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Floriculture Crops Economic Outlook for 2014

Hayk Khachatryan, Alan W. Hodges, and Shawn Steed

Introduction

This report summarizes industry statistics using data from primary and secondary sources and highlights production and sales trends in the US environmental horticulture industry in 2014. Data sources include the United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS), US Census Bureau, the IBIS World Industry Reports, National Association of Home Builders, S&P/Case-Shiller Home Price Indices, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, University of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research, AIA Economics and Market Research Group, and Florida Realtors®. Primary data is collected through the National Nursery Survey, conducted by the Green Industry Research Consortium.

Figure 6. 
Figure 1. 
Credit: UF/IFAS 

The report is organized as follows. The Overview section briefly discusses the US floriculture wholesale value statistics reported in the recent floriculture report by USDA and provides a snapshot of the economic impacts of the environmental horticulture industry in Florida. The Floriculture Crops Production section discusses changes in the number of growers, the area used for production, and the wholesale value of sales in more detail. Next, the Nursery and Floriculture Industry Consolidation section discusses changes in the number of enterprises and establishments from 2004 to 2012. The Housing Market Situation section discusses trends in the housing sector (single-family homes sold, new construction starts), with more detailed information on the housing market in Florida and implications for the environmental horticulture industry. The Consumer Confidence and Expectations section discusses consumers' expectations of the economic conditions and personal financial situation in Florida, which are also important for assessing demand for floriculture products.

Overview

The environmental horticulture industry reflected the sluggish economic recovery, strong import competition, and slow pace of technological change in the US industry throughout 2013. According to a recent floriculture crops report (USDA/NASS 2013), the leading states in terms of year-over-year percentage increase in wholesale value in 2012 were Pennsylvania (20.7%), Ohio (15.6%), North Carolina (13.5%) and Texas (11.1%). Among the top ten production states, the laggards were California and Florida, each down by 2.6 percent. However, in terms of wholesale value of sales (i.e., market share), California and Florida remain the top two states in the country, with $974.2 million (M) and $802.6 M, respectively (all dollar amounts in US dollars). When small producers (growers with less than $100,000 annual sales) are included, total estimated sales in California and Florida rise to $985 M and $812 M, respectively. Together these two states account for more than 44 percent of the total wholesale value of sales in the United States.

The environmental horticulture industry in Florida is among the most important sectors of the state's agricultural economy, with total output or revenue impacts (i.e., the dollar value of a good or service produced or sold; equivalent to sales revenues plus changes in business inventories) in 2010 estimated at $16.29 billion (B). This figure includes $11.87 B in direct output impacts of industry sales, $692 M in indirect output impacts from firms that supply inputs to the horticulture sectors, and $3.72 B in induced impacts associated with spending by industry employee and proprietor households (Hodges et al. 2011). More specifically, total output (or revenue) impacts were $8.12 B for nurseries, $6.24 B for landscape services, $1.68 B for horticultural retailers, and $243 M for allied horticultural suppliers. Of the four environmental horticulture sectors, nurseries and greenhouses generated the largest share of indirect and induced multiplier impacts (i.e., impact from firms that supply inputs to the horticulture sectors) due to their large exports to the domestic and international markets.

Floriculture Crops Production

Number of Growers

The number of horticultural producers continues its downward trajectory that started with the economic slowdown in 2008–2009 (Table 1). The total number of producers in the 15 states included in the USDA survey (USDA/NASS 2013) declined by 6 percent in 2012 to 5,419 growers (for comparison, the decline from 2010 to 2011 was 6.5 percent). The number of producers declined in all 15 states surveyed, with the exception of Maryland and Hawaii, where the number increased by 3.2 and 1.7 percent, respectively. The 2012 rate of decline of floriculture crops producers in some states, as compared with 2011, was as follows: California (3.2% vs. 9.2 %), Illinois (3.9% vs. 10.9 %), New York (6.2% vs. 6.5 %), Ohio (8.1% vs. 9.1 %) and Washington (5.8% vs. 12.8 %). However, the year-over-year (2011 to 2012) comparison showed that the number of growers in the majority of states in the USDA fifteen-state program declined considerably. For example, the total number of growers in Florida declined by 9.7 percent in 2012, while the decline in 2011 was only 6.3 percent.

The number of growers also declined in New Jersey (7.7 % in 2012; 4.4 % in 2011), Oregon (12.7 % in 2012; 6.5 % in 2011), South Carolina (23.1 % in 2012; 10.3 % in 2011) and Texas (8.4 % in 2012; 0.7 % in 2011). The total number of growers included in the USDA/NASS fifteen-state program declined by 745 in the years between 2010 and 2012 (i.e., 401 growers from 2010 to 2011, and 344 growers from 2011 to 2012) (Table 1).

