Limpograss is a warm-season perennial grass used by Florida beef cattle producers because of its high digestibility quality, cool-season growth and tolerance of poorly drained soils.
This grass is well adapted to flatwoods sites in Florida and to similar areas characterized by a flat to gently-sloping topography and poorly drained, sandy soils, where standing water is common during wet weather. Limpograss should not be planted on high ground or deep sands.
Limpograss is one of the first grasses to initiate growth after a frost or freeze. In fall and early spring, this grass will produce more biomass than other warm-season grasses, especially in South Florida. Because of active growth in late fall, high digestibility, and the slower decline in digestibility with increasing maturity compared to other grasses, limpograss is suitable for use as a stockpiled forage.
Despite high digestibility, however, protein concentration is generally low in limpograss with increased maturity, so protein supplementation is needed to meet the requirements of most livestock that are fed limpograss.
Credit: Yoana Newman, UF/IFAS
History and Released Cultivars
Limpograss was first introduced in Florida in 1964. Since then, evaluations have been conducted at the University of Florida (UF) in Gainesville, as well as at the US Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (USDA-NRCS) Plant Materials Center at Arcadia, FL, and at the UF/IFAS Range Cattle Research and Education Center (RCREC) at Ona, FL. As a result of these evaluations, four limpograss cultivars were released in Florida in the 1970s and 80s. These cultivars include the diploids 'Redalta' and 'Greenalta' and the tetraploids 'Bigalta' and 'Floralta'.
'Floralta' was released in 1984 to address deficiencies of the cultivars 'Redalta', 'Greenalta', and 'Bigalta'. The first two are no longer recommended because of their low digestibility, although 'Redalta' is the most cold-tolerant of the four released cultivars. 'Bigalta', the least cold-tolerant of the original cultivars, performs best in alternating wet/dry soil conditions. Under grazing conditions 'Floralta' is more persistent than 'Bigalta', and 'Bigalta' is only recommended for use under mechanical defoliation or light grazing.
In 2014, two new cultivars were released by the University of Florida, 'Gibtuck' and 'Kenhy'. These new cultivars are hybrids between 'Floralta' and 'Bigalta' and have shown greater production and persistence under grazing than 'Floralta', and 'Kenhy' has greater digestibility than 'Floralta'.
Yield
Limpograss is most productive during the warmer months, but also has active growth periods in early spring and late fall. Under good fertility and moisture conditions, limpograss produces 8–10 tons of hay per acre. In South Florida during mild winters, limpograss continues to grow throughout the cool season, producing 30–35% of its growth between November and March, compared to 10–15% for bahiagrass (see Table 1).
Under grazing, limpograss forage mass is variable and increases with increasing grazing height. For example, grazing to a stubble height of 8 inches allows for a grazing-forage mass of 2,500–2,800 lb/acre. When limpograss is grazed to a 16-inch stubble, the forage mass available is approximately 4,000–4,500 lb/acre.
Nutritive Value
In addition to limpograss' cool-season production, digestibility is considered high relative to other summer grasses (Table 1). Also, unlike other warm-season grasses, limpograss maintains its nutritional value with advancing maturity. Despite high digestibility, however, limpograss crude protein concentration can be low. Crude protein tends to increase with nitrogen fertilization of limpograss, and protein is higher at the top of the canopy.
Organic-matter digestibility of young limpograss may be as high as 70%, but can drop to as low as 40% in mature, stockpiled grass. The protein concentration in young limpograss less than 6 weeks old will usually exceed 7%, especially in the cooler spring or fall periods. During the summer, the protein concentration of 6-week-old regrowth will fall below 7% even with fertilization of 60–80 pounds of nitrogen (N) per acre. Stockpiled 'Floralta' or 'Bigalta' 12–16 weeks old may only have a protein concentration of 3%, but digestibility and palatability are relatively high. With protein supplementation, mature pregnant cows fed limpograss can be maintained and, in some situations, their body condition can be improved.
Tissue phosphorus and potassium concentrations of limpograss may range from 0.15% to 0.30% for phosphorus and from 0.8% to 1.0% for potassium.
Animal Performance
Studies on continuously grazed (continuous stocking) limpograss pastures have reported average daily gains (ADG) of crossbred yearling heifers that range from 0.5 to 1.4 lb per day. In cow-calf operations, cows can gain, on average, 1 unit of body condition score when grazing limpograss pastures during the summer. However, cows grazing limpograss during the winter will lose body condition if their diet is not supplemented properly.
