Weed Management in Pastures and Rangeland - 20091
Effective weed control begins with good pasture or rangeland management. Weeds are seldom a serious problem in a well managed, vigorously growing grass. Good management begins with proper choice of the forage species and variety, adequate fertility and soil pH, proper grazing management, and control of pests, such as insects, diseases, and nematodes. If the grass dies or is not growing well, there is usually some weed that will tolerate the condition which caused the grass not to grow, and that weed will become established. Once a weed is established, mechanical or chemical methods are usually employed to control the weeds (Table 1). However, unless the basic management problem is corrected, the grass will not regrow in the area, and weeds will continue to infest the area.
Mechanical Control
Mowing is one of the most often used methods of weed control in pastures. Mowing improves the appearance of a pasture and if properly timed will prevent weeds from producing seed.
However, the effectiveness of mowing in terms of controlling weeds depends on several factors. The major consideration is the type of weed present. Mowing is generally more effective on broadleaf weeds than on grasses and more effective on annual weeds than on perennial weeds. Knowledge of the weed and its life cycle will generally indicate how effective mowing will be. Carefully consider the amount of energy required and anticipated the likely effectiveness before mowing; other methods of weed control may be more energy efficient. Another factor to consider prior to mowing is whether the plant can regenerate vegetatively. Mowing can spread weeds that can form new plants from the cut vegetative plant parts. Prickly pear is one example of a weed that can propagate vegetatively.
Sanitation
In addition to controlling weeds in a pasture, efforts should be taken to prevent weeds from reinfesting the pasture. Knowledge of how weeds are dispersed is important.
Weeds may be dispersed by wind, carried by water, distributed in planting seed, in feed or hay, carried by animals including man, or moved by machinery. Animals grazing in a weed-infested pasture and then allowed to move directly to a clean pasture may move weed seed both internally and externally.
One of the most common problems is failure to control weeds in ditch banks, fence rows, and farm roads. Weeds growing in these areas produce seed and/or vegetative growth that reinfests the pastures. For more on this topic, see EDIS Publication SS-AGR-110, Weed Management for Grazed Fence Rows and Non-Cropped Areas (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wg210) and EDIS Publication SS-AGR-111, Weed Management for Fence Rows and Non-Cropped Areas (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/wg068).
Fence rows are also a common area where poisonous plants are often left uncontrolled. Plants such as crotalaria, black nightshade, and lantana are commonly found poisonous plants in Florida.
Animals won't usually choose to graze most poisonous plants. However, if grass is limited in pastures due to poor growing conditions or overstocking, animals may try to eat poisonous plants. Some poisonous plants may become more palatable following herbicide application and then be more readily grazed. Therefore, if poisonous plants are present in fence rows, and pastures are in short supply, care should be taken and cattle watched closely.
When treating fence rows, it is often advisable to apply a foliar-applied herbicide to kill the existing vegetation along with a soil -pplied residual herbicide to prevent weeds from regrowing in the fence row.
Chemical Control
The herbicide and application rates are extremely important in chemical weed control. Rates too low will not give adequate weed control, and rates too high may injure the forage and result in only partial control of perennial weeds.
Time of application is also important with herbicides. Preemergence applications are made before the weeds germinate and emerge; therefore, knowledge of the life cycle of the weed becomes important. For example, a herbicide applied in October for crabgrass (a summer annual that germinates in early spring) would be wasted.
One of the most important factors in choosing a herbicide is proper weed identification. After identifying the weed, use tables 2 and 3 to choose the herbicide recommended for the particular weed.
Postemergence Applications
Postemergence applications are made after the weeds have emerged. Most effective applications are made when the weeds have recently germinated and are small. For perennial weeds (regrowing from storage organs) it is often advisable to allow them to grow for a short period of time before spraying. This allows a sufficient leaf surface for coverage and insures that the perennial is manufacturing food (through photosynthesis) and translocating it along with the herbicide back to the roots (which is the part of the plant you must kill).
Herbicides may be applied broadcast over the entire pasture or may be applied as spot treatments to localized infestations of weeds. The lower cost and energy saved by spot treatment makes this a desirable method in many situations.
