Heat Stress Affects Dry Cows
The negative effects of heat stress in lactating cows are well known, but only recent studies have explored those effects along with the full benefits of cooling dry cows. Recent work at the University of Florida has demonstrated the benefits of dry cow cooling on calf performance and cow health in the next lactation. Dry cows that have received evaporative cooling and shade during the summer vs. dry cows that received shade only produced on average 11 lb per day (5 kg per day) more milk in the next lactation compared with those cows that were only under shade (do Amaral et al. 2009; Tao et al. 2011; Tao et al. 2012). Heat stress during the dry period negatively affects immunity and fertility of cows (do Amaral et al. 2011; Thompson and Dahl 2012). Reduced birth weights and growth rates in calves have also been reported (Collier et al. 1982; do Amaral et al. 2011; Tao et al. 2012). Cooling of dry cows, however, requires infrastructure and energy investments.
This document summarizes the results of our recent publication (Ferreira et al. 2016) that quantified the economic losses across the United States if dry cows were not cooled. This publication also summarizes the results of an economic feasibility analysis of investments in evaporative cooling (soakers and fans) and cooling barns for dry cows. This document also describes the spreadsheet that was developed for the analysis. The spreadsheet is available to readers who want to perform an economic analysis of cooling dry cows with their own data.
Basic Assumptions
In our study, we used weather data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) to calculate the annual number of heat stress days for each of the 50 US states. A day qualified as a heat stress day if the average Temperature Humidity Index (THI) was above 68. No seasonal calving was considered. On average, 15% of cows were assumed to be dry year-round. USDA-NASS (2016) statistics provided the number of dairy cows per state. Only multiparous cows were considered in the calculation because the effect of cooling prepartum heifers has not been quantified. Cows were assumed to be cooled during lactation, so the benefits of cooling dry cows would be fully expressed. If cows experienced heat stress every day during the dry period, they would produce 11 lb/day (5 kg/day) less milk in the next lactation.
The milk price in the calculation was $20/cwt ($0.40/kg, US five-year average) (Gould 2016), and feed cost was $0.13/lb of DMI ($0.28/kg) (Rollin, Dhuyvetter, and Overton 2015). Thus, the milk income over feed cost (IOFC) was $14.90/cwt of milk ($0.33/kg).
Economic Losses from Milk Production Due to Heat Stress
Figure 1 shows the number of heat stress days per state and milk loss in the next lactation if dry cows are not cooled for the 25 largest dairy states in the US. States in the South have the greatest number of heat stress days per year, but even states like Wisconsin have a significant number of heat stress days throughout the year (75).
Credit: Ferreira et al. (2016)
Each day of heat stress represents a loss of 10.3 lb of milk (4.66 kg) in the next lactation and economic losses of $0.91/cow per day if dry cows are not cooled. For example, Florida has, on average, 257 days of heat stress per year. Therefore, if dry cows were not cooled, they would produce 2,647 lb of milk (1,201 kg) less than their cooled herdmates (257 x 10.3 lb/day), representing a loss of approximately $234 per cow per year ($0.91 x 257). We have also calculated the average number of heat stress days per year for the US, weighting the number of heat stress days per state by the number of cows per state. The average dairy cow in the US is subject to 96 heat stress days per year. This represents 988 lb of milk (448 kg) less in the next lactation per cow. The results of this study showed a loss of $810 million per year in the United States from lost milk production alone if dry cows were not cooled. The fraction of all dry cows that are cooled in the US is not known.
Cooling Dry Cows: Investment, Utilities, Maintenance, and Feasibility Analysis
To cool their dry cows with evaporative cooling, some farmers might need to build a barn with a cooling system, whereas others may only need to invest in the cooling system because a barn is already available. Therefore, the economic feasibility analysis considered these two possibilities separately. Cooling costs included expenses for electricity and water during heat stress days. All costs were prorated across 20 years, which is equal to the assumed lifespan of the barn (IRS 2017).
The default investment costs for building a barn were assumed to be $2,500 per stall (Kammel 2015). This does not include the investment costs of fans and soakers. We assumed a residual value of 10% for the barn after 20 years. We also assumed that the cooling system within the barn consisted of fans (0.4 kW, 80 cm, 7-year lifetime) and soakers, including water pipe (5-year lifetime). Each fan cost $700 (Kammel 2015). We assumed five dry cow stalls per fan based on the setup at the University of Florida Dairy Unit, where most of the reviewed dry cow cooling studies have taken place. During the 20-year period, fans were purchased at the start of years 1, 8, and 15, which can be seen on the cash flow part of the spreadsheet. We assumed a residual value of 10% and straight-line depreciation. Therefore, the remaining value per fan was $160 in year 20. The cost of the soakers was based on Dhuyvetter et al. (2000), adjusted for inflation (DOL 2015), and assumed to be $8.19 per stall. Soakers were purchased four times during the 20 years (years 1, 6, 11, and 16). The remaining value was $0.80 per stall.
