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Weed Management In Pastures and Rangeland - 2008¹

J.A. Ferrell, B. A. Sellers, G. E. MacDonald, B. J. Brecke, and J. J. Mullahey.²

Effective weed control begins with good pasture or rangeland management. Weeds are seldom a serious problem in a well-managed, vigorously growing grass. Good management begins with proper choice of the forage species and variety, adequate fertility and soil pH, proper grazing management, and control of other pests such as insects, diseases, and nematodes. If the grass dies or is not growing well, there is usually some weed which will tolerate the condition which caused the grass not to grow and that weed will become established. Once a weed is established, mechanical or chemical methods are usually employed to control the weeds (Table 1 ); however, unless the basic management problem is corrected the grass will not regrow in the area and weeds will continue to infest the area.

Mechanical Control

Mowing is one of the most often used methods of weed control in pastures. Mowing improves the appearance of a pasture and if properly timed will prevent weeds from producing seed; however, its effectiveness in controlling weeds depends on several factors. The major consideration is the type of weed present. Mowing is generally more effective on broadleaf weeds than grasses and more effective on annual than perennial weeds. Knowledge of the weed and its life cycle will generally indicate how effective mowing will be. Carefully consider the amount of energy required and anticipated effectiveness before mowing, because other methods may be more energy efficient. Another factor to consider prior to mowing is whether the plant can regenerate vegetatively. Often when an area is mowed, it will spread weeds because they can form new plants from the cut vegetative plant parts. An example of this is prickly pear.

Sanitation

In addition to controlling weeds in a pasture, efforts should be taken to prevent weeds from reinfesting the pasture. Knowledge of how weeds are dispersed is important.

Weeds may be dispersed by wind, carried by water, distributed in planting seed, in feed or hay, carried by animals including man, or moved by machinery. Animals grazing in a weed infested pasture and then allowed to move directly to a clean pasture may move weed seed both internally and externally.

One of the most common problems is failure to control weeds in ditch banks, fence rows, and farm roads. See EDIS factsheets SS-AGR-110 Weed Management for Grazed Fence Rows and Non-Cropped Areas and SS-AGR-111 Weed Management for Fence Rows and Non-Cropped Areas . These weeds produce seed and/or vegetative growth which reinfests the pastures. Fence rows are also a common area where poisonous plants are left uncontrolled. Plants such as crotalaria, black nightshade, and lantana are commonly found poisonous plants in Florida. Animals won't usually choose to graze most poisonous plants, however, if grass is limited in pastures due to poor growing conditions or overstocking a pasture, they may try them. It should also be remembered that some poisonous plants may become more palatable following herbicide application and then be more readily grazed. Therefore, if poisonous plants are present in fence rows and pastures are in short supply, care should be taken and cattle watched closely. When treating fence rows it is often advisable to apply a foliar applied herbicide to kill the existing vegetation along with a soil applied residual herbicide to prevent weeds from regrowing in the fence row.

Chemical Control

The herbicide and application rates are extremely important in chemical weed control. Rates too low will not give adequate weed control and rates too high may injure the forage and result in only partial control of perennial weeds. In addition, time of application is important with herbicides. Preemergence applications are made before the weeds germinate and emerge; therefore, it is obvious that knowledge of the life cycle of the weed becomes important. For example, a herbicide applied in October for crabgrass (a summer annual which germinates in early spring) would be wasted. One of the most important factors in choosing a herbicide is proper weed identification. After identifying the weed, use Table 2 to choose the herbicide recommended for the particular weed.

Postemergence Applications

Postemergence applications are made after the weeds have emerged. Most effective applications are made when the weeds have recently germinated and are small. For perennial weeds (regrowing from storage organs) it is often advisable to allow them to grow for a short period of time before spraying. This allows a sufficient leaf surface for coverage and insures that the perennial is manufacturing food (through photosynthesis) and translocating it along with the herbicide back to the roots (which is the part of the plant you must kill).