Planting
Limpograss seed production is low, but the long, decumbent stems root readily at the nodes, making vegetative propagation through sprigging an accepted commercial practice.
In Florida it is best to establish limpograss during the rainy season (June–August). However, if irrigation is available to provide moisture regularly, limpograss can be planted as early as April–May. In some South Florida areas, limpograss plantings can be made even later than August. Warmer winters in South Florida can also make it possible for stockpiled grass to overwinter without freezing, allowing for spring planting using this material.
If targeting establishment without irrigation, seedbed preparation should be in April–May. Control weeds first, and take care of soil needs next. Many weeds can be controlled through cultivation prior to planting. Herbicide treatment after planting is recommended on land infested with broadleaf weeds. Use Banvel herbicide. Do not use 2,4-D or Weedmaster (contains 2,4-D) since limpograss is sensitive to this herbicide. For other herbicide recommendations, see EDIS Publication SSAGR08, Weed Management in Pastures and Rangeland—2009 (https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wg006).
When preparing a field for planting, test the soil to determine plant nutrients present in the soil, as well as the degree of acidity or alkalinity, and, therefore, the lime needs of the soil. The results of a soil test will provide all information necessary for fertilizer recommendations.
Liming is needed only when soil pH is below the recommended target pH of 5.5. Lime should be applied two to six months before planting to allow adequate time for the soil to react with the lime and alter pH. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) should be applied after planting, when the grass has sprouted and started to grow. After plants have emerged, apply 30 lb N/acre, all of the soil-test-recommended P2O5 and half of the recommended K2O. Apply the remaining K2O and 70 lb N/acre 30–50 days later.
For planting, stem tops and stolons that have been recently cut should be spread in the prepared seedbed and covered to a 2–3 inch depth using a disk harrow or similar implement. A cultipacker or roller (or similar equipment) should follow the disking operation in order to produce a smoother pasture, establish soil capillarity, and insure rooting with good soil contact. The amount of planting material needed will range from 1,000 to 2,000 lb/acre. Use a minimum of 1,000 pounds/acre of planting material on newly prepared native land. Higher rates of 1,500–2,000 pounds/acre of planting material may be required when renovating fields used for pasture previously, but which have become infested with other grasses and broadleaf weeds.
Utilization by grazing or mowing should be delayed until limpograss is well established. To give the grass additional time to establish before being subjected to grazing, take the first harvest as hay.
Before deciding to plant aeschynomene, carpon desmodium, or some other summer legume at the same time the limpograss is planted, try to determine whether broadleaf weeds will be a problem, as the use of herbicide to control weeds will kill the legumes. Additionally, reduce the normal planting rate for the legume to avoid excessive competition with the grass.
Management
A. Fertilizer and Liming Recommendations
Liming is needed only when soil pH is below the recommended target pH of 5.5. Lime as needed to maintain a soil pH of 5.5.
1. Pastures
For grazed, established stands, apply 60 lb N/acre and all of the soil-test recommended P2O5 and K2O levels in late winter or early spring. Apply an additional 60 lb N/acre in late summer or early fall. For a minimum fertilization alternative, ignore the P and K recommendation and apply only 60 lb N/acre per year.
2. Hay, Silage, or Green Chop
Apply 80 lb N/acre and all of the recommended P2O5 and K2O levels in late winter or early spring. Apply an additional 80 lb N and 40 lb K2O/acre after each cutting, except the last in the fall. Include 20 lb of P2O5 in the supplemental fertilizer if the soil tested low or medium in P.
B. Weed Control
If limpograss pastures are closely grazed or overgrazed, opportunistic weed plants may invade limpograss stands and pastures. Some grassy weeds include common bermudagrass and vaseygrass. Proper grazing or stubble height will keep these grassy weeds from encroaching. Leaving a conservative stubble height (10–12 inches) will reduce the vaseygrass population without allowing major infestation by common bermudagrass.
Broadleaf weeds can be controlled with chemical herbicides. However, as indicated in the establishment section, do not use 2,4-D (there are several brands) or 2,4-D mixtures, such as Weedmaster (2,4-D + dicamba) because these will injure or kill limpograss. Limpograss has shown more tolerance to dicamba (brand examples are Banvel, Clarity, or Vanquish) than to 2,4-D. Therefore, dicamba is recommended for control of broadleaf weeds in limpograss.
