Whole Document Navigator (Click Here)    ---------------------------------- Top of Document CORN SILAGE -Hybrid Selection -Planting Dates -Plant Population, Row Width and Planting Depth -Liming and Fertilization -Pest Control -When to Harvest SORGHUMS AND PEARLMILLET -Planting -Liming and Fertilization -Weed Control -Insect Control -Harvesting for Silage -Sorghums Compared with Corn SMALL GRAINS -Planting and Fertilizing -Harvesting GRASS SILAGE LEGUME SILAGE MOISTURE DETERMINATION OF SILAGE CROPS -Moisture Determination with a Microwave Oven --Procedure: Footnotes Disclaimer Copyright Infomation

Silage Crops for Dairy and Beef Cattle¹

C. G. Chambliss ²

Silage production and use by Florida livestock producers has increased in recent years as producers try to lower feed costs. Silage is especially attractive to dairy producers because it can help reduce total feed costs, usually results in a higher quality feed compared to other utilization methods (e.g. hay), and can serve as a means to recycle manure nutrients when grown on the dairy where it is fed.

Many commonly grown forage crops can be harvested and stored as silage. Some of those that are grown or have been grown in Florida are listed below either as high energy or low energy silages.

1. High Energy Silages

• Corn

• Grain sorghum (Milo)

2. Low Energy Silages

• Perennial Grasses

• Bermudagrass and Stargrass

• Limpograss (Hemarthria)

• Other improved perennial grasses.

• Annual Grasses

• Forage Sorghum

• Sorghum-sudan hybrids, pearlmillet

• Small grains and ryegrass

• Legumes

• Alfalfa

• Red clover and other cool season legumes

• Summer legumes (hairy indigo, alyceclover, aeschynomene and rhizoma perennial peanut)

Other crops such as sugarcane, and crop combinations such as grain sorghum and soybeans have also been ensiled.

CORN SILAGE

Production practices for growing corn silage are the same as for grain production. All of the cultural practices needed for high grain yields should be followed. In north-central and northwest Florida, corn can be grown without irrigation but yields are usually relatively low compared to irrigated corn. Irrigation and adequate drainage are necessary when growing corn on the mineral soils of south Florida's flatwoods as well as the organic soils. The information given below is a brief outline of essential production practices. Additional information and experience may be needed to successfully grow a corn crop.

Hybrid Selection

One or more yield trials are usually conducted somewhere in the state each year. Results of these trials, where the yield of one hybrid is compared to another, may be helpful in selecting a suitable hybrid to grow on your farm. The hybrids can be divided into three maturity groups--full season (120 days), mid-season (115 days), and early season (110 days). The full season hybrids silk from 5 to 10 days later than the early season hybrids and require more time to fill the ear before reaching maturity. The harvest period can be lengthened by planting an early hybrid first and a full season hybrid last. The full season hybrids generally produce larger plants and a higher tonnage of silage. Early season hybrids may produce as much grain, but on smaller plants; therefore total silage yield is usually lower, but percentage grain in the silage is higher. Any of the hybrids recommended for grain are also suitable for silage. The ideal silage types have high forage yields, are low in fiber, and high in digestibility. Some seed companies are developing hybrids specifically for use as silage. These are expected to produce greater tonnage and have stalks that are more digestible than some of the older types.

Planting Dates

Plant during the planting season recommended for your area at times when temperature and soil moisture conditions are favorable for germination and growth. Recommended planting dates by areas are:

Southern Florida: February 1 - March 15

Central Florida : February 1 - March 31

Northeastern Florida: February 15 - April 15

Northwestern Florida: February 15 - April 15

Producers in north Florida planting no-till should wait until after March 1 to plant in order to reduce the chance of stand loss due to a late freeze. Those planting on land without irrigation often delay planting so that tasseling and pollination occurs after the May drought.

Corn planted later than the recommended time is more likely to suffer from attack by foliage-feeding worms. After the recommended planting dates for corn have passed, it is recommended that growers switch to tropical corn hybrids or to sorghum, if additional acreage of silage is needed.

