Natural areas that provide homes for snakes and other wildlife are disappearing as more and more of Florida is developed to support the state's booming human population. As natural areas disappear and become more divided by development, snakes are forced to eke out a living in the remaining fragments of habitat, which with increasing frequency are yards and gardens in residential areas. The end result is that people and snakes are often forced to live in close proximity to one another. However, the likelihood of encountering a snake in a residential area is not great, because many of Florida's 46 species of native snakes simply do not inhabit areas dominated by people. Furthermore, the vast majority of snakes you may possibly find around your home pose no threat to people, and therefore there is no reason that people and most species of snakes cannot coexist peacefully.
Most snakes that you may encounter in residential areas are non-venomous and are simply trying to live in an environment that is all too often hostile to snakes. Threats to snakes in residential areas include cats and dogs, lawnmowers, people who misunderstand and fear snakes, as well as automobiles. If you encounter a snake in your yard it is best that you enjoy it from a distance and leave it be to eat rodents, slugs, and insect pests in your yard. Despite myths, Florida's snakes are not aggressive, and in fact many provide a valuable service by eating rodents that destroy property and potentially spread disease. Even though most snakes in residential areas are not a threat to people or pets, there are steps you can take to avoid encountering snakes.
In areas where human/snake encounters are likely, we recommend a three-part proactive approach for dealing with snakes, using the information provided in this series. By learning to identify Florida's most commonly encountered snakes, taking steps to prevent negative encounters, and planning for emergencies, you will be well equipped to coexist peacefully with snakes. You will also be prepared to identify potentially dangerous snakes and react appropriately if the need arises. This document provides information on the second step of this proactive approach—preventing negative encounters with snakes.
Preventing Negative Encounters with Snakes
For many people who are unfamiliar with snakes (or even fear them) the task of avoiding encounters with snakes may seem challenging. However, this is one case in which the motto "work smart, not hard" certainly holds true. Attempting to kill all the snakes in your yard is not the solution—rather you should learn how to make your yard and home less attractive to snakes, if your goal is to prevent encountering them. You should also learn how to tell the difference between harmless, non-venomous species and potentially dangerous, venomous snakes. Killing or attempting to kill snakes around your home greatly increases your chances of being bitten, and will not prevent other snakes from entering your yard. This may actually prove counterproductive, especially if you kill non-venomous snakes, some of which eat venomous snakes (not to mention helping to control rodent populations that could attract more snakes!). Attempting to completely exclude snakes from your yard with fencing is possible, but would be rather time consuming and expensive, and advertised "snake repellents" simply do not work. So how can you "work smart" to prevent unwanted encounters?
If you have already read the previous document in this series (Dealing with Snakes in Florida's Residential Areas—Identifying Commonly Encountered Snakes: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW258) you should be able to identify most of the snakes you may encounter in your yard. This is an especially important step, as it allows you to determine which snakes (if any) might pose a threat, identify possible food sources for snakes, and learn other potential solutions. For example, someone with harmless Eastern Garter Snakes in their yard might find that their backyard pond is full of frogs—one of its favorite prey items. An individual who encounters equally harmless ratsnakes in or around their home might be well advised to cover potential access points for snakes, and to take steps to remove rodent prey. Thus, by learning to identify, understand and respect our ecologically important native snakes, you and your family may simply be able to coexist peacefully with them. However, if you encounter venomous snakes, snakes inside your home, or simply feel the need to prevent all encounters with snakes, the following steps will help to "snake proof" your home.
"Snake Proof" Your Yard
First, you should address your yard—do you have tall grass, overgrown shrubs or piles of brush, debris, or wood? If so, these may provide hiding spots for snakes, and tall grass can make it difficult to watch your step. Keep your grass mowed, and keep shrubs and tree branches trimmed away from the house. Do not mow to the edge of lakes or ponds, as this will destroy important habitat for frogs, turtles, and birds—rather, warn children to stay away from the water unless accompanied by an adult and keep pets away from these areas. Installing chain-link or privacy fence is an effective solution to keep pets and children away from wetland and lake edges. You should not completely remove brush piles and vegetation from your yard because these can provide habitat for wildlife, but should keep brush piles well away from buildings and areas where children play. Piles of firewood should also be moved away from these areas, and firewood should be stored neatly on a rack, rather than on the ground (Figure 1).
Credit: Steve A. Johnson, University of Florida, 2007
Some landscape elements, such as rock walls, may also provide shelter for snakes (and rodents), and should be kept well away from the house unless cracks are sealed with mortar. Also, be alert when playing or working in your yard to avoid being surprised if you suddenly see a snake. Remember, snakes are most active in spring and summer.
"Snake Proofing" Your Home and Other Structures
Next, you should examine your house, garage, shed (or other outbuildings), and porch. Are there gaps under doors, holes in walls, or openings on your roof that might allow snakes to easily enter your home? Are there any holes or gaps in the screens on your windows, doors, or porch, or open drain pipes from enclosed pools? Snakes may enter garages, basements, or attics in search of prey if rodents are present or may simply slip in through a drain pipe or crack under a door in search of a cool hiding spot (Figure 2).