C. Grazing Management
Limpograss should be grazed to a stubble height of 10–12 inches or higher under rotational grazing (rotational stocking) or to 12–16 inches under continuous grazing (continuous stocking). Do not graze the grass to the ground level except during the winter. However, animals should be removed as soon as this happens, and they should not be returned to the area until the grass has grown to a height of 12 inches or more. Then graze, but take only one-half of the top growth.
As the warm season progresses, try not to let the grass grow taller than 18–24 inches. Extremely tall grass results in waste through trampling. Trampling causes a buildup of mulch, which increases the possibility of insect damage from spittlebug and chinchbug.
Rotational grazing is recommended. Rotational grazing will increase total production from the pastures as compared to continuous grazing and should increase the persistence of limpograss.
Credit: C. G. Chambliss, UF/IFAS
D. Supplementation on Pasture
Limpograss quality decreases as the grass matures. However, 8-to-10-week-old limpograss regrowth has a higher digestibility (TDN) than bahiagrass of the same maturity. The crude protein of limpograss will decline as it matures, and low protein often limits forage intake and digestibility (Table 1).
Limpograss stems and leaves have similar digestibility, but the crude protein concentration in the stems is about one-half of the crude protein concentration in the leaves. Consequently, the relative leaf-to-stem ratio consumed by the grazing animal will affect the animal's need for protein supplementation.
The TDN-to-crude protein ratio (TDN:CP) is a measure of the balance between digestible energy (TDN) and protein. In forages with TDN:CP ratios of 7 or below, added protein supplements usually do not result in large improvements in animal performance. In forages with TDN:CP ratios above 7, added protein supplements usually result in improvements in forage intake and cattle gains. Ratios above 7 are common in limpograss.
Several strategies—including protein supplementation, growing limpograss with a legume, nitrogen fertilization, and managing grazing for consumption of mostly leaves—have been successful in avoiding protein deficiencies in cattle grazing limpograss. Feeding growing cattle that were grazing limpograss in a six-pasture rotational grazing program (five weeks between grazings) 0.25–0.50 lb/day per animal of crude protein from a urea-based supplement improved animal gains 0.4–0.7 lb/day.
Interseeding limpograss with aeschynomene also improved animal gains 0.4–0.5 lb/day, nearly as much as protein supplements. Higher nitrogen fertilization rates (130 lb N/acre compared to 45 lb N/acre) improved forage crude protein concentration and gains of growing cattle. However, some additional improvement in gain (0.2 lb/day) was found when a urea-based supplement was fed at the higher level of nitrogen fertilization.
In contrast to these trials, when growing cattle were rotationally grazed on limpograss pasture at a stocking rate allowing a significant amount of residual forage during the summer, protein supplements did not improve gains. Presumably, cattle were consuming mostly leaves that were higher in protein.
Under continuous grazing, maintaining a pasture height of about 16 inches resulted in better animal gain and stand persistence than maintaining a height of 8 or 24 inches. Invasion by common bermudagrass was a major problem when the pasture was grazed throughout the warm season to 8 inches.
Protein supplements are recommended for cattle grazing stockpiled limpograss. The quantity of supplemental protein needed increases as the plant is defoliated, and a higher proportion of stems are consumed.
In South Florida, replacement heifers grazing stockpiled limpograss and receiving 0, 2.5, or 5.0 lb/head/d of cottonseed meal gained 0.7, 1.3, and 1.7 lb/d, respectively. Heifers grazing stockpiled limpograss and grazing annual ryegrass three times per week had the same performance as heifers receiving 5 lb/head/d of cottonseed meal.
E. Association with Legumes
A couple of legumes are adapted to the high-moisture conditions in which limpograss grows: aeschynomene during the warm season and white clover during the cool season.
Aeschynomene grown in limpograss pastures provides much-needed protein from July through September and has produced significant increases in animal gain. Aeschynomene production varies from year to year. In those years with above-average spring rainfall, production will be better than other years. Spring rainfall allows the aeschynomene to germinate and start growing earlier.