The attached table lists the currently recommended herbicides in pastures and rangelands in Florida. In all cases it is extremely important to carefully read the label of the herbicide before purchase to determine whether that herbicide will be effective in your situation.
The herbicides listed for use in pastures and rangelands are generally safe to use and offer minimal hazard to animals when used according to label directions. Table 4 lists the grazing and haying restrictions for the recommended herbicides.
Precautions when Using Phenoxy or Benzoic Acid Herbicides
For information about growth-regulating herbicides not covered below, see IFAS Publication SS-AGR-12, Florida's Organo-auxin Herbicide Rule (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG051).
Application of other pesticides from sprayers previously used for 2,4-D, dicamba, or other phenoxy or benzoic acid herbicides to susceptible crops, may result in injury.
Legumes in pastures or rangelands will be injured or killed by these herbicides.
Avoid drift to susceptible crops by applying at low pressures and when wind speeds are low and blowing away from susceptible crops. The use of a drift-control additive is advisable.
Clean sprayer thoroughly with household ammonia as follows:
a. Flush system with water. Drain.
b. Flush the system with ammonia (1 qt ammonia per 25 gallons water); let it circulate for at least 15 minutes, then flush the system again. Drain again.
c. Remove screens, strainers, and tips and clean in fresh water.
d. Repeat step b.
e. Thoroughly rinse the tank, hoses, booms, and nozzles.
f. Be sure and clean all other associated application equipment.
Tables
Weed control in pastures and rangeland.
Trade Name and Rate of Commercial Product Per Acre |
Common Name and Rate in Pounds of Active Ingredient Per Acre |
Remarks |
DURING ESTABLISHMENT |
||
Preemergence to Weeds |
||
2,4-D Several Brands1 (1.0 - 2.0 qt of 4 lb/gal formulation) |
2,4-D amine or LV ester (1.0 - 2.0 lb) |
Bermudagrass and Stargrass only. Apply after sprigging and before emergence of sprigged bermudagrass. Will not give complete weed control, however, short residual control of seedling broadleaves and certain grasses may be noted for 2 to 3 weeks if proper environmental conditions exist. |
Diuron 4L - (Agriliance) 1.5 to 4.5 pt/A or Diuron 80 - (Drexel) 1 to 3 lb/A |
Diuron (0.8 - 2.4 lb) |
Bermudagrass only. Will provide fair to good control of crabgrass, crowfootgrass, and goosegrass. Plant sprigs 2 inches deep. If sprigs have emerged at time of application, bermudagrass injury will occur. Do not graze or cut hay within 70 days. |
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 2 pt |
dicamba + 2,4-D |
Bermudagrass and Stargrass only. Similar to 2,4-D, but often provides greater weed control. Short residual control of seedling broadleaves and certain grasses may be noted for 2 to 3 weeks if proper environmental conditions exist. Do not apply to limpograss (Hemarthria). |
Postemergence to Weeds |
||
2,4-D Several Brands1 (0.5 - 1.0 qt of 4 lb/gal formulation) |
2,4-D amine |
Do not apply to bahiagrass until plants are 5 to 6" tall. Do not apply to limpograss (Hemarthria sp.). Bermudagrass can tolerate 2,4-D at any growth stage. Controls most seedling broadleaf weeds. Repeat application may be needed. |
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 2 pt/A |
dicamba + 2,4-D |
Can be used during establishment of hybrid bermudagrass, stargrass, and Pangolagrass. Annual sedges and some grasses will be suppressed if less than 1 inch at time of application. Best results are seen if applications are made 7 - 10 days after planting. Do not apply to limpograss (Hemarthria). |
Banvel, Clarity, Vanquish 1.5 - 2 pt/A |
dicamba |
Primarily used for establishment of Floralta limpograss (Hemarthria). Annual sedges and some grasses will be suppressed if less than 1 inch at time of appliation. Best results are seed if applications are made 7 - 10 days after planting. |