Plant Population, Row Width and Planting Depth

With irrigation, 22,000 to 34,000 corn plants per acre are suggested. Without irrigation, plant population should be based on the ability of the soil to supply and retain moisture during the growing season. As the holding capacity for soil moisture decreases, so also should the plant population. Also, check the plant population recommended by the seed corn company for the particular hybrid being planted. Always drop 5 to 10% more seed than needed for expected final plant population. See your planter operator's manual for instructions on planter calibration. Row width can vary from 15 to 40 inches, but most corn growers are using 30-inch wide rows. This row width allows for cultivation, if needed. The average planting depth should be 2 inches.

Liming and Fertilization

Soil tests should be made well in advance of planting and used as a guide to nutrient management. Lime should be applied 3 to 5 months in advance of planting when possible. All the phosphorus (P₂O₅), 1/3 of the potassium (K₂O), and about 30 lb/A nitrogen (N) should be applied at planting. The remainder of the N and K may be applied in split applications, but should be completed by 6 to 7 weeks after planting. A good schedule for applying the remaining N is 1/3 at 3, 5, and 7 weeks after emergence.

Calcium and magnesium are usually available in adequate amounts when the pH is corrected to 6.0 or higher with dolomitic limestone. Sulfur should be applied at the rate of 15 to 20 lb/A. Minor element deficiencies can be prevented by applying a complete trace element mixture every third year. Sandy soils usually need boron at 1 lb/A and zinc at 5 lb/A zinc oxide equivalent. On organic soils, copper oxide should be applied annually at the rate of 5 lb/A.

Pest Control

Pest control recommendations change from year to year; the County Extension Office keeps updated references with the most current recommendations.

Weeds - Cultivation and herbicides can be used to control weeds. For current herbicide recommendations consult the Agronomy fact sheet SS-AGR-02 Weed Management in Corn , which is available at County Extension Offices or online at: http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG007 .

Nematodes - These can be a problem in fields that are used to grow corn or other annual grass crops continuously. If nematodes are expected to be a problem in a particular field, then a soil sample should be sent to the Florida Nematode Assay Laboratory to determine the kinds and numbers of plant nematodes in the soil. If a problem exists, then appropriate control measures can be taken. Contact your County Extension Office on how to take samples and what nematicide to use. Use of nematicides and/or rotation with non-host crops will help to avoid nematode problems.

Insects - Foliage-feeding worms can cause serious damage, especially on late-planted corn. See your county agricultural agent or the EDIS publication ENY401 Insect Control in Field Corn online at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG060 for recommended control measures for worms and other insects.

When to Harvest

For maximum yield of dry matter and total digestible nutrients (TDN) per acre, corn should be harvested for silage when it approaches physiological maturity. When corn is mature, a "black layer" forms near the tip of the corn kernels. To find the black layer, break an ear of corn, remove a few kernels, and split them lengthwise. If the corn is mature, the "black layer" can be seen near the tips of the kernels.

At maturity the grain will contain 30 to 40% moisture and will be in the full dent stage. Harvesting at this stage should result in silage with a 60% moisture content. Harvesting corn at immature stages results in a higher-moisture silage. Maturity and moisture content of the corn plant also can be judged by observing the "milk line" on the side of the corn kernels. When the corn is relatively immature the starch in the kernels is liquid (milk). As the plant begins to mature the starch congeals or hardens, starting at the top of the corn kernel and progressively moving downward toward the kernel tip over a period of several days. When the milk line is halfway down the kernel, the moisture content of the silage will be approximately 66% (Table 1 ). The moisture values found in the field may vary from those in Table 1 depending on soil type and growing conditions. Harvesting may need to start before black layer forms (no milk line), not only to accommodate harvesting schedules, but also due to the fact that some types of silos require higher moisture silage than others (Table 1 ). For maximum yield of total digestible nutrients, start harvesting when the milk line is 2/3 down the kernel.

SORGHUMS AND PEARLMILLET

There are many types and varieties of sorghums. The ones primarily used for silage are forage sorghums, grain sorghums (milo), and sorghum-sudan crosses. The sorghum-sudan crosses are better suited for grazing or green chop than for silage. Pearlmillet is similar to sorghum-sudan in this respect.

