• Topics: Entomology and Nematology  | Snails and Slugs  | Gastropoda (taxonomic class)  |  Featured Creatures collection  | Deisler, Jane E 

Tree Snails (of Florida), Drymaeus, Orthalicus, Liguus spp. (Gastropoda: Bulimulidae)¹

Introduction

Many snails are found in trees, but only a few are exclusively arboreal for most or all of their life cycle. Tree snails are normally found on the ground only during egg-deposition or when dislodged from their perches. They are frequently large, up to 70 mm long but tend to be smaller in colder areas. They are restricted to tropical and semi-tropical regions by their need for high humidity and warm temperatures. Tree snails are included in several families, but the Bulimulidae and the Pupillidae are the only two represented on the United States mainland. In the Americas, the center of diversity of the Bulimulidae is in northern South America to Brazil, with representatives spreading northward through Central America and the Caribbean to the southeastern United States (Solem 1969, Breure 1979). The bulimulids are not exclusively arboreal as many species live in leaf-mold, under or near rocks, or on rock faces; however, all native Florida bulimulids are arboreal.

The United States has four native genera of Bulimulidae: Rhabdotus, Drymaeus, Orthalicus, and Liguus. The last three genera are native to Florida. There is also one recently introduced genus in Florida, Bulimulus, which is primarily terrestrial (Thompson 1976). The systematic relationships of the native species have been most recently summarized by Pilsbry (1946). The arboreal representatives feed on epiphytic growths such as algae, fungi, and lichens on trees.

Orthalicus reses (Say) is a federally listed, threatened species due to restricted range and habitat destruction and cannot be legally collected without a federal permit. Liguus fasciatus (Muller) has been proposed as an endangered species in the past but has not been so designated. Most of the other native Florida bulimulids appear to be wide-ranging and numerous. Except for scientific study, these snails should not be collected as they are not agricultural pests and may actually be beneficial, because they feed on epiphytic growths.

Figure 1. 

Orthalicus reses (Say) [left], a federally listed threatened species, and Achatina fulica (Bowditch) [right], a major agricultural pest similar in appearance to O. reses.

Identification

The bulimulids of Florida have ovate-conical or bulimoid shells that at maturity range in size from 15 mm to 70 mm. With the exception of Liguus fasciatus, these snails have shells that vary in color from ivory to tan, often with brown markings. Liguus shells are brilliantly colored and are frequently marked with yellow, green, pink, and brown. The bulimulid shell surface is smooth, sometimes glossy, and with protuberances. The live animals are most often found in native hammock trees and shrubs, but frequenly live in citrus groves and backyards.

Figure 2. 

Identification features.

Key to the Bulimulidae of Florida

1. Mature shell larger than 40 mm, umbilicus imperforate, apex microscopically smooth . . . . . 5

1'. Mature shell smaller than 40 mm, umbilical perforation narrow, apex microscopically sculptured . . . . . 2

2(1'). Shell thin, translucent to almost transparent, fragile . . . . . 4

2'. Shell solid, opaque to slightly translucent, not fragile . . . . . 3

3(2'). Shell with vertical chestnut brown stripes, blue to black apex . . . . . "many-lined forest snail," Drymaeus multilineatus (Say). Brown subsutural and basal bands are also present, and can be as wide as 2 mm in some Keys specimens, or lacking altogether. This species is found on terminal twigs of both native and exotic trees and shrubs in the southern counties of Florida, in the Florida Keys, and in the Caribbean.

Figure 3. 

The "many-lined forest snail," Drymaeus multilineatus (Say) [both figures]. Brown subsutural and basal bands are also present, and can be as wide as 2 mm in some Keys specimens [right], or lacking altogether. This species is found on terminal twigs of both native and exotic trees and shrubs in the southern counties of Florida, in the Florida Keys, and in the Caribbean.

3'. Shell lacking vertical stripes, apex brown to ivory . . . . . "Guadaloup snail," Bulimulus guadaloupensis (Bruguiere). This shell is marked by one to two faint or three strong brown spiral bands and a narrow white subsutural band. Introduced from Puerto Rico, this species is found on low-lying ground-covers and in lawns in Hialeah, Dade County.

Figure 4. 

The "Guadaloup snail," Bulimulus guadaloupensis (Bruguiere). This shell is marked by one to two faint or three strong brown spiral bands and a narrow white subsutural band. Introduced from Puerto Rico, this species is found on low-lying ground-covers and in lawns in Hialeah, Dade County.

4(2). Shell 25-30 mm, with 3-4 wide spiral rows of chestnut-brown squares on the body whorl, lip of aperture in mature shell slightly flared . . . . . "Manatee snail," Drymaeus dormani (Binney). The markings can be faint to lacking in some specimens. This species is endemic to North and Central Florida north of Lake Okeechobee, and has been reported on palmetto, orange and grapefruit trees (Pilsbry 1946).

Figure 5. 

The markings of the "Manatee snail," Drymaeus dormani (Binney) can be faint to lacking in some specimens. This species is endemic to north and central Florida north of Lake Okeechobee, and has been reported on palmetto, orange and grapefruit trees (Pilsbry 1946).