ESTABLISHED STANDS |
||
Dormant Pastures |
||
Gramoxone Inteon 1 - 2 pt |
paraquat |
For dormant bermudagrass or bahiagrass. Apply in 20 to 30 gallons of water in late winter or early spring (probably in January or February) before grass begins spring green-up. Add 1 pt. surfactant (non-ionic) per 100 gal. spray mix. Do not mow for hay until 40 days after treatment. Can be mixed with 2,4-D or other herbicides for more broadspectrum control. |
Roundup Weathermax 11 oz |
glyphosate |
Apply in mid- to late-winter months to bermudagrass or bahiagrass pastures and hayfields for the control of weedy grasses. Apply before new growth appears in the spring. Bermudagrass that is not dormant at the time of application may show a 2 to 4 week delay in green-up. No restrictions exist between application and grazing or haying. |
Non-Dormant Pastures |
||
Aim 1 - 2 oz |
carfentrazone | Aim provides control of small broadleaf (<2") weeds. In most cases Aim should not be applied alone, but tank-mixed with other pasture weed control products. Combining Aim with other herbicides often increases overall weed control and speed of kill. A 2-4% v/v liquid nitrogen fertilizer, 2-4 lb/acre spray-grade ammonium sulfate or an AMS replacement/water conditioning product should be added to water prior to the addition of Aim. Use caution when applying AMS to newly established grasses as crop injury could occur. When tank-mixing Aim with other herbicides, it is important that Aim is added to the nitrogen-water solution before other herbicides. A non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v must be added. Do not apply >5.9 fl oz/acre/year and do not make more than 3 applications of Aim per year. |
2,4-D Several Brands 1 (2.0 - 4.0 pt of 4 lb/gal formulation) |
2,4-D amine or LV ester (1.0 - 2.0 lb) |
Broadleaf weeds. Annual weeds should be treated soon after emergence for best control with lower rates. Perennial weeds should be allowed to obtain a leaf surface large enough to allow sufficient spray coverage (about 12"-18" tall). Use amine formulations during warm weather and LV esters during cool weather. Avoid drift. Applications of 2,4-D to limpograss (Hemarthria sp.) will cause significant injury during periods of high temperatures and humidity; much less injury has been observed during cool and dry conditions. |
Banvel1, Clarity, Vanquish (0.5 - 2.0 qt) |
dicamba |
Broadleaf weeds. Rate depends on weed species and size. Refer to the label for grazing restrictions. Avoid drift. Hemarthria sp. has generally exhibited more tolerance to dicamba than 2,4-D. |
Cimarron Plus 0.125 to 1.25 oz/A or Cimarron Xtra 0.5 to 2.0 oz/A |
metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron |
Use on bermudagrass, pangolagrass, and stargrass. Controls several cool-season broadleaf weeds, pigweeds, and Pensacola bahiagrass. Bermudagrass should be established no less than 60 days prior to application. Add a non-ionic surfactant at 1-2 pts/100 gal of solution. Avoid application during spring green-up. Varieties and species of pasture grasses differ in their tolerance to herbicides. |
Cimarron Max Part A (0.25 – 1.0 oz) Part B (1.0 – 4.0 pt) |
Part A - metsulfuron Part B - 2,4-D + dicamba |
Cimarron Max is a two part product that should be mixed at a ratio of 5 oz Part A to 2.5 gallons Part B. Depending on the weeds present and the rate range that is selected, this mix will treat between 5 to 20 acres. For specific information on rate selection, consult the product label. |
Cleanwave 14 - 26.6 oz/A |
fluroxypyr + aminopyralid |
Excellent tank mix partner for 2,4-D, Forefront, and Remedy. Tank mix 14 oz with one of these products for dogfennel < 36"; 20 oz for dogfennel between 36 and 60"; 26.6 oz for dogfennel > 60". If tank-mixing with Milestone add 20 oz Cleanwave to dogfennel < 60" and 26.6 oz to dogfennel > 60". Cleanwave is safe on limpograss. |
Forefront 2 - 2.6 pt |
aminopyralid + 2,4-D |