Herbicides may be applied broadcast over the entire pasture or may be applied as spot treatments to localized infestations of weeds. The lower cost and energy saved by spot treatment makes this a desirable method in many situations.

The attached table lists the currently recommended herbicides in pastures and rangelands in Florida. In all cases it is extremely important to carefully read the label of the herbicide before purchase to determine whether that herbicide will be effective in your situation.

The herbicides listed for use in pastures and rangelands are generally safe to use and offer minimal hazard to animals when used according to label directions. Table 3 lists the grazing and haying restrictions for the recommended herbicides.

Precautions When Using Phenoxy, or Benzoic Acid Herbicides

1. For information about growth regulating herbicides not covered below, please see IFAS Publication SS-AGR-12 Florida's Organo-auxin Herbicide Rule .

2. Application of other pesticides from sprayers previously used for 2,4-D, dicamba, or other phenoxy or benzoic acid herbicides to susceptible crops, may result in injury.

3. Legumes in pastures or rangelands will be injured or killed by these herbicides.

4. Avoid drift to susceptible crops by applying at low pressures and when wind speeds are low and blowing away from susceptible crops. The use of a drift-control additive is advisable.

5. Clean sprayer thoroughly with household ammonia as follows:

• a. Flush system with water. Drain.

• b. Flush the system with ammonia (1 qt ammonia per 25 gallons water); Let it circulate for at least 15 minutes, then flush the system again. Drain again.

• c. Remove screens, strainers, and tips and clean in fresh water.

• d. Repeat step b.

• e. Thoroughly rinse the tank, hoses, booms, and nozzles.

• f. Be sure and clean all other associated application equipment.

Tables

Table 1. Weed control in pastures and rangeland.