Credit: Steve Johnson, University of Florida
As you inspect your home, you should keep in mind that some snakes (especially small ones) may enter through an opening no larger than a pencil.
Door sweeps and garage door threshold weather strips are easy, economical ways to seal gaps under doors, but must be checked periodically to ensure that they are in good repair (Figure 3). Caulking or inexpensive expansion foam sealant, available at hardware stores, can be used to seal cracks in a foundation, gaps between a patio or porch and the house, holes where wiring or plumbing enters your home, or gaps around attic vents (Figure 4). Larger gaps can be covered with hardware cloth, crawl space access holes can be fitted with secure doors, and plumbing vent stacks or other potential roof access points can be protected with inexpensive hardware cloth (Figure 5).
Credit: Steve A. Johnson, University of Florida, 2007
Credit: Monica McGarrity and Steve Johnson, University of Florida, 2007
Credit: Steve A. Johnson, University of Florida, 2007
Pet doors can also serve as easy access points for snakes. The only effective way to exclude snakes from entering garages or homes via these access points is to seal or remove the pet door. Outdoor and indoor/outdoor cats capture and kill billions of frogs, lizards, snakes, birds, and small mammals in the US each year, and are often responsible for bringing snakes into homes—usually through pet doors!
"Rodent Proofing" Your Home and Other Structures
Finally, you should attempt to "rodent proof" your home, so that rodents do not attract snakes into your home, garage, or shed. Ratsnakes, in particular, are often found in attics, garages, or sheds when rodents are present, but leave when rodents are exterminated. Outside the home, be sure to keep bird feeders some distance from the house and do not feed in late spring and summer, when birds have plenty of food sources, as you may be feeding rodents as well. Mulch bins, where people compost food scraps, may attract rodents, so be sure they are secure and that their contents are not accessible to mice and rats (Figure 6).
Credit: Steve A. Johnson, University of Florida, 2007
In the garage, be sure to keep doors and windows tightly closed, seal all holes, keep the garage neat and keep clutter (especially cardboard boxes in which rodents like to nest) off of the floor. If you see rodents or find droppings, you may need to use traps or hire an exterminator to remove them. Avoid using poisons because poisoned rats that leave your garage may be scavenged by wildlife or pets, poisoning them too. In your home you should take care to keep basements and attics clutter free, seal all holes, and monitor for rodent activity. In your garage and home keep human food, pet food, and seeds for birds in tightly closed containers and periodically inspect for signs of rodent activity (chewed boxes, droppings, etc.). A metal garbage can with a secure lid is a good, rodent-proof place to store bird feed and pet food in your garage.
Additional Prevention Tips
If you frequently encounter venomous snakes and find that the measures described above do not deter them, you may consider using fencing in some areas (i.e., along edges of wooded areas or margins of lakes and wetlands) to prevent snakes from entering your yard. Fencing of aluminum flashing, hardware cloth (1/4"), or silt fencing 2–3 feet high buried 6 inches in the ground should deter most snakes from gaining access to certain areas of your yard (Figure 7).
Credit: Steve Johnson, University of Florida
If you use such a barrier along the edge of a wetland or forested area, be sure to turn out the ends of the barrier to direct potential snakes back into the natural habitats, rather than your yard. Using this method to exclude snakes from an entire yard can be costly and time consuming, and should be used as a last resort. If snake fencing is used to exclude snakes, be sure to trim vegetation well away from fence, as snakes may be able to use this to cross over. Also, be sure the posts or supports for the barrier material are on the side of the barrier toward your yard, as some snakes could potentially use the posts to climb over the barrier. Aluminum flashing and silt fencing (with posts already attached) are commonly available at hardware stores. Such barriers require frequent inspection and maintenance.
Safely Dealing with Snake Encounters
If you have already read the previous document in this series (Dealing with Snakes in Florida's Residential Areas—Identifying Commonly Encountered Snakes: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW258), you should now be able to identify most of the snakes you may encounter in your yard and already know a bit about their behavior. However, it is critical that you also understand that snakes are not aggressive and do not hunt or chase people, but they can strike without coiling first. Belief in myths such as these can cause people to behave rashly during an encounter, creating an unsafe situation for themselves and for the snake. Above all else, if you encounter a snake, try your best to remain calm! Snakes would rather not encounter humans, and it is probably as scary for them as it is for you. Also keep in mind that the vast majority of encounters between people and snakes are with non-venomous, harmless snakes.