Excellent control of TSA, horsenettle, and other members of the nightshade family. Also control pigweeds and other broadleaf weeds including less than 20" dogfennel. Do not apply greater than 2.6 pt/A/yr. Do not apply to desirable forage legumes or severe injury and stand loss will occur. Do not apply to limpograss. Forefront will pass through animals and remain in the waste. Do not mulch sensitive crops with manure if animals have been grazing on Forefront-treated pastures. Avoid applications of this product to limpograss pastures during hot and humid conditions. |
Impose or Panoramic 4 to 12 fl. oz/A |
imazapic | DO NOT apply to bahiagrass. DO NOT apply during spring transition or severe bermudagrass or stargrass injury will occur. In summer months, expect 3 to 4 weeks of bermudagrass stunting after application, followed by quick recovery and rapid growth. This will reduce harvest yields of that cutting by 30 to 50%. If this yield reduction is not acceptable, do not use these herbicides. Yield reductions of subsequent cuttings have not been observed. For control of crabgrass, sandspur, nutsedges, and vaseygrass, use 4 oz/A. For suppression of bahiagrass, use 12 oz/A. |
Journey (10.6 - 16 fl. oz) |
imazapic + glyphosate |
Similar to Impose and Panoramic. |
Milestone (3 - 7 oz) |
aminopryalid |
Excellent control of tropical soda apple, horsenettle and other members of the nightshade family. Controls pigweeds and other broadleaf weeds, but does not control blackberry or dogfennel. Can be safely applied under trees. Do not apply more than 7 oz/A/yr. Do not apply to desirable forage legumes or loss of stand will occur. The use of a non-ionic surfactant is recommended. Milestone will pass through animals and remain in the waste. Do not mulch sensitive crops with manure if animals have been feeding on Milestone treated pastures. Safe on limpograss. |
Outrider (1.0 - 1.33 oz) |
sulfosulfuron |
Established bahiagrass and bermudagrass only. Provides excellent control of annual and perennial sedges. Provides some suppression of vaseygrass. |
PastureGard1 (2 - 4 pt) |
triclopyr + fluroxypyr |
Provides excellent control of dogfennel, blackberry, teaweed, and other broadleaf weeds. Less effective on tropical soda apple than Remedy alone. Forage legumes will be severely injured or lost if present at time of application. Applications of 2 pt/A may result in less than desirable weed control. Do not apply more than 8 pts/A per season. Surfactant should be added to spray mixture at 0.25% v/v. |
Remedy Ultra 2 pt |
triclopyr |
Provides excellent control of herbacious and certain woody plants in pasture and rangeland. For best results, apply in 30 or 40 gallons of water per acre. The addition of a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v will increase control. Applications at air temperatures >85F may cause moderate to severe bermudagrass injury for 2 to 3 weeks. |
Roundup Weathermax 8 - 11 fl. oz/A |
glyphosate | For control of annual grasses in bermudagrass and stargrass. Apply immediately after hay removal, but prior to regrowth. Applications made after regrowth has occurred will cause stunting. Application rates as low as 6 oz/A are often effective for crabgrass and other small annual grass weeds. Do not apply more than 2 qt/A/year. If Roundup Weathermax is applied to a dormant pasture, it can not be sprayed again that season. |
Telar 0.1 - 1.0 oz |
chlorsulfuron |
For use on established warm-season forage grass species. Telar will control blackberry, pigweeds, wild radish, and selected winter weeds. Not effective on ragweed, tropical soda apple and other common weeds. Ryegrasses will be severely injured or killed by Telar. Do not apply more than 1.3 oz/A/yr. There are no grazing restrictions for any animals. |
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 0.5 - 4.0 pt |
dicamba + 2,4-D amine |
See remarks for 2,4-D and dicamba above. This mixture is usually more effective than either herbicide used alone. |