The forage sorghums grow to heights of 5 to 10 feet. Their yield is equal to that of corn silage for the spring crop although quality is somewhat lower. Thus, per acre yield of TDN may be lower. When harvested as silage, the forage sorghums will produce higher yields than the other sorghum types and will contain 20 to 25% grain, although some varieties may contain less.

Grain sorghums grow to a height of 3 to 5 feet. Silage yield of grain sorghums will range from 1/2 to 2/3 that of forage sorghums. Grain content will average 50 to 60% of the total yield; thus the nutritive value of grain sorghum silage is only slightly lower than that of corn silage.

Pearlmillet and the sorghum-sudan grass hybrids produce a leafy forage and grow from 3 to 7 feet tall and are usually used as a grazing crop. Some varieties of sorghum-sudangrass will produce some grain, but on the average, do not produce as much grain as the forage sorghum varieties.

Planting

Sorghums, sorghum-sudan hybrids and pearlmillet may be planted in wide rows, drilled or broadcast. Row plantings allow for cultivation if necessary. The tall growing forage sorghums should be planted in rows to facilitate harvest. Match row width of planter with row width of the forage chopper head. The forage sorghums can be drilled or broadcast if the harvester has an all-crop harvest head.

The sorghums and pearlmillet are warm weather crops and should not be planted until the soil is warm in the spring and all danger of frost is past. Time to start planting usually occurs around the first of March in south Florida and the last of March in north Florida. New plantings can be made into the summer until about 120 days prior to the end of the growing season or date of the first frost. Plantings made after mid-June will have lower yields than earlier plantings and will suffer more from diseases and insects. Spring plantings, especially in south Florida, made without irrigation may suffer from drought stress. In such situations, sorghum may be the better crop choice compared to corn since sorghum is drought tolerant. Early planted grain or silage sorghums may make a second or "ratoon" crop, but yields are often less than half of the original harvest.

Seeding rate for the sorghums, sorghum-sudan hybrids and pearlmillet is 8 to 10 lb/A of seed when planted in 30- to 42-inch rows. For broadcast or drilled plantings, the seeding rate should be increased by 25% or more for sorghums and more than doubled for sorghum-sudan grass (Table 2 ). Remember, when planted for silage, the forage sorghums should be planted in rows, unless an all-crop harvest-head is available on the silage harvester. Regardless of seeding method, seed should be planted in moist soil and covered 1 to 2 inches in depth.

Liming and Fertilization

Soils should be tested during the fall or winter to determine the kinds and amounts of lime and fertilizers needed. Sorghums perform best in soils with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5. If lime is needed it should be broadcast and incorporated into the soil during the land preparation process.

Apply all of the soil test recommended P₂0₅, 30% of the K₂0, and 30 lb N/A in a preplant or at planting application. Topdress or sidedress the remaining 70% of the K₂0 and N. Sidedress before plants are too tall to cultivate or approximately 4 weeks after planting.

For row plantings, all of the basic fertilizer application may be broadcast and plowed down before planting or applied at planting time in continuous bands 2 to 3 inches to each side and 2 to 3 inches below the level of the seed. For drill or broadcast plantings the basic application should be broadcast and disked into the soil ahead of planting, placing fertilizer close to but not in direct contact with the seed.

If a second, or "ratoon," crop is to be attempted, it should be refertilized at about half of the original rate. The fertilizer should be applied immediately after the first harvest.

Weed Control

Weeds may be controlled with cultivation and by use of herbicides. For specific and up-to-date recommendations on the use of herbicides, see the Agronomy fact sheet SS-AGR-06 Weed Management in Sorghum (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/WG002) .

Insect Control

Sorghum is attacked by many of the insects commonly associated with corn. Corn earworms, armyworms and aphids are very common. Sorghum midge and sorghum webworm may also attack sorghum.

Corn earworms and armyworms may be present from the plant seedling stage through maturity. March plantings (first crop) may escape severe infestations, but summer crops can be subjected to heavy infestations that result in serious damage to the crop. Sorghum midge appears at flowering. An infestation of one larva per spikelet is sufficient to cause a loss of grain. Also, corn earworms, armyworms, and sorghum webworms eat the ripening grain.

See EDIS publication ENY 404 Insect Control in Sorghum (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/IG063) for details on the use of insecticides to control sorghum insects.