Area Used for Production

Covered Area

The total area of floriculture crops produced under cover declined in most of the 15 states included in the USDA/NASS report (2013), averaging a 1.4 percent decline from 2011 to 2012 (Table 2). The average rate of decline in 2011–2012 is slightly lower (1.4%), compared with 2010–2011, which exhibited a 2.5 percent decline. Only three states saw an increase in production areas: Oregon (13.9%), New Jersey (4.1%), and Washington (0.5%) (Note: for New Jersey and Oregon, the positive trend in the area used for covered production continues from 2011, when the area increased in comparison with 2010 by 7.0% for New Jersey and 0.1% for Oregon). South Carolina and North Carolina reported the largest reductions, 24.6 and 15.4 percent, respectively. The decline in the South Carolina covered area of production is consistent with the decline from 2010 to 2011 (27.9%); however, the decline in North Carolina from 2010 to 2011 was only 1.3 percent. Overall, the decline in the covered area used for production declined 1.4 percent from 2011 to 2012, which is 0.9 percent less than the decline from 2010 to 2011 (2.5%).

Open Ground

From 2011 to 2012, the largest increased acreages of open-grown floricultural crops were observed in Washington (78%), Illinois (64.4%), and Oregon (18.9%). The number of acres used for open-ground operations increased in Texas (8.4%), Hawaii (6.8%), and North Carolina (3.8%). In contrast, from 2010 to 2011, only three states had reported increased acres for open-ground production: Pennsylvania (17.5%), Michigan (11.3%), and Texas (3%). The largest reductions in open-ground production in 2012 were reported by the growers in South Carolina (82.1%), Maryland (58.1%), Ohio (25.7%), and Pennsylvania (17.6%). The total decline in open acres from 2011 to 2012 for all 15 states studied was 2.1 percent, which is 4.5 percent lower than the decline from 2010 to 2011 (Table 2).

Other Type of Cover

Annual production statistics for horticultural crops from additional operations such as greenhouses (including those made of glass, film plastic, fiberglass, and other rigid materials) and shade cloth and other temporary covers are provided later (see Tables 6–10, Appendix I).

Wholesale Value

The wholesale value of all plant category sales in 2012 increased 1.5 percent to $3.993 (B). Similar to changes in the number of growers, there were noticeable variations among the 15 states and across plant categories (i.e., annuals, perennials, potted flowering plants, foliage, cut flowers, or propagative material). From 2011 to 2012, the floriculture crops' wholesale value in Florida and California (top two producing states) decreased 2.6 percent to $802.6 M and $974.2 M, respectively (Table 3). In contrast, significant year-over-year increases in the wholesale value of sales were observed in North Carolina (13.5%, to $254 M), Ohio (15.6%, to $222.3 M), Pennsylvania (20.7%, to 148.9 M) and Texas (11.1%, to $275.7 M).

The variation in sales figures can also be seen across plant categories. For example, from 2011 to 2012, annual bedding/garden plant sales increased by two percent, to $1.36 B (Table 11, Appendix II); perennials increased by 5.7 percent, to $594.5 M (Table 12, Appendix II); foliage increased by 4.6 percent, to $641.8 M (Table 14, Appendix II); and propagative material increased by three percent, to $366 M (Table 17, Appendix II). On the other hand, wholesale value of containerized floriculture decreased by 3.5 percent (to $617.8 M) in 2012 (Table 13, Appendix II). Similarly, cut flowers' wholesale value decreased by 4.7 percent, to $342.1 M (Table 15, Appendix II), and cut cultivated greens' sales decreased by 1.5 percent, to $71 M (Table 16, Appendix II).

Nursery and Floriculture Industry Consolidations

Production of nursery and floriculture crops in the United States continues to have a low level of market concentration and relatively moderate barriers to entry. There were more than 59,000 establishments in 2004, which declined by 17 percent by 2008 (to 49,215), and by 23 percent by 2012 (to 45,565). In contrast, the number of enterprises dropped by 11 percent from 42,000 to 37,375 by 2008, and by 15 percent by 2012 (to 35,636) (Figure 2). Although small businesses cover the largest part of the industry (in terms of the number of firms), consolidation changes the industry toward large-scale operations, following the same trend in other agricultural industries. Larger producers enjoy lower per-unit costs of production and distribution made possible by economies of scale and scope (e.g., innovative supply chains, direct marketing opportunities). With increasing global opportunities, reaching out to international export markets may also favor larger producers. Competition from imports of foliage and cut flowers will remain one of the primary challenges to domestic producers.