Hard-To-Kill Perennial Grasses |
||
glyphosate (1 to 4 oz per gal) |
glyphosate (1-3% solution for hand sprayer) |
Spot treatment. Apply when perennial weeds are actively growing. Surrounding forage will be killed if sprayed. |
glyphosate (4 to 8 qt to 2 gal water) |
glyphosate (33-50% solution) |
Wiper application. Apply at speeds up to 5 MPH. Two passes in opposite directions. No more than 10% of any acre should be treated at one time. |
Smutgrass |
||
Velpar L (2.75 - 4.5 pt) or Velpar DF (0.9 - 1.5 lb) |
hexazinone |
Apply Velpar to established stands of bermudagrass or bahiagrass when soil conditions are warm and moist and weeds are actively growing. Best control of smutgrass is usually achieved in late spring to early summer when regular rainfall occurs. Some temporary yellowing of the bermuda or bahiagrass will be noted, but plants will soon outgrow this effect. Apply Velpar by ground equipment only, and only one application is allowed per year. KEEP SPRAYS WELL AWAY (AT LEAST 100 FT) FROM THE BASE OF DESIRABLE TREES, ESPECIALLY OAKS. Check label instructions for further precautions and safe use suggestions. Control at either time of year will be enhanced with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v. |
Pensacola Bahiagrass |
||
Cimarron Plus 0.5 oz/A or Cimarron Xtra 1.0 oz/A |
metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron |
Apply to bermudagrass hay fields early in the season, after bahiagrass green-up but prior to seed head formation. Early applications are often most effective; fall applications rarely control bahiagrass. Do not apply with liquid fertilizer solutions as poor control may occur. Prolonged periods of dry weather prior to application will greatly decrease herbicide effectiveness. Always include a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 0.25% v/v. 'Common' or 'Argentine' bahiagrass will not be effectively controlled. Pasture legumes will be severely injured or killed. |
Tropical Soda Apple |
||
Forefront (2 - 2.6 pt) |
aminopyralid + 2,4-D |
Excellent control of tropical soda apple. Provides preemergence control TSA seedlings for approximately 6 months after application. The 2 pt/a rate is highly effective on emerged TSA plants, but the 2.6 pt/a rate will provide the greatest length of residual control. Do not apply more than 2.6 pt/a/yr. Will severely injure desirable forage legumes. Do not apply to limpograss. There are no grazing restrictions, but do not harvest for silage or hay for 7 days. |
Milestone (5 - 7 oz) |
aminopryalid |
Excellent control of tropical soda apple. Provides preemergence control of TSA seedlings for approximately 6 months after application. The 5 oz rate is highly effective on emerged plants, but the 7 oz rate will provide the greatest length of residual control. Do not apply more than 7 oz/A/yr. Do not apply to desirable forage legumes or loss of stand will occur. Volatility is low. The use of a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v is recommended. |
Remedy Ultra 1 (1.0 qt) |
triclopyr |
Apply in late spring through summer as a broadcast spray for control of this species. Best results will occur when plants are adequately covered with spray solutions. Thirty to forty gal/A application will be more effective than 20 or lower. The addition of a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v will increase control. Retreatment will be required as new seedlings emerge. Spot spray rate is 0.5 - 1.0% v/v. |
Prickly Pear Cactus |
||
Remedy Ultra 1 (20%) + diesel fuel or basal oil (80%) |
triclopyr (20%) diesel fuel or basal oil (80%) (Spot treatment) |
Apply as a spot treatment directly to prickly pear pads during spring and summer. Grass will be burned in treated spots but will recover. The addition of diesel fuel drastically enhances herbicide uptake which will lead to prickly pear control. Prickly pear will die slowly over a period of 6-8 months with a few plants requiring retreatment. |