If you encounter a snake outdoors, keep children and pets away while you try to identify it as venomous or non-venomous—from a safe distance. Keep in mind that snakes will usually attempt to flee toward the nearest cover, so try not to stand between them and bushes or other cover. When they are startled, some snakes will flatten their heads and puff up to make themselves look more intimidating. A snake may also become defensive or attempt to strike when cornered, so give it space! Remember—releasing a foul smelling musk and striking are a snake's only defenses, since it has no claws. Be mindful of the fact that some non-venomous snakes (for example, Black Racers and rat snakes) will rattle their tails when they feel threatened, and if they are in dry leaves this behavior may give the impression that they are a rattlesnake. After you identify the snake, or at least determine that it is non-venomous, the best course of action is to simply let it be. If you have taken the precautions described above, it will not be able to enter your house, will not have a ready supply of rodent prey nearby, and will likely soon be on its way. If you feel that you must remove the snake from your yard, spray it gently with a water hose to send it on its way while keeping your distance. If you find a snake in your pool, you can use a long handled leaf skimmer to gently remove the snake, as it may not be able to get out on its own if it is small or exhausted from swimming. If you determine that the snake is venomous or you are not sure of its identity, take a digital photograph and contact a professional! Do not attempt to handle the snake yourself! However, keep in mind that if you have taken the precautions described above, the snake is probably just passing through.
If you encounter a snake indoors, try to identify it as venomous or non-venomous from a safe distance while keeping children and pets away. Most snakes found inside Florida residences are non-venomous and can be easily and safely removed using a large wastebasket or outdoor trashcan with a lid and a broom. Tip the trashcan onto its side and use the broom to gently "chase" the snake into the trashcan. Then, tip the trashcan upright and, taking care to keep your hands away from the open top, replace the lid. You can then easily transport and release the snake in a nearby natural area. If you find a snake indoors in close quarters and are not able to safely use this technique, or if you don’t feel comfortable using the “trashcan” technique, we suggest hiring a qualified nuisance wildlife trapper. Know there will be a fee for this professional service and it could be expensive. To find a licensed wildlife removal specialist in your area, visit the nuisance wildlife permit website maintained by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (http://myfwc.com/license/wildlife/nuisance-wildlife/, click the Wildlife Trapper List link near the bottom of the page). In some areas, volunteers will come to your home for free and capture and relocate snakes found indoors. Conduct an internet search using terms such as “snake removal” and your location (city) to see if such a service is available in your area. If you find a snake in a garage, barn, or other outbuilding and are unable to capture it with a broom and trashcan, simply close the door to your house and crack open the external doors to allow the snake to escape on its own. We do not advocate using commercially available glue traps, as they are often not a humane way to capture snakes and snakes frequently must be handled to remove them from the trap.
The identification tips provided in the second document in this series (https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW258), along with the preventative measures and removal techniques described here will enable you to safely deal with snakes in and around your home. As you learn more about Florida's native snakes, we hope that you will also learn to respect them and appreciate their role in Florida's environment. However, it is also essential that you know what to do and what to expect in the event that you, someone you are with, a child or a pet is bitten by a snake—especially a venomous snake. The fourth and final document in this series, Dealing With Snakes in Florida's Residential Areas—Emergency Planning (https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/UW261) will provide you with the information you need to develop a plan for dealing with snakebite.
Additional Resources
This document is the third in a series of four documents by Dr. Steve Johnson and Monica McGarrity that provide information to Florida's residents on how to identify snakes that are commonly encountered in residential settings, how to prevent encounters from occurring in the first place, and how to respond in the unlikely event that someone is bitten by a snake. Anyone living in Florida, especially people new to the state, will find these documents useful. These documents are available online through UF/IFAS Extension Electronic Data Information Source.
- Introduction
- Identifying Commonly Encountered Snakes
- Preventing Encounters
- Emergency Planning
Hotline Numbers
Poison Control Hotline: 1-800-222-1222
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) Poisoning Hotline: 1-888-426-4435 (charges may apply)
Good Books on Florida Snakes
Conant, R., and J. Collins. 1998. Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, 3rd edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Carmichael, P., and W. Williams. 2004. Florida's Fabulous Reptiles and Amphibians. Tampa: World Publications.
Gibbons, W., and M. Dorcas. 2005. Snakes of the Southeast. University of Georgia Press.
Johnson, S., and M. McGarrity. Identification Guide to the Snakes of Florida. Gainesville: UF/IFAS Extension Bookstore http://ifasbooks.ifas.ufl.edu/p-507-identification-guide-to-the-snakes-of-florida.aspx
Snake Resources on the Internet
Dr. J's Wildlife Web Page—Online guide to Florida's Snakes: http://ufwildlife.ifas.ufl.edu/snakes/florida.shtml
Johnson, S.A. (2005). WEC199-202. Gainesville: UF/IFAS Extension.
Johnson, S.A., and M.E. McGarrity. (2006) "Black Snakes": Identification and Ecology. WEC214. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw251
Ober, H. K., S. Johnson, and W. M. Giuliano. (2014). Managing Conflicts with Wildlife: Living with Snakes. WEC350. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Services. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw395
Florida Museum of Natural History—Online guide to Florida snakes: http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/herpetology/fl-snakes/visual-id/
Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission: Living with Snakes: http://myfwc.com/conservation/you-conserve/wildlife/snakes/
Partners in Amphibians and Reptile Conservation (PARC) site: http://www.parcplace.org/