4'. Shell 15-25 mm, with 3-5 irregular narrow brown bands on the body whorl, lip of aperture not flared . . . . . "Dominican forest snail," Drymaeus dominicus (Reeve). The bands can be unevenly broken or even lacking. This species can be differentiated from D. dormani by the rounder whorls, smaller adult size, and lack of a flared apertural edge. It is found on citrus and native trees in southeastern Florida south of Lake Okeechobee to the Florida Keys and parts of the Caribbean.

Figure 6. 

The bands of "Dominican forest snail," Drymaeus dominicus (Reeve) can be unevenly broken or even lacking. This species can be differentiated from D. dormani by the rounder whorls, smaller adult size, and lack of a flared apertural edge. It is found on citrus and native trees in southeastern Florida south of Lake Okeechobee to the Florida Keys and parts of the Caribbean.

5(1). Length of aperture more than half overall length, shell thin-walled, external markings visible inside the aperture . . . . . 6

5'. Length of aperture less than half overall length, shell heavy and porcelain-like, aperture white to faintly pink inside . . . . . "Florida tree snail," Liguus fasciatus (Muller). The color patterns in this species are extremely variable. At this time, there are 58 named color forms in South Florida and the Florida Keys (Davidson 1965; Jones 1979; Diesler 1982), with others in Cuba. This animal is generally found on smooth-barked trees in native hammocks.

Figure 7. 

The color patterns of the Florida tree snail," Liguus fasciatus (Muller) are extremely variable. At this time, there are 58 named color forms in south Florida and the Florida Keys (Davidson 1965; Jones 1979; Diesler 1982), with others in Cuba. This animal is generally found on smooth-barked trees in native hammocks.

6(5). Shell with irregular, flame-like, vertical brown stripes . . . . . 7

6'. Shell lacking flame-like stripes . . . . . "banded tree snail," Orthalicus floridensis Pilsbry. This is the largest Florida tree snail, and is tan with two to three spiral brown bands and one to four dark brown vertical growth lines. Both the margin of the aperture and the parietal callus are dark brown. This native species is endemic to South Florida and the Florida Keys on native and introduced trees.

Figure 8. 

The "banded tree snail," Orthalicus floridensis Pilsbry is the largest Florida tree snail, and is tan with two to three spiral brown bands and one to four dark brown vertical growth lines. Both the margin of the aperture and the parietal callus are dark brown. This native species is endemic to south Florida and the Florida Keys on native and introduced trees.

7(6). Apex white, parietal callus clear or faintly chesnut . . . . . "Stock Island tree snail," Orthalicus reses reses (Say). This snail and the next subspecies, O.r. nesodryas Pilsbry, have been confused with the foreign snail Achatina fulica (Bowdich). However, they can be differentiated from A. fulica because they have a greyish cast (never reddish) to the stripes, underlying spiral bands, and a columella continuous with the aperture, not truncate. O.r. reses is endemic to Stock Island, Monroe County, where it is found on a variety of native and exotic trees.

Figure 9. 

The "Stock Island tree snail," Orthalicus reses reses (Say) has been confused with the foreign snail Achatina fulica (Bowdich). However, it can be differentiated from A. fulica because it has a greyish cast (never reddish) to the stripes, underlying spiral bands, and a columella continuous with the aperture, not truncate. O.r. reses is endemic to Stock Island, Monroe County, where it is found on a variety of native and exotic trees.

7'. Apex and parietal callus dark chestnut-brown . . . . . "Florida Keys tree snail," Orthalicus reses nesodryas Pilsbry. This subspecies is endemic to the Florida Keys, from Lower Matecumbe Key to Key West, and can be found on a variety of host trees.

Figure 10. 

The subspecies "Florida Keys tree snail," Orthalicus reses nesodryas Pilsbry, has been confused with the foreign snail Achatina fulica (Bowdich). However, it can be differentiated from A. fulica because it has a greyish cast (never reddish) to the stripes, underlying spiral bands, and a columella continuous with the aperture, not truncate. O.r. nesodryas is endemic to the Florida Keys, from Lower Matecumbe Key to Key West, and can be found on a variety of host trees.

Selected References

Breure, A.S.H. 1979. Systematics, phylogeny and zoogeography of Bulimulinae. Zoologische Verhandelingen, Leiden, No. 168. 215 p.

Davidson, T. 1965. Tree snails, gems of the Everglades. National Geographic 127: 372-387.

Deisler, J.E. 1982. Florida tree snail. In Prichard, P.C.H. (ed.), Rare and Endangered Biota of Florida: Invertebrates 6: 15-18.

Jones, A.L. 1979. Descriptions of six new forms of Florida tree snails. Nautilus 94: 153-159.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1946. Land Mollusca of North America. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Monographs 3, pt. 1: 1-520.

Solem, A. 1969. Basic distribution of non-marine molluscs. Symposium on Mollusca, Proc. Cochin 1968 Marine Biol. Assoc. India. Symp. Ser. 3: 231-247.

Thompson, F.G. 1976. The occurrence in Florida of the West Indian land snail, Bulimulus guadaloupensis. Nautilus 90: 10.

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