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Body Lice and Pubic Lice1
C. W. Scherer, P. G. Koehler and F. M. Oi2Body lice and pubic lice (or crab lice) are two of the three types of lice species affecting humans. The head louse, the third species, possesses unique behavior, is most commonly a pest of school children, and is the topic of fact sheet, ENY-296 . Body lice and pubic lice are found only on humans. Presence of the body louse is of great concern because it is the vector of several human diseases. Epidemic typhus, trench fever, and epidemic relapsing fever (louse-borne typhus) are all transmitted by the body louse. Fortunately, body lice are not common in the United States.
The pubic louse is of much less medical importance but remains a significant nuisance. It is estimated that over 12 million people in the United States contract pubic lice each year.
Biology
The body louse (Pediculus humanus C.) and pubic louse (Phthirus pubis) are blood sucking insects. These insects bite into the skin of an unlucky human host and take a blood meal much like fleas and mosquitoes. A louse cannot survive off the host longer than 48 hours.The body louse ( Figure 1 ) usually resides within the clothing of its host (most commonly an adult) and only comes into contact with the skin to feed. The female body louse lays its eggs in the seams of clothing. These eggs (nits) will then hatch within about a week to ten days. The young body lice (nymphs) will grow and molt three times over another week or so before becoming mature adults (approximately 1/8 inch in length). A mature body louse might live up to 10 days. A female body louse might lay over 200 eggs during this period. The eggs of lice are very small (less than 1/16 inch long) and are typically white to yellowish-brown.
CREDITS: U.S. Department of Agriculture
Figure 1. Adult body louse. The pubic louse ( Figure 2 ) is most often associated with the pubic region of its host where it clings to pubic hairs with highly modified claws. The female pubic louse lays its eggs attached to pubic hairs near the skin surface. A pubic louse egg will hatch within 6 - 8 days. After 15 - 16 days and three molts, an adult pubic louse will emerge. A female pubic louse may lay up to 90 eggs during its lifetime which lasts about 12 days.
CREDITS: James Castner, University of Florida
Figure 2. Pubic louse. How You Get Lice
Body lice are associated with, but not restricted to, unclean people who do not change clothing often. Once infested, a person can transmit individual body lice through direct contact or by sharing infested clothes or bedding.Transmission of pubic lice is usually associated with close sexual contact. During this type of close personal contact pubic lice may be transferred from one person to another directly. It is possible for pubic lice to be transmitted from undergarments, bedding, and toilet seats but this indirect transmission is very uncommon.
Symptoms/Detection
The first symptom associated with body and pubic lice is itching. This itching is usually followed by the infected person scratching these areas. The scratching can lead to further skin irritation due to infection, especially if lice feces are present. Lice are very small, so close, careful inspection is necessary in order to determine their presence.Treatment and Control
Body lice are usually associated with destitute adults who regularly sleep in their clothes. Because body lice live within clothing, the easiest method of treating them is to wash all clothing. These clothes should be washed in hot soapy water and dried using a clothes dryer on the "high heat" cycle. This will kill all eggs, nymphs and adults of lice. An individual should then bathe and wash their entire body thoroughly with soapy water. Because some adult body lice may have fallen off the host, steps should be taken to inspect all bedding material or other close personal belongings of the infested person. Products registered for indoor surface treatment are listed in Table 1 . Any of these materials should be washed and dried in a similar fashion as clothing.Because pubic lice live on the host among pubic hairs, treatment is not as simple. If phthiriasis (the condition associated with a pubic louse infestation) is diagnosed, treatment should be sought immediately. Products for treatment will be marketed as shampoos or cream rinses and some are available over-the-counter, and listed in Table 2 , while others are prescription products. Careful attention should be employed while following all directions on product labels. An infested person's bedding and clothing should be washed in hot soapy water and dried in a clothes dryer on the "high heat" cycle. It is important to alert one's sexual partner as to the presence of pubic lice because he/she may require treatment as well.
Tables
Table 1. Insecticides labeled for Commercial Use.
Formulation
Common Name
Trade Name
Signal Word
Indoor Surface Spray
Aerosol
Pyrethrins and Others
PT Microcare Pressurized Pyrethrum Capsule Suspension (Whitmire Micro-gen)
Caution
Dust
Pyrethrins
PT Tri-Die Silica & Pyrethrum Dust (Whitmire Micro-gen)
Caution
Dust
Pyrethrins and Others
PT Tri-Die Pressurized Silica & Pyrethrin Dust (Whitmire Micro-gen)
Warning Emulsifiable Concentrate
Deltamethrin
Suspend SC Insecticide (Aventis)
Caution
Emulsifiable Concentrate Prallethrin
PT ULD SPy-300 (Whitmire Micro-gen)
Caution
Emulsifiable Concentrate
Pyrethrins (2.5%), PBO (12.5%) Synerol Insecticide (Aventis)
Caution
Table 2. Shampoos labeled for lice management.
Common Name
Homeowner Product
Filtered & Purified H2O Natural Enzyme Cleaners & Protease
Not Nice (Mousse) Natrum Muriaticum Sodium Chloride Lice Free Permethrin .50% Rid *Read label carefully to insure pest, site and commodity are listed prior to applying product. Some product labels are very restrictive.
Footnotes
1. This document is ENY-208, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. Revised: March 2003. Please visit the EDIS Website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.2. C. W. Scherer, graduate assistant, P. G. Koehler, professor/extension entomologist, and F. M. Oi, assistant extension entomologist, Entomology & Nematology Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611.
The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. UF/IFAS does not guarantee or warranty the products named, and references to them in this publication does not signify our approval to the exclusion of other products of suitable composition. Use pesticides safely. Read and follow directions on the manufacturer's label.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.
Copyright Information
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