Harvesting for Silage

Sorghums producing grain should be harvested at the soft dough stage of maturity. Moisture content in the silage at this stage will usually be at 65 to 70%. The sorghum-sudangrass and pearlmillet should be harvested in the boot stage to early flower for highest yields of digestible dry matter. Digestibility decreases very rapidly in the non-grain producing types following flowering. Moisture content may be higher than desired to make good silage when harvested in the boot stage. Therefore, it may be desirable to add citrus pulp or some other material to absorb some of the excess juice. Wilting would be desirable but the stems will probably be too long to be efficiently handled by windrow and pickup equipment.

Sorghum-sudangrass and pearlmillet can be harvested when they are about 3 feet tall to produce a higher protein silage or haylage. Harvesting at this young stage of growth reduces overall yield. Also, in some instances regrowth has been very poor when plants were harvested at 3 feet of growth compared to harvest at the boot or early flower stage.

A stubble of 6 to 8 inches should be left if a second crop is planned. The cut should be made in such a way that shattering of the stubble is avoided and equipment does not run over the stubble.

Sorghums Compared with Corn

The dry matter yield of forage sorghum may equal or exceed that of corn. Forage sorghums also have the advantage of producing one or more ratoon crops. However, the "nutritive" value of forage sorghum silage will be less than that of corn silage. The "nutritive" value of the grain sorghum silage will almost equal that of corn silage. As a general rule, the lower the grain content, the lower the nutritive value.

SMALL GRAINS

The small grains include oats, wheat, rye, and triticale. Oats are probably the most popular small grain used for silage. Both oats and wheat yield about the same and make very palatable silage if correctly handled. Rye grows at lower temperatures and may produce more forage but does not produce as palatable a silage as do oats and wheat. Rye has a tendency to be more stemmy and have fewer leaves. Triticale is a cross between durum wheat and rye, produces very good silage, and is similar in quality to common wheat.

Planting and Fertilizing

Small grain varieties recommended for grain production should also be used for silage. Planting dates and management should be the same as for grain production. Planting dates range from November 15 to December 15. In north and west Florida these crops should be planted during the early part of the planting season and in south and central Florida during the last part of the planting season. Early maturing varieties of wheat should be planted in the later portion (Dec.) of this planting period and mid season or late varieties should be planted in the first half (Table 2 ).

Plant about 100 lb/A of seed on a clean, tilled seedbed where all the required fertilizer except nitrogen has been incorporated prior to planting. Apply 40 to 50 lb/A of nitrogen prior to planting with the complete fertilizer, then topdress the last week in January or the first week of February with an additional 60 to 70 lb/A of nitrogen.

Small grains can also serve a dual purpose use by grazing during the fall and winter and then removing cattle and allowing the crop to grow for a silage crop. To successfully do this the crop must be planted about 1 month earlier and an additional 50 lb/A nitrogen topdressing made with the nitrogen going on in two topdressing applications.

Harvesting

All of the small grains except rye can be harvested for silage from late boot to early dough maturity stages (Table 2 ). Dry matter yields will increase and crude protein percentage will decrease as the plants mature. The moisture content will range from 80 to 85% at late boot to about 70% at early dough stage. When the small grains reach the dough stage, the moisture content is satisfactory for direct chopping and ensiling. The optimum dough stage for ensiling may last for only 4 to 6 days. Once the plant turns yellow, quality drops rapidly and the material becomes low in moisture and difficult to pack in the silo.

Harvest rye in the late boot to early head stage. If rye goes beyond this stage of maturity, quality decreases rapidly. Although yield is lower than with material cut at the dough stage, digestible dry matter and protein are higher. Harvest at this earlier stage of growth and higher moisture content will require additional equipment because the crop must be cut, conditioned, windrowed, and wilted to at least 70% moisture content before being picked up, chopped, and put in the silo.

GRASS SILAGE

The improved hay and pasture grasses can be successfully ensiled. Higher yields and better quality forage may be obtained when they are harvested as silage compared to hay because of weather problems often associated with hay production. If hay is needed, then spring and fall growth may be used for hay when drying conditions are optimum, with the rainy season growth harvested as silage.

