Tropical Soda Apple

Tropical soda apple (TSA), is a serious weed problem in many perennial grass pastures of Florida. Its foliage is unpalatable to livestock and the seed is highly viable -- it can infest a pasture or native land within 1 to 2 years. It has been observed in pastures, ditch banks, citrus groves, sugar cane fields, vegetable fields, and rangeland throughout the state and has spread outside of Florida to other southern states. It appears to be restricted to semi-disturbed sites. [adapted from the University of Florida TSA website]

Publications

• Biology of Gratiana boliviana, the First Biocontrol Agent Released to Control Tropical Soda Apple in the USA
• Classical Biological Control of Tropical Soda Apple with Gratiana boliviana
• Natural Area Weeds: Invasive Solanum spp. in Florida
• Tank-Mix Options for Control of Tropical Soda Apple and Dogfennel
• Tropical Soda Apple: Biology, Ecology, and Management of a Noxious Weed in Florida
• Tropical Soda Apple Leaf Beetle, Gratiana boliviana Spaeth (Insecta: Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae)

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