Cleanwave 50 oz |
fluroxypyr + aminopyralid |
Apply Cleanwave at 50 oz/A as a broadcast treatment in water. The use of a surfactant is required. For spot treatment, use a 2% Cleanwave solution. Control is very slow and it often takes more than 1 year to see satisfactory results. |
Blackberry |
||
Cimarron Plus 0.75 oz/A or Cimarron Xtra 2.0 oz/A |
metsulfuron + Chlorsulfuron |
Cimarron will provide good to excellent control of blackberry. Results are best when applied at blooming or late in the fall. Do not mow within 1 yr prior to application or control will be reduced. DO NOT apply to bahiagrass pastures. |
PastureGard1 4 pt |
triclopyr + fluroxypyr |
Control similar to Remedy. |
Remedy Ultra 1 2 pt |
triclopyr |
For best control of blackberry, apply 2 pt when blooming and do not mow within 1 yr prior to application. Remedy does not control dewberry. The addition of a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v will increase control. Applications made during prolonged periods of dry weather can greatly decrease control. Fall applications often provide more consistent blackberry control. |
Telar 0.75 oz |
chlorsulfuron | Similar to control with Cimarron. Telar can safely be applied to bahiagrass or bermudagrass. |
Dogfennel |
||
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 2 to 3 pt |
dicamba + 2,4-D |
Apply when plants reach a height of 12-18". Weedmaster is most effective approximately 1 month after dogfennel transition from winter dormancy. Refer to previous comments for dicamba and 2,4-D above. |
PastureGard1 (3 pt) |
triclopyr + fluroxypyr |
For control of larger dogfennel that has reached 40 inches or more in height. |
Forefront (2 pt) |
aminopyralid + 2,4-D |
Apply when plants are less than 30" tall. If plants are larger than 30", tank mix Forefront with 3 pt/A 2,4-D, 1 pt/A Pasturegard, or see comments for Cleanwave herbicide. |
Cleanwave (14 - 26.6 fl oz) |
fluroxypyr + aminopyralid |
Excellent tank mix partner for 2,4-D, Forefront, and Remedy. Tank mix 14 oz with one of these products for dogfennel < 36"; 20 oz for dogfennel between 36 and 60"; 26.6 oz for dogfennel > 60". If tank-mixing with Milestone add 20 oz Cleanwave to dogfennel < 60" and 26.6 oz to dogfennel > 60". Cleanwave is safe on limpograss. |
Mixed Stands: Grass - Clover/Lespedeza Pastures |
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2,4-D amine1 (0.5 - 1.0 pt) |
2,4-D (0.25 + 0.5 lb) |
Apply only one treatment per year to established perennial clover. Slight to moderate injury may occur. See label of specific use information |
Thistles |
||
2,4-D (2 qt) |
2,4-D (2 lb) |
Highly effective if applied to thistles in the rosette stage. 2,4-D is not effective on thistles that have bolted or flowered. During cool temperatures, the ester formulation of 2,4-D will be most effective. |
Milestone (3 - 5 fl. oz) |
aminopyralid |
Excellent control of thistles at any stage of growth. |
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 1.0 - 2.0 qt |
dicamba + 2,4-D |
Apply late fall to early spring when daytime temperatures are >50F. Applications are most effective if applied before flower stalks elongate. The addition of crop oil will increase herbicidal activity. Refer to previous comments for dicamba and 2,4-D above. For small rosettes 1 qt/A rate is sufficient. For larger rosettes, 1.5 to 2 qt/A will be required. |
1 For state rules pertaining to application of organo-auxin herbicides in Florida, see EDIS Publication SS-AGR-12, Florida Organo-Auxin Herbicide Rule (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG051) . Herbicide recommendations in this report are contingent upon their registration by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. If an herbicide's EPA registration is canceled, the herbicide is no longer recommended. |
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Estimated effectiveness of herbicides on common broadleaf weeds in pastures and hayfields1.