Figure 1. Number of enterprises and establishments in the US plant and flower production industry, 2004–2012.
Figure 2. Number of enterprises and establishments in the US plant and flower production industry, 2004–2012. 
Credit: IBIS World Reports: 2013 Plant & Flower Growing in the United States. Note: An enterprise is a division that is managed separately and may consist of one or more establishments. An establishment is the smallest unit within an enterprise and has a si 

 

Housing Market Situations

Single-Family New Houses Sold in the United States

The economic performance of the nursery and greenhouse industry is closely related to developments in the housing market, namely new construction starts and sales of existing houses. Sales of new houses generate the greatest demand for the products and services provided by the nursery and greenhouse industry. Housing market trends in states such as California or Florida (states with the highest number of foreclosures) are important considerations for the estimation of consumer demand for horticultural products and services at the national level (indoor and outdodor plants, landscaping and related supplies). Figure 3 presents quarterly median sales prices trends of new houses sold, by US regions. Median values for the housing market represent a useful parameter for horticultural sales because mean prices can be affected by large deviations (e.g., very high- or low-priced house sales) in the house sales data.

Prices for new houses in the South and the Midwest regions have historically trended lower than the US median prices (Figure 3). Although median prices for new houses sold in the West significantly declined after the peak of the market around 2005/06, the trend has generally been above the overall US median prices. The median sales price trend in the Northeast region has been fluctuating since 2005, and there is no deterministic trend. Median sales prices of new houses in the West, however, show a considerable upward trend since 2011. The sales prices in the South and Midwest regions are lower than the national average, but an upward trend is observed from 2011. The overall increase in the median sales prices may lead to increased construction and higher demand for environmental horticulture products in the next years.

Figure 2. National quarterly median sales price of new houses sold by region.
Figure 3. National quarterly median sales price of new houses sold by region. 
Credit: US Census Bureau. Note: Data are for new, single-family houses only. 

 

Single-Family House Construction Starts in the United States

As with sales of new houses, new construction starts will contribute to the economic recovery of the nursery and floriculture industry. The main difference, however, is that demand associated with new construction starts is delayed by almost one year until houses are constructed and the demand for the horticultural products and services is generated. As shown in Figure 4, the construction starts trend in the Northeast, Midwest, and West was relatively flat between 2011 and 2013. Housing starts in the South, however, were relatively higher, ranging between 20 thousand to over 30 thousand units since January 2012. Since December 2012 (the second lowest point of the total US line), the number of single-family housing starts has significantly increased. The highest number of single-family homes construction starts was in June 2013 (60,900 units). The total number of single-family homes construction in 2013 was 576,200, a 7.6 percent increase from the 535,300 figure in 2012.

Figure 3. National single-family housing construction starts by region.
Figure 4. National single-family housing construction starts by region. 
Credit: US Census Bureau. Note: The data are for new residential housing units authorized by building permits, started, and completed. 

 

Architectural Billing Index

Compiled by the American Institute of Architects Economics and Market Research Group, the Architecture Billing Index (ABI) is another useful economic indicator that can be used to predict construction activity. More precisely, the ABI is a seasonally adjusted, leading economic indicator of potential non-residential construction spending for one year into the future. The American Institute of Architects surveys approximately 300 member firms to identify significant (±5%) monthly changes in client billings (Baker and Saltes 2005). An ABI value of 50.0 indicates no difference from the aggregate firms' previous month's billings. Movements of the index away from the 50 value indicate that architectural client billings are either increasing or decreasing. This in turn would be visible in nonresidential construction spending at a future date because architectural services is the first step in the process of building construction. For most of 2013, the ABI was in a position above 50, except for the month of April (48.6) (Figure 5). November and December of 2013 saw the index fall below 50 to values of 49.8 and 48.5 respectively, indicating a reduction in the demand for architectural services with a potential slowdown in nonresidential construction spending late into 2014.

Figure 4. Architectural billing index.
Figure 5. Architectural billing index. 
Credit: http://www.calculatedriskblog.com/2014/01/aia-architecture-billings-index.html 

 

Single-Family New House Sales in Florida

According to a recent report compiled by Florida Realtors® (2013), the number of single-family houses sold in Florida increased by 17.3 percent in the third quarter (Q3) in 2013 compared with the same period in 2012 (Table 4), reaching 60,661 houses. The one-year median sales price for single-family houses increased by 18.6 percent (reaching to $175,000). In Q3 in 2013, pending sales of single-family houses in Florida increased by 18.4 percent, to 69,483 houses (compared with Q3 in 2012), while cash and sales increased by 13.9 percent, to 25,442 houses. Short-sale transactions (an indicator of consumer distress) were down 30.9 percent, to 7,935 houses, with an increase in the median price by $16,000 (to $130,000 in Q3 2013). Sales of foreclosure or real-estate-owned (REO) houses were up by 14.3%, to 10,332 houses. Traditional sales increased by 35.8%, to 42,394 units (Table 5).