Trade Name and Rate of Commercial Product Per Acre	Common Name and Rate in Pounds of Active Ingredient Per Acre	Remarks
DURING ESTABLISHMENT
Preemergence to Weeds
2,4-D Several Brands1 (1.0 - 2.0 qt of 4 lb/gal formulation)	2,4-D amine or LV ester (1.0 - 2.0 lb)	Bermudagrass only. Apply after sprigging and before emergence of sprigged bermudagrass. Will not give complete weed control, however, short residual control of seedling broadleaves and certain grasses may be noted for 2 to 3 weeks if proper environmental conditions exist.
Diuron 4L - (Agriliance) 1.5 to 4.5 pt/A or Diuron 80 - (Drexel) 1 to 3 lb/A	Diuron (0.8 - 2.4 lb)	Bermudagrass only. Will provide fair to good control of crabgrass, crowfootgrass, and goosegrass. Plant sprigs 2 inches deep. If sprigs have emerged at time of application, bermudagrass injury will occur. Do not graze or cut hay within 70 days.
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 2 pt	dicamba + 2,4-D	Similar to 2,4-D, but often provides greater weed control. Short residual control of seedling broadleaves and certain grasses may be noted for 2 to 3 weeks if proper environmental conditions exist.
Postemergence to Weeds
2,4-D Several Brands1 (0.5 - 1.0 qt of 4 lb/gal formulation)	2,4-D amine	Do not apply to bahiagrass until plants are 5 to 6" tall. Do not apply to limpograss (Hermarthria sp.). Bermudagrass can tolerate 2,4-D at any growth stage. Controls most seedling broadleaf weeds. Repeat application may be needed.
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 2 pt/A	dicamba + 2,4-D	Can be used during establishment of hybrid bermudagrass, stargrass, and Pangolagrass. Annual sedges and some grasses will be suppressed if less than 1 inch at time of application. Best results are seen if applications are made 7 days after sprigging.
ESTABLISHED STANDS
Dormant Pastures
Gramoxone Inteon 1 - 2 pt	paraquat	For dormant bermudagrass or bahiagrass. Apply in 20 to 30 gallons of water in late winter or early spring (probably in January or February) before grass begins spring green-up. Add 1 pt. surfactant (non-ionic) per 100 gal. spray mix. Do not mow for hay until 40 days after treatment. Can be mixed with 2,4-D or other herbicides for more broadspectrum control.
Roundup Weathermax 11 oz	glyphosate	Apply in mid- to late-winter months to bermudagrass or bahiagrass pastures and hayfields for the control of weedy grasses. Apply before new growth appears in the spring. Bermudagrass that is not dormant at the time of application may show a 2 to 4 week delay in green-up. No restrictions exist between application and grazing or haying.
Non-Dormant Pastures
Aim 1 - 2 oz	carfentrazone	Aim provides control of small broadleaf (<2") weeds. In most cases Aim should not be applied alone, but tank-mixed with other pasture weed control products. Combining Aim with other herbicides often increases overall weed control and speed of kill. A 2-4% v/v liquid nitrogen fertilizer, 2-4 lb/acre spray-grade ammonium sulfate or an AMS replacement/water conditioning product should be added to water prior to the addition of Aim. Use caution when applying AMS to newly established grasses as crop injury could occur. When tank-mixing Aim with other herbicides, it is important that Aim is added to the nitrogen-water solution before other herbicides. A non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v must be added. Do not apply >5.9 fl oz/acre/year and do not make more than 3 applications of Aim per year.
2,4-D Several Brands 1 (2.0 - 4.0 pt of 4 lb/gal formulation)	2,4-D amine or LV ester (1.0 - 2.0 lb)	Broadleaf weeds. Annual weeds should be treated soon after emergence for best control with lower rates. Perennial weeds should be allowed to obtain a leaf surface large enough to allow sufficient spray coverage (about 12"-18" tall). Use amine formulations during warm weather and LV esters during cool weather. Avoid drift. Limpograss (Hemarthria sp.) may be injured or killed.
Banvel1, Clarity, Vanquish (0.5 - 2.0 qt)	dicamba	Broadleaf weeds. Rate depends on weed species and size. Refer to the label for grazing restrictions. Avoid drift. Hemarthria sp. has generally exhibited more tolerance to dicamba than 2,4-D.
Cimarron Plus 0.125 to 1.25 oz/A or Cimarron Xtra 0.5 to 2.0 oz/A	metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron	Use on bermudagrass, pangolagrass, and stargrass. Controls several cool-season broadleaf weeds, pigweeds, and Pensacola bahiagrass. Bermudagrass should be established no less than 60 days prior to application. Add a non-ionic surfactant at 1-2 pts/100 gal of solution. Avoid application during spring green-up. Varieties and species of pasture grasses differ in their tolerance to herbicides.
Cimarron Max Part A (0.25 - 1.0 oz) Part B (1.0 - 4.0 pt)	Part A - metsulfuron Part B - 2,4-D + dicamba	Cimarron Max is a two part product that should be mixed at a ratio of 5 oz Part A to 2.5 gallons Part B. Depending on the weeds present and the rate range that is selected, this mix will treat between 5 to 20 acres. For specific information on rate selection, consult the product label.
Cleanwave 14 oz/A	fluroxypyr + aminopyralid	For control of dogfennel. Should be mixed with 1 qt 2,4-D per acre (or other herbicides) for consistent performance. Similar to control with Weedmaster 2 or 3 pt/A.
