• Topics: Entomology and Nematology  |  Citrus Pest Insects and Mites  | Orangedog  | McAuslane, Heather J  |  Featured Creatures collection  |  Family: Papilionidae (swallowtails) 

Giant Swallowtail, Orangedog, Papilio cresphontes Cramer (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)¹

Introduction

The giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer, is a striking, wonderfully "exotic"-looking butterfly that is very abundant in Florida.The adult butterfly is a welcome visitor to butterfly gardens and to general landscape plantings. The larval or caterpillar stage however, can be considered a pest because of its habit of feeding on the foliage of most Citrus species. A few "orangedogs", as the larvae are commonly called, can quickly defoliate small or young plants. However, larvae can be tolerated , on large dooryard citrus trees in order to enjoy the soon-to-develop magnificent adult butterfly stage.

Figure 1. 

Adult giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer, dorsal view.

Distribution

The giant swallowtail is widely distributed throughout the American continent. Its range extends from southern New England across the northern Great Lakes states, into Ontario, through the southern portions of the Central Plains to the Rocky Mountains. The species ranges southward to Florida and the Caribbean, into the southwestern United States, and on through Mexico to Central and South America. The giant swallowtail is very common through out the entire state of Florida. It is active throughout the year in southern Florida, and is common in northern Florida, except in January and February.

Description

Adult giant swallowtails are large butterflies with a forewing span of 4.6-6.9 inches (avg. 5.5 inches) for males and a span of 5.3-7.4 inches (avg. 5.8 inches) for females (Figure 1). The dorsal wing surfaces of the butterfly are black with a striking diagonal yellow bar across the forewings The ventral wing surfaces are primarily yellow. The giant swallowtail is very distinct from all other swallowtails found in Florida, except for the endangered Schaus' swallowtail (Papilio aristodemus ponceanus) which is confined to the Florida Keys. The giant swallowtail can be distinguished from the Schaus' swallowtail by the yellow-filled "tails" (Schaus' swallowtail tails are all black), and the small, brick-red patch just interior to the blue median band on the ventral hind wing. The five larval instars differ in appearance but they all share a resemblance to bird droppings. The younger instars (Figure 2) are predominantly black with a white saddle while the older instars (Figure 3) are mottled dark brown with a posterior that is white or cream colored. It has been suggested that the older instars resemble small snakes.

Figure 2. 

Ventral view of newly emerged adult (top) gaint swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer, with pupal exoskeleton (bottom).

Figure 3. 

Young instars of the giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer, mimic bird droppings.

Figure 4. 

Older instars of giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer, resemble snakes.

Life Cycle

Adult butterflies sip nectar from many flowers and are common, but spectacular, visitors to butterfly gardens. Identified nectar sources include azalea, bougainvillea, Japanese honeysuckle, goldenrod, dame's rocket, bouncing Bet, and swamp milkweed. They may also sip liquid from manure. Adult males patrol flyways through pine woods or citrus groves searching for females. Flight is very strong and leisurely, and the butterflies may glide long distances between wing beats. Courtship and copulation occur in the afternoon. Mated females usually lay their eggs (Figure 4) singly on the upper surface of leaves of host plants. The 1 to 1.5-mm spherical cream to brown eggs hatch and larvae progress through five instars. Larval feeding usually takes place during the night. The larva is the well-known "orangedog" and is considered a minor pest of orange, Citrus sinensis. Other food plants of the larvae include other Citrus species, Zanthoxylum americanum (northern prickly ash), Z. clavaherculis (Hercules club), Z. fagara (lime prickly ash), Dictamnus albus, Casimiroa edulis and Amyris elemifera (torchwood), and other Rutaceae, such as Ptelea trifoliata (hoptree) and Choisya dumosa (Mexican orange).

Figure 5. 

Eggs of giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer, on upper surface of lemon leaf.

Figure 6. 

Egg of the giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer, on Hercules-club, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.

The larva is the well-known "orangedog" and is considered a minor pest of orange, Citrus sinensis. Other food plants of the larvae include other Citrus species, Zanthoxylum americanum (northern prickly ash), Z. clavaherculis (Hercules club), Z. fagara (lime prickly ash), Dictamnus albus, Casimiroa edulis and Amyris elemifera (torchwood), and other Rutaceae, such as Ptelea trifoliata (hoptree) and Choisya dumosa (Mexican orange). Larvae may pupate on small twigs on the host plant on which they were feeding or they may travel a short distance to a vertically-oriented structure, such as a fence or other plant. The brownish chrysalis (Figure 5) is typically oriented at 45° to the pupation substrate, its posterior end attached directly to the substrate and its anterior end attached via a thin silken thread to the substrate. At least two, and probably three, generations occur each year in Florida.

Figure 7. 

Chrysalis of giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer.

Host Plants

The larva is the well-known "orangedog" and is considered a minor pest of sweet orange, (Citrus × sinensis (L.) Osbeck (pro sp.). Host plants of the larvae besides sweet orange include native members of the citrus family (Rutaceae) including northern pricklyash (Zanthoxylum americanum Mill.), Hercules-club (Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L.), lime pricklyash (Zanthoxylum fagara [L.] Sarg.), hoptree (Ptelea trifoliata L.), sea torchwood (Amyris elemifera L.), Mexican orange (Choisya dumosa [Torr.] A. Gray), and a variety of exotic Rutaceae including gasplant (Dictamnus albus L.) and white sapote (Casimiroa edulis Llave & Lex.). Plant names are from the USDA Plant Database (2009), Wunderlin and Hansen (2003), or Wunderlin and Hansen (2008).