Consumer Confidence

Following the survey model by the University of Michigan Survey of Consumers conducted since 1952 (http://www.sca.isr.umich.edu), the UF Bureau of Economic and Business Research has measured consumers' confidence and optimism for over the next five years (BEBR 2013). The consumer confidence index measures consumer attitudes and buying intentions each month and is benchmarked to the index in 1985. About 40 percent of the index is based on questions about current economic conditions, and 60 percent is concerned with expectations of future conditions. The questionnaire used by the BEBR consists of five questions, and responses from approximately 500 households in Florida are collected monthly. As shown in Figure 6, consumers' expectations for national economic conditions from 2012 throughout 2013 were relatively higher than in 2011. Expectations over the next five years were higher in 2012, but both short and long term converged in 2013. Overall, the expectations for national economic conditions were within a higher range and there is less variation throughout 2012 and 2013 compared with the previous five years.

Figure 5. Florida consumer confience index and expected national economic conditions, October 2006–July 2013.
Figure 6. Florida consumer confience index and expected national economic conditions, October 2006–July 2013. 
Credit: University of Florida Bureau of Economic and Business Research http://www.bebr.ufl.edu/data/series/catalog/group/Economic%20Indicators%20and% and http://www.bebr.ufl.edu/cci. Note: The vertical axis is an index of the level of consumer confidence an 

Changes in the consumer confidence index have important implications for the environmental horticulture industry because the index reflects the degree of optimism that the consumers express about the state of the economy, and their degree of optimism is closely associated with their spending and savings behaviors. The more confident consumers feel about the stability of their personal incomes and the state of the economy overall, the more likely they are to purchase goods and services. To understand the significance of consumer spending to the national economy, consider spending as part of the leading economic indicators, such as the gross domestic product (GDP). In the United States, the proportion of household private consumption (i.e., the market value of all goods and services purchased by households) is estimated at 69 percent of the gross domestic product (The World Bank 2013). The demand for horticultural products and services, therefore, can be explained partially by changes in the level of consumers' expectations of the state of the economy.

Conclusions

In order to communicate the recent developments and future trends in the US environmental horticulture industry to the stakeholders, this report combined data related to the production and wholesale value of floriculture crops in the United States. The nursery and floriculture production and wholesale trends discussion was complemented by a review of the US housing market situation, specifically focusing on the housing market trends in Florida, as an important indicator of the industry's economic performance. According to the USDA/NASS fifteen-state statistics, the number of floriculture crop growers from 2010 to 2012 declined by 12.1 percent to 5,419. Although glass greenhouse production area increase by 3.7 percent in 2012, the total greenhouse production area (including film plastic, fiberglass, and other rigid covers) declined by 2.9 percent in 2012. Open-ground production acres followed the same trend by declining 6.6 and 2.1 percent in 2011 and 2012, respectively. Total wholesale value across all plant categories, however, increased by 1.5% in 2012, to $3.99 B, which can partly be explained by improved sales of new and existing houses, which generated additional demand for the floriculture crops. With the significant improvements in the US housing market situation, as shown by the national quarterly medial sales prices and the number of single-family housing construction starts, it is expected that the demand for floriculture and nursery crops and landscaping services will likely increase in the next several years.

References

Baker, K. and D. Saltes. 2005. Architectural billings as a leading indicator of construction: Analysis of the relation- ship between billings index and construction spending. Business Economics, 40(4): 67–73. https://content.aia.org/sites/default/files/2016-04/Arch-Billing-Leading-Indicator_2005.pdf

BEBR. 2013. Florida Indicators: Consumer Confidence 2013. Bureau of Economic and Business Research (BEBR), University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (November).

Hodges, A.W., T. Stevens, M. Rahmani, and H. Khachatryan. 2011. Economic Contributions of the Florida Environmental Horticulture Industry in 2010. Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL (September). http://www.fred.ifas.ufl.edu/pdf/economic-impact-analysis/Economic_Contributions_Florida_Environmental_Horticulture_Industry_2010.pdf

USDA/NASS. 2012. Floriculture Crops 2011 Summary. United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS) (May). http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1072

USDA/NASS. 2013. Floriculture Crops 2012 Summary. United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service (USDA/NASS) (April). http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/MannUsda/viewDocumentInfo.do?documentID=1072

The World Bank. 2013. World Development Indicators: Household Final Consumption Expenditure. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NE.CON.PETC.ZS

Appendices

Appendix I. Area Used in Production by Different Types of Greenhouse Operations

Table 1. 

Number and percentage change of floriculture crops production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Total Number of Producers

 

2010 (number)

2011 (number)

2012 (number)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

696

632

612

–9.2%

–3.2%

Florida

749

702

634

–6.3%

–9.7%

Hawaii

315

291

296

–7.6%

1.7%

Illinois

257

229

220

–10.9%

–3.9%

Maryland

176

155

160

–11.9%

3.2%

Michigan

621

584

539

–6.0%

–7.7%

New Jersey

339

324

299

–4.4%

–7.7%

New York

658

615

577

–6.5%

–6.2%

North Carolina

271

253

235

–6.6%

–7.1%

Ohio

530

482

443

–9.1%

–8.1%

Oregon

261

244

213

–6.5%

–12.7%

Pennsylvania

709

709

700

0.00%

–1.3%

South Carolina

87

78

60

–10.3%

–23.1%

Texas

276

274

251

–0.7%

–8.4%

Washington

219

191

180

–12.8%

–5.8%

15-state total

6,164

5,763

5,419

–6.5%

–6.0%

Table 2. 