With good management, it is possible to harvest up to 8 to 10 tons of dry matter per acre per year from the improved forage grasses. An early spring application of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K₂O) recommended from soil test results will get the grass off to a good start. A supplementary application of 80 lb/A of nitrogen plus 40 lb/A of K₂O will be needed after each harvest on mineral soils. Fairly large amounts of plant nutrients are removed from a field when hay or silage is harvested. Therefore, the nutrient status of the soil should be monitored closely. This can be accomplished by taking soil samples each fall after the last harvest or when regrowth has slowed due to cool weather.

The first harvest can be taken when 14 to 16 inches of growth accumulates in the spring, with subsequent harvests about every four weeks. The harvest period for Floralta or Bigalta limpograss (hemarthria) should be lengthened to 5 or 6 weeks, which results in higher yields with only a moderate decrease in quality. Also, a taller stubble height should be left in the field for limpograss (4+ inches) as compared to the other grasses which may be cut at a 2- to 3-inch stubble height. Frequent harvests at a low stubble height may hurt the stand of limpograss. The bermudagrasses, stargrasses, bahiagrass, digitgrasses and rhodesgrass decrease rapidly in quality when allowed to grow more than 4 to 5 weeks. Good quality silage can be made by cutting at four weeks and wilting to 60 to 70% moisture. If the grass is cut direct, without wilting, then it may be advisable to use some type of silage additive to enhance fermentation.

LEGUME SILAGE

Alfalfa, red clover, and other hay type, cool season, legumes either alone or in combination with grass have some potential as silage crops. These crops are high in protein but low in sugar when harvested at the optimum stage of growth. Therefore, they need to be wilted to 60% moisture to concentrate the sugars or a silage aid that improves lactic acid formation such as ground corn or molasses should be added. Although not particularly well suited as silage crops, the summer annual legumes such as aeschynomene, hairy indigo, and alyceclover can be ensiled. The first harvest should be taken when the plants are 18 to 24 inches tall. The second harvest should be taken just prior to or at the early bloom stage. If allowed to mature, these plants become woody and make very low-quality feed. Wilting is important and the use of a silage additive may be desirable.

Perennial peanut also can be ensiled. With a 3 harvest schedule, it may be desirable to take the mid-summer harvest as silage (haylage) due to the difficulty of making legume hay during the summer rainy season.

MOISTURE DETERMINATION OF SILAGE CROPS

The "squeeze test" for moisture may be used to determine when a wilting crop is ready for making silage. After the grass has been in the swath for 2 to 4 hours under good drying conditions, run a small amount through the chopper. If a squeezed fistful forces free juice into your hand and the ball holds its shape when pressure is first released, then the forage is too wet. When the forage reaches 60 to 70% moisture, the ball will momentarily hold its shape after squeezing, then gradually expand. There should be no free juice on your hand. This is the right moisture for chopping into silage. When the forage gets too dry, the ball will spring open and quickly fall apart when released. A more precise method of determining moisture can be performed by weighing a sample, drying it in a microwave oven, reweighing it and using the weight difference to calculate percent moisture. See the following for details on this procedure.

Moisture Determination with a Microwave Oven

It is necessary to determine the moisture content of a silage crop in order to know if the crop is ready to be harvested and stored as silage. The squeeze test can be useful after one has gained considerable experience using it. A more accurate method that requires only a few minutes is the one that uses the microwave oven to dry a sample of the forage.

Two pieces of equipment are needed - a microwave oven and a small kitchen, dietary, or postage scale, preferably one that weighs in grams.

Procedure:

1. Select one or more representative samples of the forage to be tested. Samples from the field chopper can be used if available. If whole plants are used, cut these into pieces 2 to 3 inches long.

2. Accurately weigh 100 gr of forage. This is the "wet weight."

3. Place the 100 gr of forage on a paper plate or other similar container that is suitable for use in the microwave oven. Spread into a thin layer to promote even drying.

4. Place the sample in the microwave oven along with an 8 oz glass of water (3/4 full) as prescribed by most microwave manufacturers.

5. Heat the sample for 4 to 5 minutes (if used for hay or relatively dry samples, heat for 2 minutes). Also, the power of different microwave ovens will vary; thus, drying times may need to be adjusted accordingly.