Utilities
We calculated the fixed and variable costs of energy and water. Nonresidential water and energy prices were taken from GRU (2015) and Dhuyvetter et al. (2000) and were corrected for inflation. Energy cost was divided into demand (fixed) and electricity (variable) charges, which were set at $37 and $1.62 per fan per heat stress day, respectively. We assumed that the energy efficiency of the fans was 0.75 kW, and a fan ran for 24 hours during a heat stress day. The cost of water was $0.42 per 264.17 gallons (1,000 kg). We assumed 15 gallons (56.8 kg) of water per stall per heat stress day to cool a dry cow.
Maintenance
We assumed a sand maintenance cost of $90 per dry cow stall per year when a new barn was built. The maintenance cost of fans and soakers was set at $15 per fan per year based on the setup at the University of Florida Dairy Unit.
Feasibility Analysis
Cash flow during the 20-year period was discounted at an annual rate of 5%. We calculated the Net Present Value (NPV) of investment in dry cow cooling per cow per year. The NPV is the value of the investment in today's dollars compared with the next best alternative for this money, assuming a 5% interest rate. An NPV greater than $0 means that the investment is the best decision. The time needed to pay off the initial investment (payback period) and the benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were also calculated. Short payback periods and BCRs greater than 1 mean that the investment is profitable. Separate analyses were carried out for investments with and without barn construction.
We performed breakeven analyses for milk price, increase in milk production in the subsequent lactation, and barn investment cost per dry cow stall, for a payback period of 3 years for the top 3 states with the most dairy cows (California, Wisconsin, and New York), and for Florida and Texas, which are among the top 25 states for number of dairy cows and have a high number of heat stress days annually. For each variable that we changed, we kept the other variables at their default values (i.e., $20/cwt ($0.44/kg) milk price, 11 lb per day (5 kg per day) increase in milk production in the subsequent lactation, $2,500 per stall barn investment cost). We also varied milk price ($15.40, $20, and $24.50/cwt of milk ($0.34, $0.44, and $0.54/kg)), potential increase in milk production in the subsequent lactation (2.2 lb, 6.6 lb, and 11 lb per day (1, 3, and 5 kg per day)), and investment costs per dry cow stall ($1,500, $2,500, and $3,500) to determine their effects on the NPV per cow per year when the number of heat stress days was varied from 0 to 360.
Economic Spreadsheet to Calculate the Feasibility of Cooling Dry Cows
We developed an economic spreadsheet for the feasibility analysis of cooling dry cows. The spreadsheet is available at http://dairy.ifas.ufl.edu/tools. The spreadsheet contains the default inputs for Florida. Users can change prices and other inputs to run their own economic feasibility analysis.
All Regions Benefit from Dry Cow Cooling
Generally, cooling of dry cows was found to be very profitable. If we consider the average number of heat stress days in the US (96), the default milk price, increase in milk production in the next lactation if dry cows are cooled, and barn cost per stall, the NPV for an average cow per year is $22.50. The payback period is 5.67 years, and the BCR is 1.45. In this situation, it would be profitable for 89% of the dairy cows in the US to be cooled in a new dry cow barn.
The profitability depends on milk price, and milk price should be taken into consideration when a barn needs to be built to house the dry cows (Figure 2). However, scenarios in which milk price is low (such as $13.50/cwt ($0.34/kg)) can be profitable if the number of heat stress days is moderate (more than 100), or if the costs of building a new barn are lower ($2,345 per stall). Obviously, the payback period in this scenario is longer (around 11 years), and the BCR is much smaller (1.15), but it is still greater than 1. However, 47% of the cows in the US are located in states with more than 100 heat stress days per year and would benefit from cooling during their dry period, even in low milk price scenarios. The only scenario that may not be profitable is investing in cooling dry cows when minimal improvements in milk production are expected. However, studies have consistently shown a moderate to large increase in milk yield (Ferreira et al. 2016).
Credit: Ferreira et al. (2016)
If dry cows are already housed in a barn and the only investment required is the cooling system, then cooling dry cows is profitable in most scenarios and in all the 50 states we have studied (Figure 3). This applies even when milk price and improved milk production in the next lactation are very low ($13/cwt ($0.34/kg) or 2.2 lb/day (1 kg/day)).
Credit: Ferreira et al. (2016)
Other Considerations
In this study, we only included effects of heat stress on milk production in the subsequent lactation. Other benefits of cooling dry cows were not included in our analysis. Heat stress during the dry period shortens gestation length (Tao and Dahl 2013). In addition, heat stress increases the number of stillbirths (Vieira-Neto et al. 2017) and the incidence of postpartum diseases (Adin et al. 2009). The immune function is compromised in cows that experience heat stress during the dry period (do Amaral et al. 2011). Milk fat might also decrease (Avendaño-Reyes et al. 2006; do Amaral et al. 2009). Heat stressed cows had increased days to pregnancy diagnosis during the first 150 days in the subsequent lactation relative to dry cows during cool months (Thompson and Dahl 2012). Calves born from cows exposed to heat stress during their dry period also had lower birth weights and compromised passive immune transfer (Tao et al. 2012). The economic implications of these effects are meaningful but not included in our economic analysis. Therefore, the economic benefits from cooling dry cows in this study appear to be conservative.
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