Areas used for production and percentage changes by covered and open-ground area in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Total Covered Area

2010 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2011 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2012 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

135,950

142,579

142,206

4.9%

–0.3%

Florida

307,854

287,463

284,371

–6.6%

–1.1%

Hawaii

19,527

19,094

18,542

–2.2%

–2.9%

Illinois

15,383

14,230

14,204

–7.5%

–0.2%

Maryland

7,313

6,346

6,011

–13.2%

–5.3%

Michigan

48,210

48,705

47,546

1.0%

–2.4%

New Jersey

19,807

21,185

22,059

7.0%

4.1%

New York

25,718

25,309

25,217

–1.6%

–0.4%

North Carolina

22,099

21,805

18,441

–1.3%

–15.4%

Ohio

29,234

28,243

27,264

–3.4%

–3.5%

Oregon

16,701

16,717

19,045

0.1%

13.9%

Pennsylvania

20,096

19,704

19,647

–2.0%

–0.3%

South Carolina

5,508

3,972

2,993

–27.9%

–24.6%

Texas

45,092

45,236

42,795

0.3%

–5.4%

Washington

11,342

11,317

11,373

–0.2%

0.5%

15-state total

729,834

711,905

701,714

–2.5%

–1.4%

State

Open Ground

2010 (acres)

2011 (acres)

2012 (acres)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

10,555

10,418

9,983

–1.3%

–4.2%

Florida

6,538

5,881

5,411

–10.0%

–8.0%

Hawaii

1,198

1,151

1,229

–3.9%

6.8%

Illinois

882

357

587

–59.5%

64.4%

Maryland

776

597

250

–23.1%

–58.1%

Michigan

3,248

3,616

3,243

11.3%

–10.3%

New Jersey

2,507

2,112

1,895

–15.8%

–10.3%

New York

760

670

607

–11.8%

–9.4%

North Carolina

662

599

622

–9.5%

3.8%

Ohio

469

432

321

–7.9%

–25.7%

Oregon

2,114

2,002

2,380

–5.3%

18.9%

Pennsylvania

475

558

460

17.5%

–17.6%

South Carolina

717

537

96

–25.1%

–82.1%

Texas

999

1,029

1,115

3.0%

8.4%

Washington

1,684

1,425

2,536

–15.4%

78.0%

15-state total

33,584

31,384

30,735

–6.6%

–2.1%

Appendix II. Wholesale Value by Plant Types

Table 3. 

Wholesale value and percentage change of all floriculture crop sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Wholesale Value of All Sales

 

2010 ($1,000)

2011 ($1,000)

2012 ($1,000)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

1,001,478

1,000,415

974,165

–0.1%

–2.6%

Florida

804,851

823,833

802,649

2.4%

–2.6%

Michigan

32,761

361,486

362,761

–8.4%

0.4%

Texas

117,487

248,217

275,724

–10.1%

11.1%

North Carolina

83,983

223,887

254,020

2.0%

13.5%

Ohio

394,618

192,252

222,289

–0.8%

15.6%

New Jersey

167,882

169,257

173,815

0.8%

2.7%

Washington

147,616

160,107

162,098

3.8%

1.2%

New York

219,478

151,565

152,226

2.7%

0.4%

Pennsylvania

193,889

123,371

148,884

–4.1%

20.7%

Oregon

126,463

125,378

123,411

–0.9%

–1.6%

Illinois

128,665

110,318

109,691

–6.1%

–0.6%

Maryland

90,344

87,381

86,051

4.0%

–1.5%

South Carolina

276,249

85,544

85,354

–5.3%

–0.2%

Hawaii

154,277

32,684

31,021

–0.2%

–5.1%

15-state total

3,994,611

3,936,820

3,993,998

–1.4%

1.5%

Table 4. 

Florida new single-family house sales in Q3 2012 and 2013.

Category

Q3 2012

Q3 2013

% change

Closed sales

51,735

60,661

17.3%

Cash sales

22,346

25,442

13.9%

New pending sales

58,676

69,483

18.4%

New listings

76,807

91,153

18.7%

Median sale price ($)

147500

175000

18.6%

Average sale price ($)

216454

247933

14.5%

Median days on market

60

48

–20.0%

Avg. % of orig. list price received

91.70%

94.30%

2.8%

Pending inventory

(No Data)

45,803

N/A

Inventory (active listings)

104,092

99,463

–4.4%

Month's supply of inventory

6.4

5.3

–17.5%

Table 5. 

