beet, tea |
RR |
|
2012 |
Ametoctradin |
Fungicide |
Brassica leafy vegetables, bulb vegetables, cucurbits, fruiting vegetables, grape, hops, leafy vegetables, tuberous & corm vegetables, turf (golf courses), ornamentals, residential/commercial landscapes |
RR |
Acetamiprid |
Insecticide |
Asparagus, brassica leafy greens, citrus, fruiting vegetables, pome fruit, turnip (greens) |
RR |
|
Azoxystrobin |
Fungicide |
Berry & small fruits (13-07A,B,F,G), bulb vegetables, citrus, dragon fruit, fruiting vegetables, oilseeds, tuberous & corm vegetables, wasabi |
RR |
|
Novaluron |
Insecticide |
Termite bait station use |
RR |
|
Penthiopyrad |
Insecticide |
Alfalfa, bulb vegetables, brassica leafy vegetables, canola, cereal grains, corn (field, pop, sweet), cotton, cucurbits, fruiting vegetables, leafy vegetables, legumes, low-growing berry, peanut, pome fruit, root & tuber vegetables, soybean, stone fruit, sunflower, tree nuts, turf, ornamentals |
RR |
|
2013 |
Flonicamid |
Insecticide |
Cucumber (GH), low-growing berry, rapeseed (20A) |
RR |
Pyriproxyfen |
Insecticide |
Herbs |
RR |
|
Acetamiprid |
Insecticide |
Corn, sweet |
RR |
|
Dinotefuran |
Insecticide |
Rice, food handling establishments |
RR |
|
2014 |
Clothianidin |
Insecticide |
Indoor cockroach gel bait |
RR |
Cyantraniliprole |
Insecticide |
Brassica leafy vegetables, bulb vegetables, bushberries, citrus, cotton, cucurbit vegetables, fruiting vegetables, leafy vegetables, oil seeds, peanut, pome fruit, stone fruit, tree nuts, tuberous & corm vegetables, fly bait use, turf, ornamentals (greenhouse and nursery), and indoor and outdoor commercial and residential use sites to control public health pests |
RR |
|
Chlorantraniliprole |
Insecticide |
Peanut |
RR |
|
Etofenprox |
Insecticide |
Mosquito adulticide use (removing crop restriction) |
RR |
|
2015 |
Oxathiapiprolin |
Fungicide |
Brassica leafy vegetables, cucurbit vegetables, fruiting vegetables, leafy vegetables, ornamentals, and potatoes |
RR |
Flupyradifurone |
Insecticide |
Citrus, cotton, cucurbit vegetables, fruiting vegetables, pome fruit, brassica leafy vegetables, leafy (non-brassica) vegetables, root and tuber vegetables, and legume vegetables |
RR |
|
Deltamethrin |
Insecticide |
All crop mosquito adulticide |
RR |
|
2016 |
Oxathiapiprolin |
Fungicide |
Sunflower (seed treatment), citrus, potato (soil use), caneberry, basil, mustard greens, and soybean (seed treatment) |
RR |
Flupyradifurone |
Insecticide |
Stone fruit, avocado, pomegranate, ornamentals, greenhouse vegetables |
RR |
|
Aciquenocyl |
Insecticide |
Avocado, dried shelled beans, and summer squash |
RR |
|
Cyazofamid |
Fungicide |
Herb (19A), pepper (greenhouse soil drench), and tomato (greenhouse foliar) |
RR |
|
2017 |
Spirotetramat |
Insecticide |
Sugar beets, carrots |
RR |
2017 |
Etofenprox |
Insecticide |
Mushrooms |
RR |
* New active ingredient reduced risk/OP alternative actions are indicated by italics. † OP alternative status was not considered by the Reduced Risk Program for conventional pesticides until 1999 |
This document is PI224, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date January 2010. Revised April 2013, March 2016, and March 2019. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.
F. M. Fishel, professor, Agronomy Department, and director, Pesticide Information Office; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication do not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county's UF/IFAS Extension office.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension.