Biting and Stinging Organisms

Organismos que pican 

Biting and Stinging Pests

Snakes

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Species Identification

Identification

Identificación

People have a lot of strong feelings about snakes. Whether it be fear, alarm, hatred, or wonder, it’s rare someone doesn’t react at all to seeing a snake in front of them. I will say, though, that when one of our volunteers sent a photo of a snake he’d come across in his yard, my [&#8230;]

<figure id="attachment_40193" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40193" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/08/mud-snake.jpg"><img decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" class="size-medium wp-image-40193 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="300" height="209" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/08/mud-snake-300x209.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40193" class="wp-caption-text">This mudsnake was photographed near Perdido Key. Photo credit: Jerry Patee</figcaption></figure>
People have a lot of strong feelings about snakes. Whether it be fear, alarm, hatred, or wonder, it’s rare someone doesn’t react at all to seeing a snake in front of them. I will say, though, that when one of our volunteers sent a photo of a snake he’d come across in his yard, my very first thought was, simply, “Wow!” This was no ordinary snake—it was truly beautiful. Shiny black with deep red markings, its scarlet body resembled jewelry more than reptilian coloration. Our resident snake pro, Rick, identified it quickly as a mudsnake, but its drab name is a poor fit for its attractiveness.
<figure id="attachment_40191" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40191" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/08/adult-mudsnake.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-40191 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="300" height="200" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/08/adult-mudsnake-300x200.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40191" class="wp-caption-text">Adult Mudsnake, ventral (belly) coloration. Photo courtesy of Todd Pierson.</figcaption></figure>
As an adult, this species can grow to be around 4-5’ long. The red, or sometimes pink, body has alternating black bands that remind me of piano keys. Mudsnakes are nonvenomous and found throughout Florida except for the Keys. In our region of the Panhandle, the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/red-bellied-mud-snake/">Eastern mudsnake (Farancia abacura)</a> may interbreed with the Western mudsnake (Farancia abacura reinwardtii). The Western has a handful fewer red/pink bars on its body but otherwise nearly identical.
<figure id="attachment_40195" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40195" style="width: 227px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/08/Hoop_snake.jpg"><img decoding="async" class="size-medium wp-image-40195 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="227" height="300" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/08/Hoop_snake-227x300.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40195" class="wp-caption-text">Illustration of the fictional &#8220;hoop snake&#8221; as featured in Fearsome Critters, Written by Henry H. Tryon • Illustrated by Margaret R. Tryon (Cornwall, NY: Idlewild Press, 1939) &#8211; http://www.lumberwoods.com/fearsome_critters.htm</figcaption></figure>
The snakes are considered aquatic species, <a href="https://srelherp.uga.edu/snakes/mud-snake/">preferring wet habitats</a> like marshes, swamps, ditches, and open-water rivers and lakes. They can live in both fresh and brackish water. This one was reported from a Perdido Key neighborhood, which is an expected location. Appropriately for their habitat, they feed on frogs, fish, and salamanders. When reproducing, females will stay with their eggs (average 30) until they hatch, which may be from late summer to October.
Mudsnakes are not aggressive and will usually leave in the presence of humans. This likely accounts for their rare sightings. The snakes may attempt a fake strike, but even during this behavior their mouths will be closed. Members of the species will sometimes rest with their bodies in a circular shape and also have a spiny scale at the base of their tail. These two factors likely gave rise to the <a href="https://www.al.com/strange-alabama/2012/04/hoop_snakes_are_no_hula_hoops.html">legend of the “hoop snake,”</a> which has been told in the deep South since early colonial days. This wild tale states that the snake will grab its own tail by the mouth and roll down a hill like a wheel, aiming at a victim. Once upon its prey, the snake unfurls and slings itself like a spear, tail-first with that “spine” into a victim. The myth states that the spiny section of their tail is so venomous that even a tree struck by a “hoop snake” will die. Floridians are known to come up with some crazy stories, but this one really cracks me up. According to lore, the best way to escape from a hoop snake is to run uphill, or behind a tree. Needless to say, the tale of the hoop snake is complete fiction.

This mudsnake was photographed near Perdido Key. Photo credit: Jerry Patee
People have a lot of strong feelings about snakes. Whether it be fear, alarm, hatred, or wonder, it’s rare someone doesn’t react at all to seeing a snake in front of them. I will say, though, that when one of our volunteers sent a photo of a snake he’d come across in his yard, my very first thought was, simply, “Wow!” This was no ordinary snake—it was truly beautiful. Shiny black with deep red markings, its scarlet body resembled jewelry more than reptilian coloration. Our resident snake pro, Rick, identified it quickly as a mudsnake, but its drab name is a poor fit for its attractiveness.
Adult Mudsnake, ventral (belly) coloration. Photo courtesy of Todd Pierson.
As an adult, this species can grow to be around 4-5’ long. The red, or sometimes pink, body has alternating black bands that remind me of piano keys. Mudsnakes are nonvenomous and found throughout Florida except for the Keys. In our region of the Panhandle, the Eastern mudsnake (Farancia abacura) may interbreed with the Western mudsnake (Farancia abacura reinwardtii). The Western has a handful fewer red/pink bars on its body but otherwise nearly identical.
Illustration of the fictional “hoop snake” as featured in Fearsome Critters, Written by Henry H. Tryon • Illustrated by Margaret R. Tryon (Cornwall, NY: Idlewild Press, 1939) – http://www.lumberwoods.com/fearsome_critters.htm
The snakes are considered aquatic species, preferring wet habitats like marshes, swamps, ditches, and open-water rivers and lakes. They can live in both fresh and brackish water. This one was reported from a Perdido Key neighborhood, which is an expected location. Appropriately for their habitat, they feed on frogs, fish, and salamanders. When reproducing, females will stay with their eggs (average 30) until they hatch, which may be from late summer to October.
Mudsnakes are not aggressive and will usually leave in the presence of humans. This likely accounts for their rare sightings. The snakes may attempt a fake strike, but even during this behavior their mouths will be closed. Members of the species will sometimes rest with their bodies in a circular shape and also have a spiny scale at the base of their tail. These two factors likely gave rise to the legend of the “hoop snake,” which has been told in the deep South since early colonial days. This wild tale states that the snake will grab its own tail by the mouth and roll down a hill like a wheel, aiming at a victim. Once upon its prey, the snake unfurls and slings itself like a spear, tail-first with that “spine” into a victim. The myth states that the spiny section of their tail is so venomous that even a tree struck by a “hoop snake” will die. Floridians are known to come up with some crazy stories, but this one really cracks me up. According to lore, the best way to escape from a hoop snake is to run uphill, or behind a tree. Needless to say, the tale of the hoop snake is complete fiction.

People have a lot of strong feelings about snakes. Whether it be fear, alarm, hatred, or wonder, it’s rare someone doesn’t react at all to seeing a snake in front of them. I will say, though, that when one of our volunteers sent a photo of a snake he’d come across in his yard, my […]

Weekly “What is it?”: Mudsnakes

In 2022 Escambia County Extension began the Snake Watch Project.  The objective of this project was to log which snakes people encounter when they are out and about, where they encountered them, and what time of year.  The purpose of this was to help educate new residents to the area what they most likely will [&#8230;]