Florida new single-family house sales by type in Q3 2012 and 2013.

Sales Type

 

Q3 2012

Q3 2013

% change

Traditional

Closed sales

31,209

42,394

35.80%

Median sale price ($)

$183,304

$209,500

14.30%

Foreclosure/REO

Closed sales

9,040

10,332

14.30%

Median sale price ($)

$93,000

$102,115

9.80%

Short sale

Closed sales

11,486

7,935

–30.90%

Median sale price ($)

$114,000

$130,000

14.00%

Table 6. 

Area used and percentage change for total greenhouse cover production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Total Greenhouse Cover

 

2010 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2011 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2012 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

104,510

107,465

105,725

2.8%

–1.6%

Florida

53,028

52,397

47,859

–1.2%

–8.7%

Hawaii

4,086

4,245

3,674

3.9%

–13.5%

Illinois

14,349

13,836

13,825

–3.6%

–0.1%

Maryland

6,872

6,148

5,687

–10.5%

–7.5%

Michigan

47,697

47,973

46,915

0.6%

–2.2%

New Jersey

19,557

20,806

21,674

6.4%

4.2%

New York

25,378

25,023

24,869

–1.4%

–0.6%

North Carolina

20,099

19,864

17,673

–1.2%

–11.0%

Ohio

28,796

27,886

26,084

–3.2%

–6.5%

Oregon

15,290

14,988

16,765

–2.0%

11.9%

Pennsylvania

19,883

19,503

19,371

–1.9%

–0.7%

South Carolina

4,837

3,417

–29.4%

Texas

35,433

35,206

34,315

–0.6%

–2.5%

Washington

11,113

11,129

0.1%

15-state total

410,928

409,886

398,059

–0.3%

–2.9%

Table 7. 

Area used and percentage change for shade and temporary cover production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Shade and Temporary Cover

 

2010 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2011 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2012 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

31,440

35,114

36,481

11.7%

3.9%

Florida

254,826

235,066

236,512

–7.8%

0.6%

Hawaii

15,441

14,849

14,868

–3.8%

0.1%

Illinois

1,034

394

379

–61.9%

–3.8%

Maryland

441

198

324

–55.1%

63.6%

Michigan

513

732

631

42.7%

–13.8%

New Jersey

250

379

385

51.6%

1.6%

New York

340

286

348

–15.9%

21.7%

North Carolina

2,000

1,941

768

–3.0%

–60.4%

Ohio

438

357

1,180

–18.5%

230.5%

Oregon

1,411

1,729

2,280

22.5%

31.9%

Pennsylvania

213

201

276

–5.6%

37.3%

South Carolina

671

555

–17.3%

Texas

9,659

10,030

8,480

3.8%

–15.5%

Washington

229

188

–17.9%

15-state total

318,906

302,019

303,655

–5.3%

0.5%

Table 8. 

Area used and percentage change for glass greenhouse production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Glass Greenhouses

 

2010 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2011 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2012 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

14,183

14,691

17,499

3.6%

19.1%

Florida

5,346

5,540

4,727

3.6%

–14.7%

Hawaii

Illinois

3,718

3,015

2,659

–18.9%

–11.8%

Maryland

1,157

1,051

928

–9.2%

–11.7%

Michigan

4,551

4,345

4,396

–4.5%

1.2%

New Jersey

4,398

4,248

4,398

–3.4%

3.5%

New York

3,688

3,779

4,269

2.5%

13.0%

North Carolina

Ohio

8,654

8,236

7,929

–4.8%

–3.7%

Oregon

2,076

1,959

2,000

–5.6%

2.1%

Pennsylvania

1,673

1,724

2,392

3.0%

38.7%

South Carolina

Texas

2,045

2,238

2,388

9.4%

6.7%

Washington

2,320

2,616

12.8%

15-state total

60,487

59,129

61,338

–2.2%

3.7%

Table 9. 

Area used and percentage change for fiberglass and other rigid greenhouse production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Fiberglass and Other Rigid Greenhouses

 

2010 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2011 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2012 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

35,326

35,699

34,016

1.1%

–4.7%

Florida

9,281

8,440

7,317

–9.1%

–13.3%

Hawaii

Illinois

1,855

1,750

2,072

–5.7%

18.4%

Maryland

554

475

487

–14.3%

2.5%

Michigan

4,894

4,896

5,769

0.0%

17.8%

New Jersey

827

359

1,060

–56.6%

195.3%

New York

1,306

1,351

1,353

3.4%

0.1%

North Carolina

Ohio

1,997

1,922

1,774

–3.8%

–7.7%

Oregon

2,682

2,085

1,929

–22.3%

–7.5%

Pennsylvania

1,973

2,012

1,799

2.0%

–10.6%

South Carolina

Texas

4,674

4,715

5,320

0.9%

12.8%

Washington

1,315

1,373

4.4%

15-state total

68,656

67,204

65,625

–2.1%

–2.3%

Table 10. 

Area used and percentage change for film plastic greenhouse production in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Film Plastic (Single/Multi) Greenhouses

 

2010 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2011 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2012 (1,000 sq. ft.)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

55,001

57,075

54,210

3.8%

–5.0%

Florida

38,401

38,417

35,815

0.0%

–6.8%

Hawaii

2,582

2,877

11.4%

Illinois

8,776

9,071

9,094

3.4%

0.3%

Maryland

5,161

4,622

4,272

–10.4%

–7.6%

Michigan

38,252

38,732

36,750

1.3%

–5.1%

New Jersey

14,332

16,199

16,216

13.0%

0.1%

New York

20,384

19,893

19,247

–2.4%

–3.2%

North Carolina

14,242

14,286

11,835

0.3%

–17.2%

Ohio

18,145

17,728

16,381

–2.3%

–7.6%

Oregon

10,532

10,944

12,836

3.9%

17.3%

Pennsylvania

16,237

15,767

15,180

–2.9%

–3.7%

South Carolina

3,548

2,549

–28.2%

Texas

28,714

28,253

26,607

–1.6%

–5.8%

Washington

7,478

7,140

7,914

–4.5%

10.8%

15-state total

281,785

283,553

271,096

0.6%

–4.4%

Table 11. 

Wholesale value and percentage change of annual bedding/garden plant sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Wholesale Value of Annual Bedding/Garden Plants

 

2010 ($1,000)

2011 ($1,000)

2012 ($1,000)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

240,828

246,571

230,367

2.4%

–6.6%

Florida

80,525

73,667

77,117

–8.5%

4.7%

Michigan

Texas

44,137

41,059

37,058

–7.0%

–9.7%

North Carolina

55,895

55,418

54,887

–0.9%

–1.0%

Ohio

207,675

203,533

201,721

–2.0%

–0.9%

New Jersey

63,501

68,148

68,940

7.3%

1.2%

Washington

79,535

77,071

77,038

–3.1%

0.0%

New York

140,110

142,499

148,132

1.7%

4.0%

Pennsylvania

94,221

85,988

90,315

–8.7%

5.0%

Oregon

56,052

50,831

50,778

–9.3%

–0.1%

Illinois

70,962

Maryland

South Carolina

184,522

162,995

174,798

–11.7%

7.2%

Hawaii

61,789

60,078

69,672

–2.8%

16.0%

15-state total

1,376,973

1,334,269

1,360,740

–3.1%

2.0%

Table 12. 

Wholesale value and percentage change of herbaceous perennial plant sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Wholesale Value of Herbaceous Perennial Plants

 

2010 ($1,000)

2011 ($1,000)

2012 ($1,000)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

60,508

59,464

75,258

–1.7%

26.6%

Florida

46,766

53,294

49,312

14.0%

–7.5%

Michigan

Texas

42,666

40,905

41,998

–4.1%

2.7%

North Carolina

20,054

17,861

18,751

–10.9%

5.0%

Ohio

58,261

57,093

52,297

–2.0%

–8.4%

New Jersey

46,897

39,556

42,591

–15.7%

7.7%

Washington

25,017

25,672

24,932

2.6%

–2.9%

New York

43,966

41,511

43,629

–5.6%

5.1%

Pennsylvania

39,278

40,788

48,285

3.8%

18.4%

Oregon

25,072

26,134

23,635

4.2%

–9.6%

Illinois

16,567

Maryland

South Carolina

36,431

33,798

48,439

–7.2%

43.3%

Hawaii

32,583

41,465

39,204

27.3%

–5.5%

15-state total

564,590

562,218

594,475

–0.4%

5.7%

Table 13. 

Wholesale value and percentage change of potted flowering plant sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Wholesale Value of Potted Flowering Plants

 

2010 ($1,000)

2011 ($1,000)

2012 ($1,000)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

243,992

243,436

244,997

–0.2%

0.6%

Florida

115,421

114,162

73,726

–1.1%

–35.4%

Michigan

13,284

13,567

13,030

2.1%

–4.0%

Texas

23,876

23,630

24,763

–1.0%

4.8%

North Carolina

4,684

4,163

3,947

–11.1%

–5.2%

Ohio

32,137

27,138

25,461

–15.6%

–6.2%

New Jersey

22,732

25,686

25,576

13.0%

–0.4%

Washington

20,807

24,182

26,585

16.2%

9.9%

New York

35,402

35,870

33,025

1.3%

–7.9%

Pennsylvania

35,789

38,575

53,183

7.8%

37.9%

Oregon

17,550

15,989

18,535

–8.9%

15.9%

Illinois

29,007

27,303

29,269

–5.9%

7.2%

Maryland

11,311

8,711

8,098

–23.0%

–7.0%

South Carolina

32,416

31,003

31,030

–4.4%

0.1%

Hawaii

7,752

6,917

6,607

–10.8%

–4.5%

15-state total

646,160

640,332

617,832

–0.9%

–3.5%

Table 14. 