In South Florida, if soil moisture is good during the cool season, white clover can be overseeded in limpograss pastures in the fall if the pastures are not stockpiled during the fall.
Utilization
A. Stockpiling
Stockpiling allows forage grown during peak periods to be utilized during periods of deficit. In Florida, the practice of stockpiling leaves a standing hay crop in the fall for use later, when there is not much grass growth. Limpograss is used in stockpiling because the digestibility of limpograss remains relatively high as the plant matures, compared to the digestibility of other warm-season species.
Stockpiling, with significant growth in September and October, is usually achieved by removing cattle in mid-August (north Florida) to mid-September (south Florida) from the area where grass is to be stockpiled, followed by fertilization.
The nutritive value of stockpiled limpograss is highly dependent on management practices and climatic conditions. However, an average 3% CP and 50% TDN is typical for stockpiled limpograss. For this reason, animals grazing the stockpiled grass will need supplementation to maintain adequate nutritional status.
Do not stockpile grass during June, July, and early August. By November, the grass that grew during this period will be very mature, and, therefore, cattle may refuse to eat it. Stockpiling during the summer months also encourages the buildup of spittlebugs, which results in damage to the grass.
B. Hay or Silage
Limpograss has been successfully conserved as silage by ranchers and dairymen, who like the excellent silage the grass makes. This silage is characterized by a 'sweet' fragrance that remains preserved even up to a couple of years if stored properly.
The maturity stage to harvest limpograss is between 4 and 6 weeks old and no more than 6 weeks old. However, ammoniation can be used to increase feeding value if the grass is more than 6 weeks old or has been rain damaged. Because of the thicker limpograss stems, limpograss for hay dries slower than bermudagrass; a conditioner can be used to crush the stems and speed up the drying time. Growers have been able to successfully harvest on a five-to-six-week schedule throughout the growing season.
Insects and Plant Diseases
Spittlebugs may become a problem in limpograss if the grass is left ungrazed and a thatch accumulates. Mowing or burning the excess grass growth or pasture thatch is the management-control option of choice.
Occasionally, damage from chinchbugs (Blissus insularis) and caterpillars—such as fall army worms (Spodoptera) and loopers (Moscis)—have been reported. Drought-stressed plants may be attacked by a blight characterized by browning of the new growth. This condition has been diagnosed as 'Take-all Root Rot' (Gaeumannomyces graminis), a condition that disappears when the plant tissue is removed by cutting or burning. Sting nematodes can be a significant pest on deep, well drained sands, so planting is not recommended on these areas.
Summary
- Limpograss is a warm-season plant adapted to areas of high moisture that are poorly drained. None of the released cultivars are adapted to Florida's deep sandy soils.
- Limpograss is high in digestibility, but CP concentration may be low.
- New cultivars Kenhy and Gib are recommended for new plantings, however, existing Floralta stands should continue to be utilized as long as they are productive. These three cultivars are all more tolerant than Bigalta to heavy grazing.
- Compared to bahiagrass, limpograss has superior late-fall and early-spring production, especially in South Florida.
- Limpograss is highly productive when well fertilized and competes well with broadleaf and grassy weeds as long as stubble height is not too short.
- Mature limpograss is more digestible than many other grasses at a comparable maturity, but crude protein can be low in accumulated or stockpiled limpograss. As a result, animals fed stockpiled limpograss need protein supplementation.
- Limpograsses are difficult to dry for hay at advanced stages of growth due to the high yield, large stems, and moist soils where they grow.
Literature Cited
Newman, Y. C., Sollenberger, L. E., Kunkle, W. E., and Chambliss, C. G. 2002. Canopy height and nitrogen supplementation effects on performance of heifers grazing limpograss. Agron. J. 94:1375–1380
Sellers, B.A., and Ferrell, J.A. 2009. Weed Management in Pastures and Rangeland—2009. SS-AGR-08. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wg006
Sollenberger, L. E., Ocumpaugh, W. R., Euclides, V. P. B., Moore, J. E., Quesenberry, K. H, and Jones Jr., C. S. 1988. Animal performance on continuously stocked 'Pensacola' bahiagrass and 'Floralta' limpograss pastures. J. Prod. Agric. 1:216–220.
Additional Information
Limpograss. Forages of Florida website—http://agronomy.ifas.ufl.edu/ForagesofFlorida/detail.php?sp=Limpograss&type=G