6. Remove sample from oven; if the forage feels almost dry, weigh and record weight. Stir the sample, rotate the plate, and place back in the microwave oven for 30 seconds to 1 minute. Continue this procedure until the drying does not reduce the weight more than 1 or 2 gr and/or the forage begins to char. If charring occurs, use the previous weight ("dry weight") for calculating the moisture content. The "dry weight" is the last weight recorded after the sample does not decrease more than 1 to 2 gr and charring has not occurred.

7. Calculate the percent moisture by subtracting the "dry weight" from the "wet weight" and dividing by the "wet weight." Then multiply by 100 to give percent moisture.

Equation 1.

The following is an example of how to calculate the percentage:

Equation 2.

Tables

Table 1. Effect of harvest stage on moisture level of corn silage and recommended moisture contents for corn silage stored in various types of silos.

Maturity stage	Approximate moisture %	Silo type	Recommended moisture content (%)
Early dent	73	Horizontal silo	65 - 70
1/2 milk line	66	Bag silos	60 - 70
3/4 milk line	63	Upright silo	60 - 65
no milk line	60	Upright limiting silos	50 - 60
Adapted from Roth, G and D. Undersander. 1995. Corn Silage Production, Management and Feeding, North Central Regional Publication 574.

Table 2. Summary of recommendations for silage crops in Florida.

Crop 1	Planting dates	Seeding rates (lb/A)	When to cut 2	% Moisture as cut
Corn	S3, Feb. 1 - Mar. 15 N, Feb. 15 - Apr. 15	As needed to provide 20,000 + plants/A	1/2 milk line to full dent stage	65
Forage sorghum	S, Mar. - Jul. N, Mar. - Jun.	6 - 8 (in rows only)	When first seed heads reach soft dough stage	70
Grain sorghum	S, Mar. - Jul. N, Mar. - Jun.	6 - 8 R4 10 - 15 BC	When first seed heads reach soft dough stage	70
Sorghum-sudangrass	S, Mar. - Jul. N, Mar. - Jun.	8 - 10 R 24 - 30 BC	From boot stage until seed heads begin to appear add preservative 5	80 - 70
Sorghum-sudangrass	S, Mar. - Jul. N, Mar. - Jun.	8 - 10 R 24 - 30 BC	3 ft. in height	80
Pearlmillet	S, Mar. - Jul. N, Mar. - Jun.	8 - 10 R 24 - 30 BC	From boot stage until seed heads begin to appear add preservative 5	80
Rye	Nov. 15 - Dec. 15	100	Late boot 6 to early head	80 - 70
Oats	Nov. 15 - Dec. 15	100	Early soft dough to dough stage	70
Wheat	Nov. 15 - Dec. 15	100	Early soft dough to dough stage	70
Triticale	Nov. 15 - Dec. 15	100	Early soft dough to dough stage	70
Summer Annual Legumes	Apr. 1 - Jun. 30	---	Pre-flower 6	80
Winter Legumes (Alfalfa)	S, Oct. 15 - Dec. 1 N, Oct. 1 - Nov. 15	---	First flower 6	80
Perennial grass	---	---	Take first cut when accumulate 14 to 16" growth, then every 4 to 6 6	75-80
1 Use recommended varieties and fertilize according to soil test recommendation. 2 For maximum yield of digestible dry matter, with exception of sorghum-sudangrass harvested at 3 ft height. 3 S = south Florida, N = north Florida 4 R = rows; BC = broadcast 5 Add citrus pulp or other suitable preservative to absorb excess moisture and improve the ensiling process. 6 Wilt to 60 to 70% moisture, if moisture is lower than 60% - best to store in a sealed (gas tight) or conventional tower silo.

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Footnotes

1. This document is SS-AGR-69, one of a series of the Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida. First printed February 2000. Revised: April 2003. Please visit the EDIS Web site at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu.

2. C. G. Chambliss, associate professor, Agronomy Department, Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, 32611. The use of trade names in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information. It is not a guarantee or warranty of the products named and does not signify that they are approved to the exclusion of others of suitable composition.

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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Cooperative Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A. & M. University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Larry Arrington, Dean.

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Copyright Information

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