Figure 8. 

Hercules-club, Zanthoxylum clava-herculis L., a host of the giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer.

Figure 9. 

Lime pricklyash, Zanthoxylum fagara {L.} Sarg., a host of the giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer.

Figure 10. 

Sea torchwood, Amyris elemifera L., a host of the giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer.

Figure 11. 

Hoptree, Ptelea trifoliata L., a host of the giant swallowtail, Papilio cresphontes Cramer.

Biological Control

Giant swallowtail pupae are immobile and defenseless against parasitic insects. Pupae may be parasitized by Lespesia rileyi (Williston), a tachinid fly; Brachymeria robusta (Cresson), a chalcidid wasp; and Pteromalus cassotis Walker and Pteromalus vanessae Howard, two pteromalid wasps. However, the larval stages appear to be more protected against natural enemies than the pupal stage. Larvae defend themselves against predators (both insects and vertebrates) and parasitic insects by being less visible through cryptic coloration and pattern (i.e., by resembling bird droppings). In addition, larvae possess an osmeterium, an orange or reddish Y-shaped eversible gland that is located mid-dorsally behind the head. When attacked by small predators, the larva extrudes the gland and attempts to wipe it against the attacker. The osmeterium of fourth and fifth instars contains a highly noxious, pungent mixture of chemicals (40:60 mixture of isobutyric acid and 2-methyl butyric acid) that smells like rancid butter. This glandular secretion is repellent and toxic to small predators, such as ants and spiders. Studies have shown that birds are not repelled by these secretions but still rarely eat giant swallowtail larvae. It is thought that larvae may also contain internal toxins (obtained from their food plants)

Figure 12. 

Larva of giant swallowtail, Papillio cresphontes Cramer, everting osmeterium with associated noxious secretion in defense.

Other Control Methods

Homeowners may find that just a few larvae of the giant swallowtail will defoliate small, potted citrus plants. It is recommended that larvae be hand picked from these small plants so that blossom and fruit yield are not drastically reduced. Mature commercial citrus trees can withstand infestation by many larvae. However, nursery stock and young grove trees can be protected with Bacillus thuringiensis and synthetic insecticides when necessary, as described in the Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide. Florida Citrus Pest Management Guide for chewing insects.

Selected References

Cech R, Tudor G. 2005. Butterflies of the East Coast: An Observer's Guide. Princeton University Press. Princeton, New Jersey. 345 pp.

Crocker RL, Simpson BJ. 1979. Mexican orange, Choisya dumosa (Rutaceae), a potential ornamental is host for orangedog, Papilio cresphontes (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Southwest Entomologist 4: 11-13.

Daniels JC. 2000. Butterflies 2: Butterflies of the Southeast. UF/IFAS. Card Set. SP 274.

Daniels JC. 2003. Butterflies of Florida: Field Guide. Adventure Publications, Inc. Cambridge, Minnesota. 256 pp.

Eisner T, Pliske TE, Ikeda M, Owen DF, Vazquez L, Perez H, Franclemont JG, Meinwald J. 1970. Defense mechanisms of arthropods. XXVII. Osmeterial secretions of papilionid caterpillars (Baronia, Papilio, Eurytides). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 63: 914-915.

Gerberg EJ, Arnett Jr. RH. 1989. Florida Butterflies. Natural Science Publications, Inc. Baltimore, Maryland.

Glassberg J, Minno MC, Calhoun JV. 2000. Butterflies through Binoculars: Florida. Oxford University Press. New York, New York. 256 pp.

Kimball CP. 1965. Arthropods of Florida and Neighboring Land Areas. Vol. 1. Division of Plant Industry, Florida Department of Agriculture, Gainesville, Florida. 363 pp.

Leslie AJ, Berenbaum MR. 1990. Role of the osmeterial gland in swallowtail larvae (Papilionidae) in defense against an avian predator. Journal of the Lepidoptera Society 44: 245-251.

Medley JC, Fasulo TR. (2002). Florida Butterfly Tutorials. University of Florida/IFAS. CD-ROM. SW 155.

Minno MC, Butler JF, Hall DW. 2005. Florida Butterfly Caterpillars and their Host Plants. University Press of Florida. Gainesville, Florida. 341 pp.

Minno MC and Emmel TC. 1993. Butterflies of the Florida Keys. Scientific Publishers. Gainesville, Florida. 168 pp.

Minno MC and Minno M. 1999. Florida Butterfly Gardening: A Complete Guide to Attracting, Identifying, and Enjoying Butterflies of the Lower South. University Press of Florida. Gainesville, Florida. 210 pp.

Opler PA, Krizek GO. 1984. Butterflies East of the Great Plains. An Illustrated Natural History. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland. 294 pp.

Scriber MC, Tsubaki Y, Lederhouse RC. 1995. Swallowtail Butterflies: Their Ecology & Evolutionary Biology. Scientific Publishers. Gainesville, Florida. 459 pp.

USDA. (2009). Plant Database. USDA National Resources Conservation Service. http://plants.usda.gov/ (8 April 2009).

Wunderlin RP and Hansen BF. 2003. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. 2nd ed. University Press of Florida. Gainesville, Florida. 787 pp.

Wunderlin RP, Hansen BF. (2008). Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants. Institute for Systematic Botany. http://www.plantatlas.usf.edu/ (8 April 2009).

The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other extension publications, contact your county Cooperative Extension service.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Millie Ferrer-Chancy, Interim Dean.

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