Weed Name |
2,4-D |
Cimarron Plus or Xtra |
Banvel or others |
Cleanwave |
Diuron |
Forefront |
Impose/ Panoramic |
bitter sneezeweed |
E |
E |
E |
- |
G |
E |
- |
blackberry |
P |
G-E |
F-G |
F-G |
P |
P-F |
P |
bracken fern |
P |
- |
G |
- |
P |
- |
- |
bullrush |
G |
- |
G |
P |
P |
P |
- |
chickweed |
F |
E |
E |
- |
P |
F |
- |
crotalaria, showy |
G |
- |
G |
G |
- |
G |
- |
cudweed |
F |
G |
E |
- |
- |
E |
- |
curly dock |
F |
E |
E |
- |
P |
E |
- |
dodder |
P |
- |
P |
- |
P |
- |
- |
dogfennel |
F-G |
F |
F-G |
G |
P |
G |
- |
evening primrose |
E |
G |
E |
- |
G |
E |
- |
Florida pusley |
P |
- |
P-F |
P |
E |
G-E |
- |
gallberry |
G |
- |
E |
- |
P |
- |
- |
goatweed |
G |
G |
F-G |
P-F |
- |
- |
P |
goldenrod |
F |
P |
G |
P |
G |
- |
|
honeysuckle |
- |
- |
E |
- |
P |
- |
- |
horsenettle |
P |
P-F |
G |
F |
P |
E |
- |
horseweed |
F |
F |
E |
- |
P |
E |
- |
kudzu |
P-F |
P-F |
G |
P |
P |
G |
P |
maypop |
P |
P |
P |
- |
- |
- |
- |
stinging nettle - fireweed |
P |
- |
- |
G-E |
- |
E |
P |
palmetto |
P |
P |
F |
G |
P |
P |
P |
persimmon |
P |
- |
F-G |
- |
P |
P |
P |
pigweed |
F |
E |
E |
P |
F |
E |
G |
plantains |
E |
E |
E |
- |
- |
- |
|
pokeberry |
G |
- |
E |
P |
P |
P |
- |
prickly pear |
P |
P |
F |
G |
P |
P |
P |
ragweed |
E |
G |
E |
G |
G |
E |
F |
red sorrel |
P |
E |
E |
- |
F |
- |
- |
shepherdspurse |
E |
- |
E |
- |
G |
- |
- |
sicklepod |
G |
G |
E |
G |
F |
G |
F-G |
thistles |
E |
F |
G |
G |
F |
E |
- |
tropical soda apple |
P |
P |
F-G |
F |
P |
E |
P |
Virginia pepperweed |
G |
- |
E |
G |
G |
- |
- |
wax myrtle |
P |
- |
P-F |
- |
P |
P |
- |
wild garlic |
G-E |
G |
E |
- |
P |
- |
- |
wild radish |
G |
G-E |
E |
- |
P |
G |
- |
Table 2, continued.
Weed Name |
Journey or others |
Milestone |
Outrider |
PastureGard |
Remedy |
Velpar |
WeedMaster others |
| bitter sneezeweed | - |
E |
- |
E |
E |
- |
E |
| blackberry | - |
P |
P |
G-E |
G-E |
F |
P-F |
| bracken fern | - |
- |
- |
F |
G |
F |
- |
| bullrush | - |
P |
- |
P |
G |
- |
- |
| chickweed | - |
- |
- |
F |
E |
E |
E |
| crotalaria, showy | - |
- |
- |
E |
E |
- |
G |
cudweed |
- |
E |
- |
G |
E |
- |
G |
| curly dock | - |
E |
- |
F |
E |
P |
E |
| dodder | - |
- |
- |
P |
P |
- |
P-F |
| dogfennel | - |
P-F |
P |
E |
G-E |
G |
G |
evening primrose |
- |
E |
- |
G |
E |
E |
E |
| Florida pusley | P |
- |
- |
G |
- |
- |
F |
| gallberry | - |
- |
- |
E |
E |
P |
G |
| goatweed | F |
- |
- |
F |
F |
- |
G |
goldenrod |
- |
G |
- |
G |
G |
- |
G-E |
| honeysuckle | - |
- |
- |
P |
P |
- |
E |
horsenettle |
P |
E |
- |
F |
F-G |
- |
F |
horseweed |
P |
E |
- |
G |
G |
- |
E |
| kudzu | P |
G |
P |
F |
F |
- |
F |
| maypop | P |
- |
P |
G |
F |
- |
P-F |
| stinging nettle - fireweed | - |
E |
P |
E |
E |
- |
F |
| palmetto | P |
P |
P |
G |
F |
P |
P-F |
| persimmon | P |
P |
P |
F-G |
F-G |
F |
P-F |
| pigweed | E |
E |
- |
F |
E |
G |
E |
| plantains | - |
P |
- |
- |
- |
- |
E |
| pokeberry | - |
F |
- |
P |
P |
- |
E |
| prickly pear | P |
P |
P |
F |
G2 |
P |
P-F |
ragweed |
F-G |
E |
- |
E |
E |
F |
E |
red sorrel |
- |
- |
- |
F |
E |
- |
G |
shepherdspurse |
- |
- |
- |
G |
E |
E |
E |
sicklepod |
E |
- |
- |
G-E |
E |
- |
E |
thistles |
- |
E |
- |
G-E |
E |
E |
E |
tropical soda apple |
P |
E |
P |
G |
G-E |
F-G |
F-G |
Virginai pepperweed |
- |
- |
- |
G |
P |
E |
E |
wax myrtle |
P |
P |
- |
F-G |
G |
P |
P-F |
wild garlic |
- |
P |
- |
P |
- |
- |
E |
wild radish |
E |
P |
- |
G-E |
E |
E |
E |
1Estimated effectiveness based on rates recommended in this report. Effectiveness may vary depending on factors such as herbicide rate, size of weeds, time of application, soil type, and weather conditions. |
|||||||
2When applied as spot-treatment in basal oil. |
|||||||
Weed control symbols: E = 90-100% control; G = 80-90% control; F = 60-80% control; P = <60% control. |
|||||||
Table 3. Estimated effectiveness of herbicides on commong grass and sedges in pastures and hayfields.