Forefront 2 - 2.6 pt	aminopyralid + 2,4-D	Excellent control of TSA, horsenettle, and other members of the nightshade family. Also control pigweeds and other broadleaf weeds including less than 20" dogfennel. Do not apply greater than 2.6 pt/a/yr. Do not apply to desirable forage legumes or sever injury and stand loss will occur. Do not apply to limpograss. Forefront will pass through animals and remain in the waste. Do not mulch sensitive crops with manure if animals have been grazing on Forefront-treated pastures.
Impose or Panoramic 4 to 12 fl. oz/A	imazapic	DO NOT apply to 'Pensacola' bahiagrass. DO NOT apply during spring transition or severe bermudagrass injury will occur. In summer months, expect 3 to 4 weeks of bermudagrass stunting after application, followed by quick recovery and rapid growth. This will reduce harvest yields of that cutting by 30 to 50%. If this yield reduction is not acceptable, do not use these herbicides. Yield reductions of subsequent cuttings have not been observed. For control of crabgrass, sandspur, nutsedges, and vaseygrass, use 4 oz/A. For suppression of bahiagrass, use 12 oz/A.
Journey (10.6 - 16 fl. oz)	imazapic + glyphosate	Similar to Impose and Panoramic.
Milestone (3 - 7 oz)	aminopryalid	Excellent control of tropical soda apple, horsenettle and other members of the nightshade family. Controls pigweeds and other broadleaf weeds, but does not control blackberry or dogfennel. Can be safely applied under trees. Do not apply more than 7 oz/A/yr. Do not apply to desirable forage legumes or loss of stand will occur. The use of a non-ionic surfactant is recommended. Milestone will pass through animals and remain in the waste. Do not mulch sensitive crops with manure if animals have been feeding on Milestone treated pastures.
PastureGard1 (2 - 4 pt)	triclopyr + fluroxypyr	Provides excellent control of dogfennel, blackberry, teaweed, and other broadleaf weeds. Less effective on tropical soda apple than Remedy alone. Forage legumes will be severely injured or lost if present at time of application. Applications of 2 pt/A may result in less than desirable weed control. Do not apply more than 8 pts/A per season. Surfactant should be added to spray mixture at 0.25% v/v. May be mixed with diesel fuel for basal applications on woody plants.
Remedy Ultra 2 pt	triclopyr	Provides excellent control of herbacious and certain woody plants in pasture and rangeland. For best results, apply in 30 or 40 gallons of water per acre. The addition of a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v will increase control. Applications at air temperatures >85F may cause moderate to severe bermudagrass injury for 2 to 3 weeks.
Roundup Weathermax 11 fl. oz/A	glyphosate	For control of annual grasses in 'Coastal' bermudagrass. Apply directly after hay removal, but prior to bermudagrass regrowth. Applications made after regrowth has occurred will stunt the bermudagrass. Application rates as low as 6 oz/A are often effective for crabgrass and other small annual grass weeds. Only one application per year can be made. If Roundup Weathermax is applied to a dormant pasture, it can not be sprayed again that season.
Telar 0.1 - 1.0 oz	chlorsulfuron	For use on established warm-season forage grass species. Telar will control blackberry, pigweeds, wild radish, and selected winter weeds. Not effective on ragweed, tropical soda apple and other common weeds. Ryegrasses will be severely injured or killed by Telar. Do not apply more than 1.3 oz/A/yr. There are no grazing restrictions for any animals.
Vista 1 - 2.66 pt	fluroxypyr	Controls coffeeweed, ragweed, curly dock, thistle, dogfennel and others. Vista was labeled in Florida primarily for tank-mixing with other herbicides. For example, as little as 8 oz/a of Vista will improve dogfennel control to greater than 90% when using 2 pt/a Forefront. Vista may also be used for prickly pear control. See the section on prickly pear for more information.
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 0.5 - 4.0 pt	dicamba + 2,4-D amine	See remarks for 2,4-D and dicamba above. This mixture is usually more effective than either herbicide used alone.
Hard-To-Kill Perennial Grasses
glyphosate (1 to 4 oz per gal)	glyphosate (1-3% solution for hand sprayer)	Spot treatment. Apply when perennial weeds are actively growing. Surrounding forage will be killed if sprayed.
glyphosate (4 to 8 qt to 2 gal water)	glyphosate (33-50% solution)	Wiper application. Apply at speeds up to 5 MPH. Two passes in opposite directions. No more than 10% of any acre should be treated at one time.
Smutgrass
Velpar L (2.75 - 4.5 pt) or Velpar DF (0.9 - 1.5 lb)	hexazinone	Apply Velpar to established stands of bermudagrass or bahiagrass when soil conditions are warm and moist and weeds are actively growing. Best control of smutgrass is usually achieved in late spring to early summer when regular rainfall occurs. Some temporary yellowing of the bermuda or bahiagrass will be noted, but plants will soon outgrow this effect. Apply Velpar by ground equipment only, and only one application is allowed per year. KEEP SPRAYS WELL AWAY (AT LEAST 100 FT) FROM THE BASE OF DESIRABLE TREES, ESPECIALLY OAKS. Check label instructions for further precautions and safe use suggestions. Control at either time of year will be enhanced with a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v.
Pensacola Bahiagrass