Wholesale value and percentage change of foliage plant sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Wholesale Value of Foliage Plants

 

2010 ($1,000)

2011 ($1,000)

2012 ($1,000)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

95,216

110,150

99,933

15.7%

–9.3%

Florida

424,103

442,650

463,635

4.4%

4.7%

Michigan

8,186

8,666

8,586

5.9%

–0.9%

Texas

1,083

North Carolina

8,466

Ohio

7,812

New Jersey

Washington

2,629

2,519

2,531

–4.2%

0.5%

New York

22,405

Pennsylvania

3,450

6,128

77.6%

Oregon

3,700

6,960

6,457

88.1%

–7.2%

Illinois

2,593

3,336

4,444

28.7%

33.2%

Maryland

1,365

1,199

1,204

–12.2%

0.4%

South Carolina

14,709

11,183

12,335

–24.0%

10.3%

Hawaii

1,086

15-state total

586,129

613,381

641,796

4.6%

4.6%

Table 15. 

Wholesale value and percentage change of cut flowers sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Wholesale Value of Cut Flowers

 

2010 ($1,000)

2011 ($1,000)

2012 ($1,000)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

286,218

277,670

261,251

–3.0%

–5.9%

Florida

3,663

3,692

0.8%

Michigan

7,971

7,210

6,925

–9.5%

–4.0%

Texas

1,705

1,414

896

–17.1%

–36.6%

North Carolina

Ohio

9,540

5,741

4,872

–39.8%

–15.1%

New Jersey

12,423

12,635

13,429

1.7%

6.3%

Washington

1,918

New York

4,007

6,829

70.4%

Pennsylvania

Oregon

9,989

12,938

12,029

29.5%

–7.0%

Illinois

Maryland

South Carolina

Hawaii

22,991

22,310

20,930

–3.0%

–6.2%

15-state total

374,726

359,100

342,152

–4.2%

–4.7%

Table 16. 

Wholesale value and percentage change of cut cultivated greens sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Wholesale Value of Cut Cultivated Greens

 

2010 ($1,000)

2011 ($1,000)

2012 ($1,000)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

8,485

7,905

9,602

–6.8%

21.5%

Florida

59,394

54,684

57,812

–7.9%

5.7%

Michigan

400

373

–6.8%

Texas

North Carolina

Ohio

5

New Jersey

Washington

68

New York

Pennsylvania

Oregon

7,802

7,942

2,113

1.8%

–73.4%

Illinois

Maryland

South Carolina

Hawaii

15-state total

77,025

72,036

70,965

–6.5%

–1.5%

Table 17. 

Wholesale value and percentage change of propagative floriculture material sales in 2010, 2011, and 2012.

State

Wholesale Value of Propagative Floriculture Material

 

2010 ($1,000)

2011 ($1,000)

2012 ($1,000)

2010–2011 % change

2011–2012 % change

California

66,231

55,219

52,757

–16.6%

–4.5%

Florida

78,642

81,713

77,355

3.9%

–5.3%

Michigan

Texas

5,103

3,310

3,893

–35.1%

17.6%

North Carolina

3,350

9,939

196.7%

Ohio

79,188

67,981

78,410

–14.2%

15.3%

New Jersey

22,329

23,232

23,279

4.0%

0.2%

Washington

17,642

22,121

21,140

25.4%

–4.4%

New York

Pennsylvania

24,601

23,451

24,378

–4.7%

4.0%

Oregon

6,298

4,584

9,864

–27.2%

115.2%

Illinois

22,379

20,146

27,642

–10.0%

37.2%

Maryland

South Carolina

8,171

9,238

9,122

13.1%

–1.3%

Hawaii

29,162

29,337

24,599

0.6%

–16.2%

15-state total

369,008

355,484

366,038

–3.7%

3.0%

Publication #FE941

Release Date:January 25th, 2023

Related Experts

Hodges, Alan Wade

Specialist/SSA/RSA

University of Florida

Steed, Shawn T.

County agent

University of Florida

Khachatryan, Hayk

Specialist/SSA/RSA

University of Florida

  • Critical Issue: Agricultural and Food Systems
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About this Publication

This document is FE941, one of a series of the Food and Resource Economics Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date February 2014. Revised May 2017 and January 2023. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.

About the Authors

Hayk Khachatryan, associate professor, Food and Resource Economics Department, UF/IFAS Mid-Florida Research and Education Center; Alan W. Hodges, Extension scientist emeritus, Food and Resource Economics; and Shawn Steed, Extension agent, Environmental Horticulture Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.

Contacts

  • Hayk Khachatryan