Herbicide |
bahia-grass |
bermuda-grass |
broom-sedge |
crab-grass |
dallis-grass |
guinea-grass |
johnson-grass |
rye- grass |
sandbur |
smut-grass |
vasey-grass |
nutsedge |
2,4-D |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
Banvel or others |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
Cimarron Plus or Xtra |
G |
P |
P |
P |
P |
- |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
|
Cleanwave |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
Diuron |
P |
P |
P |
F-G |
P |
P |
P |
P |
G |
P |
P |
P |
Forefront |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
Impose/ Panoramic |
P-F |
P |
P |
E |
F |
- |
G |
F |
G-F |
P |
P-G |
G-E |
Journey or others |
P-F |
P |
P |
G |
F |
- |
G |
F |
G-E |
P |
G |
G-E |
Milestone |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
Outrider |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
E |
- |
- |
P |
F-G |
E |
PastureGard |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
Remedy |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
Velpar |
P |
P |
P |
P |
- |
- |
- |
G |
- |
E |
- |
P |
Weedmaster or others |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
P |
1Estimated effectiveness based on rates recommended in this report. Effectiveness may vary depending on factors such as herbicide rate, size of weeds, time of application, soil type, and weather conditions. |
||||||||||||
Weed control symbols: E = 90-100% control; G = 80-90% control; F = 60-80% control; P = <60% control.15594 |
||||||||||||
Table 4. Days between herbicide application to forage or pasture for feeding, grazing or animal slaughter.
Herbicide |
Non-lactating Cattle |
Lactating Dairy Cattle |
Horses |
|||
Grazing |
Hay Cutting |
Slaughter |
Grazing |
Hay Cutting |
||
Aim |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Banvel |
||||||
Up to 1 pt |
0
|
0 |
30 |
7 |
37 |
0 |
Up to 1 qt |
0 |
0 |
30 |
21 |
51 |
0 |
Up to 2 qt |
0 |
0 |
30 |
40 |
70 |
0 |
Cimarron Plus and Cimarron Xtra |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Cleanwave |
0 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
2,4-D |
0 |
30 |
3 |
7 |
30 |
0 |
Forefront |
0 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
Impose or Panoramic |
0 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
Journey |
0 |
7 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
0 |
Milestone |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Outrider |
0 |
14 |
0 |
0 |
14 |
0 |
PastureGard |
0 |
14 |
3 |
1 season |
1 season |
0 |
Remedy Ultra |
0 |
14 |
3 |
1 season |
14 |
0 |
Roundup WeatherMax |
||||||
Dormant application |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Between cuttings |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Pasture renovation |
56 |
56 |
56 |
56 |
56 |
56 |
Telar |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Velpar |
60 |
60 |
0 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
2,-D + dicamba (Weedmaster, others) |
0 |
37 |
30 |
7 |
37 |
0 |
Footnotes
This document is SS-AGR-08, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Original publication date, January 2000. Revised February 2009. Visit the EDIS Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.
B.A. Sellers, assistant professor, Range Cattle Research and Education Center-Ona; J.A. Ferrell, assistant professor, Agronomy Department. This publication was originally written by J. Tredaway Ducar, formerly assistant professor, Agronomy Department; Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. All chemicals should be used in accordance with directions on the manufacturer's label. Use herbicides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal
Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational
information and other services only to individuals and institutions
that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed,
color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital
status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations.
For more information on obtaining other extension publications,
contact your county Cooperative Extension service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service,
University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative
Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer-Chancy,
Interim Dean.