Cimarron Plus 0.5 oz/A or Cimarron Xtra 1.0 oz/A	metsulfuron + chlorsulfuron	Apply to bermudagrass hay fields early in the season, after bahiagrass green-up but prior to seed head formation. Early applications are often most effective; fall applications rarely control bahiagrass. Do not apply with liquid fertilizer solutions as poor control may occur. Prolonged periods of dry weather prior to application will greatly decrease herbicide effectiveness. Always include a nonionic surfactant at a rate of 0.25% v/v. 'Common' or 'Argentine' bahiagrass will not beeffectively controlled. Pasture legumes will be severely injured or killed.
Tropical Soda Apple
Forefront (2 - 2.6 pt)	aminopyralid + 2,4-D	Excellent control of tropical soda apple. Provides preemergence control TSA seedlings for approximately 6 months after application. The 2 pt/a rate is highly effective on emerged TSA plants, but the 2.6 pt/a rate will provide the greatest length of residual control. Do not apply more than 2.6 pt/a/yr. Will severely injure desirable forage legumes. Do not apply to limpograss. There are no grazing restrictions, but do not harvest for silage or hay for 7 days.
Milestone (5 - 7 oz)	aminopryalid	Excellent control of tropical soda apple. Provides preemergence control of TSA seedlings for approximately 6 months after application. The 5 oz rate is highly effective on emerged plants, but the 7 oz rate will provide the greatest length of residual control. Do not apply more than 7 oz/A/yr. Do not apply to desirable forage legumes or loss of stand will occur. Volatility is low. The use of a non-ionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v is recommended.
Remedy Ultra 1 (1.0 qt)	triclopyr	Apply in late spring through summer as a broadcast spray for control of this species. Best results will occur when plants are adequately covered with spray solutions. Thirty to forty gal/A application will be more effective than 20 or lower. The addition of a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v will increase control. Retreatment will be required as new seedlings emerge. Spot spray rate is 0.5 - 1.0% v/v.
Prickly Pear Cactus
Remedy Ultra 1 (20%) + diesel fuel or basal oil (80%)	triclopyr (20%) diesel fuel or basal oil (80%) (Spot treatment)	Apply as a spot treatment directly to prickly pear pads during spring and summer. Grass will be burned in treated spots but will recover. The addition of diesel fuel drastically enhances herbicide uptake which will lead to prickly pear control. Prickly pear will die slowly over a period of 6-8 months with a few plants requiring retreatment.
Vista 2 pt	fluroxypyr	Apply Vista at 2 pt/a as a broadcast treatment in water. The use of a surfactant is required. For spot treatment, use a 1% Vista solution. Control is very slow and it often takes more than 1 year to see satisfactory results.
Blackberry
Cimarron Plus 0.75 oz/A or Cimarron Xtra 2.0 oz/A	metsulfuron + Chlorsulfuron	Cimarron will provide good to excellent control of blackberry. Results are best when applied at blooming or late in the fall. Do not mow within 1 yr prior to application or control will be reduced. DO NOT apply to bahiagrass pastures.
PastureGard1 4 pt	triclopyr + fluroxypyr	Control similar to Remedy.
Remedy Ultra 1 2 pt	triclopyr	For best control of blackberry, apply 2 pt when blooming and do not mow within 1 yr prior to application. Remedy does not control dewberry. The addition of a nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v will increase control. Applications made during prolonged periods of dry weather can greatly decrease control. Fall applications often provide more consistent blackberry control.
Telar 0.75 oz	chlorsulfuron	Similar to control with Cimarron. Telar can safely be applied to bahiagrass or bermudagrass.
Dogfennel
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 2 to 3 pt	dicamba + 2,4-D	Apply when plants reach a height of 12-18". Weedmaster is most effective approximately 1 month after dogfennel transition from winter dormancy. Refer to previous comments for dicamba and 2,4-D above.
PastureGard1 (3 pt)	triclopyr + fluroxypyr	For control of larger dogfennel that has reached approximately 24 to 36 inches in height.
Mixed Stands: Grass - Clover/Lespedeza Pastures
2,4-D amine1 (0.5 - 1.0 pt)	2,4-D (0.25 + 0.5 lb)	Apply only one treatment per year to established perennial clover. Slight to moderate injury may occur. See label of specific use information
Thistles
2,4-D (2 qt)	2,4-D (2 lb)	Highly effective if applied to thistles in the rosette stage. 2,4-D is not effective on thistles that have bolted or flowered. During cool temperatures, the ester formulation of 2,4-D will be most effective.
Milestone (3 - 5 fl. oz)	aminopyralid	Excellent control of thistles at any stage of growth.
2,4-D + dicamba1 (Weedmaster, others) 1.0 - 2.0 qt	dicamba + 2,4-D	Apply late fall to early spring when daytime temperatures are >50F. Applications are most effective if applied before flower stalks elongate. The addition of crop oil will increase herbicidal activity. Refer to previous comments for dicamba and 2,4-D above. For small rosettes 1 qt/A rate is sufficient. For larger rosettes, 1.5 to 2 qt/A will be required.
1 See fact sheet SS-AGR-12 Florida Organo-Auxin Herbicide Rule for state rules pertaining to application of organo-auxin herbicides in Florida. Herbicide recommendations in this report are contingent upon their registration by the Environmental Protection Agency. If a registration is canceled, the herbicide would no longer be recommended.

Table 2. Estimated effectiveness of herbicides on common weeds in pastures and hayfields.¹

Weed Name	2,4-D	Cimarron Plus or Xtra	Journey or others	Banvel	Weedmaster or others	Milestone	Remedy	PastureGard	Forefront	Velpar	Diuron
GRASSES
bahiagrass	P	G	P-F	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
bermudagrass	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
broomsedge	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
crabgrass	P	P	G	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	F-G
dallisgrass	P	P	F	P	P	P	P	P	P	-	P
guineagrass	P		-	P	P	P	P	P	P	-	P
johnsongrass	P	-	G	P	P	P	P	P	P	-	P
ryegrass	P	P	F	P	P	P	P	P	P	G	P
sandbur	P	P	G-E	P	P	P	P	P	P	-	G
smutgrass, small	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	E	P
vaseygrass	P	P	G	P	P	P	P	P	P	-	P
SEDGES
nutsedge	P	P	G-E	P	P	P	P	P	P	P	P
BROADLEAVES
bitter sneezeweed	E	E	-	E	E	E	E	E	E	-	G
blackberry	P	G-E	-	G	P-F	P	G-E	G	P	F	P
bracken fern	P	-	-	G	-	-	G	F	-	F	P
bullrush	G	-	-	G	-	P	G	P	P	-	P
chickweed	F	E	-	E	E	-	E	F	F	E	P
crotalaria, showy	G	-	-	G	G	-	E	E	-	-	-
cudweed	F	G	-	E	G	E	E	G	E	-	-
curly dock	F	E	-	E	E	E	E	F	E	P	P
dodder	P	-	-	P	P	-	P	P	-	-	P
dogfennel	F-G	F	-	F-G	G	P-F	G-E	E	G	G	P
evening primrose	E	G	-	E	E	E	E	G	E	E	G
Florida pusley	P	-	P	P-F	P-F	-	-	-	G		E
gallberry	G	-	-	E	G	-	E	E	-	P	P
goatweed	G	G	F	F-G	G	-	F	F	-	-	-
goldenrod	F	P	-	G	G-E	G	G	G	G	-	P
honeysuckle		-	-	E	E	-	P	P	-	-	P
horsenettle	P	P-F	P	G	F	E	F-G	F	E		P
horseweed	F	F	P	E	E	E	G	G	E		P
kudzu	P-F	P-F	P	G	F	G	F	F	G	-	P
maypop	P	P	P	P	P-F	-	F	G	-	-	-
stinging nettle - fireweed	P	-	-	-	F	E	E	E	E	-	-
palmetto	P	P	P	F	P	P	F	G	P	P	P
persimmon	P	-	P	F-G	P-F	P	F-G	F-G	P	F	P
pigweed	F	E	E	E	E	E	E	F	E	G	F
plantains	E	E		E	E	P			-
pokeberry	G	-		E	E	F	P	P	P	-	P
prickly pear	P	P	P	F	F-G	P	G2	F	P	P	P
ragweed	E	G	F-G	E	E	E	E	E	E	F	G
red sorrel	P	E	-	E	G	-	E	F	-	-	F
shepherdspurse	E	-	-	E	E	-	E	G	-	E	G
sicklepod	G	G	E	E	E	-	E	G-E	G	-	F
thistles	E	F	-	G	E	E	E	G-E	E	E	F
tropical soda apple	P	P	P	F-G	F-G	E	G-E	G	E	F-G	P
Virginia pepperweed	G	-	-	E	E	-	P	G	-	E	G
wax myrtle	P	-	P	P-F	P-F	P	G	F-G	P	P	P
wild garlic	G-E	G	-	E	E	P	-	P	-	-	P
wild radish	G	G-E	E	E	E	P	E	G-E	G	E	P
1 Estimated effectiveness based on rates recommended in this report. Effectiveness may vary depending on factors such as herbicide rate, size of weeds, time of application, soil type, and weather conditions. Weed Control Symbols: E = 90-100% control; G = 80-90% control; F = 60-80% control; P = less than 60% control.

Table 3. Days between herbicide application to forage or pasture for feeding, grazing or animal slaughter.

Herbicide	Non-lactating Cattle			Lactating Dairy Cattle		Horses
	Grazing	Hay Cutting	Slaughter	Grazing	Hay Cutting
Aim	0	0	0	0	0	0
Banvel
Up to 1 pt	0	0	30	7	37	0
Up to 1 qt	0	0	30	21	51	0
Up to 2 qt	0	0	30	40	70	0
Cimarron Plus and Cimarron Xtra	0	0	0	0	0	0
Cleanwave	0	7	0	0	7	0
2,4-D	0	30	3	7	30	0
Forefront	0	7	0	0	7	0
Impose or Panoramic	0	7	0	0	7	0
Journey	0	7	0	0	7	0
Milestone	0	0	0	0	0	0
PastureGard	0	14	3	1 season	1 season	0
Remedy Ultra	0	14	3	1 season	14	0
Roundup WeatherMax	60	60	14	60	60	60
Dormant application	0	0	0	0	0	0
Between cuttings	28	28	28	28	28	28
Pasture renovation	56	56	56	56	56	56
Telar	0	0	0	0	0	0
Velpar	60	60	0	60	60	60
2,-D + dicamba (Weedmaster, others)	0	37	30	7	37	0
Vista	0	7	2	0	7	0
N/A = No information available.

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Footnotes

1. This document is SS-AGR-08, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Revised November 2007. Please visit the EDIS Website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

2. J.A. Ferrell, assistant professor, Agronomy Department; B. A. Sellers, assistant professor, Range Cattle Research and Educations Center-Ona, FL, G. E. MacDonald, associate professor, Agronomy Department; B. J. Brecke, professor, West Florida Research and Education Center-Milton, FL, and J. J. Mullahey, professor and Director, West Florida Research and Education Center-Milton FL; Originally written by J. Tredaway Ducar, former assistant professor, Agronomy Department; Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.

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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.

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Copyright Information

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