In 2022 Escambia County Extension began the Snake Watch Project.  The objective of this project was to log which snakes people encounter when they are out and about, where they encountered them, and what time of year.  The purpose of this was to help educate new residents to the area what they most likely will encounter, where these snakes are often found, and what time of year.
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In 2022 there were 91 reports logging 21 of the 40 known species (53%).  The top three encountered species were (1) Southern Black Racer, (2) Cottonmouth, (3) Eastern Ribbon Snake.  All three were found in both the north and south ends of Escambia and Santa Rosa counties.
&nbsp;
In 2023 there were 215 reports (more people participating) logging 24 of the 40 known species (60%).  The top three encountered were (1) Cottonmouth, (2) Southern Black Racer, (3) Banded Water Snake.  Again, these were found across the bay area.
&nbsp;
As of the end of the 2nd quarter of 2024 there have been 112 reports logging 19 of the 40 known species (48%).  The top three encountered so far this year have been (1) Cottonmouth, (2) Southern Black Racer, (3) Banded Water Snake.  All three have been found throughout the bay area.
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Other species logged so far this year…
<ol>
<li>Small snakes (&lt;12”) – Rough earth snake, Florida red-bellied snake, Ring-necked snake.</li>
<li>Medium snakes (12-24”) – Scarlet snake, Rough green snake, Eastern ribbon snake, Eastern garter snake, Scarlet kingsnake.</li>
<li>Large snakes (&gt;24”) – Eastern kingsnake, Gray rat snake, Corn snake, Southern black racer, Eastern coachwhip.</li>
<li>Water snakes – Banded water snake, Gulf salt marsh snake, Eastern green water snake.</li>
<li>Venomous snakes – Cottonmouth, Eastern diamondback rattlesnake.</li>
<li>Exotic snakes – Brahminy blind snake.</li>
</ol>
Though most snakes in our area are nonvenomous, all will bite and residents should be cautious near them.  If you encounter a snake in Escambia or Santa Rosa counties and would like to submit a report, email the information and a photo to Rick O’Connor at <a href="mailto:roc1@ufl.edu">roc1@ufl.edu</a>.
&nbsp;
We will post the 3rd quarter update in October.

In 2022 Escambia County Extension began the Snake Watch Project.  The objective of this project was to log which snakes people encounter when they are out and about, where they encountered them, and what time of year.  The purpose of this was to help educate new residents to the area what they most likely will encounter, where these snakes are often found, and what time of year.
 
In 2022 there were 91 reports logging 21 of the 40 known species (53%).  The top three encountered species were (1) Southern Black Racer, (2) Cottonmouth, (3) Eastern Ribbon Snake.  All three were found in both the north and south ends of Escambia and Santa Rosa counties.
 
In 2023 there were 215 reports (more people participating) logging 24 of the 40 known species (60%).  The top three encountered were (1) Cottonmouth, (2) Southern Black Racer, (3) Banded Water Snake.  Again, these were found across the bay area.
 
As of the end of the 2nd quarter of 2024 there have been 112 reports logging 19 of the 40 known species (48%).  The top three encountered so far this year have been (1) Cottonmouth, (2) Southern Black Racer, (3) Banded Water Snake.  All three have been found throughout the bay area.
 
Other species logged so far this year…
Small snakes (<12”) – Rough earth snake, Florida red-bellied snake, Ring-necked snake.
Medium snakes (12-24”) – Scarlet snake, Rough green snake, Eastern ribbon snake, Eastern garter snake, Scarlet kingsnake.
Large snakes (>24”) – Eastern kingsnake, Gray rat snake, Corn snake, Southern black racer, Eastern coachwhip.
Water snakes – Banded water snake, Gulf salt marsh snake, Eastern green water snake.
Venomous snakes – Cottonmouth, Eastern diamondback rattlesnake.
Exotic snakes – Brahminy blind snake.
Though most snakes in our area are nonvenomous, all will bite and residents should be cautious near them.  If you encounter a snake in Escambia or Santa Rosa counties and would like to submit a report, email the information and a photo to Rick O’Connor at roc1@ufl.edu.
 
We will post the 3rd quarter update in October.

In 2022 Escambia County Extension began the Snake Watch Project.  The objective of this project was to log which snakes people encounter when they are out and about, where they encountered them, and what time of year.  The purpose of this was to help educate new residents to the area what they most likely will […]

2024 Snake Watch 2nd Quarter Update

It’s warm here in northwest Florida, which means our cold-blooded reptile friends are on the move. In the last few weeks, I’ve seen a snake at work, one at home, and received snake photos from my neighbors&#8217; and parents’ yards. A fear of snakes seems to be both innate and passed down from one generation [&#8230;]

<figure id="attachment_39705" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-39705" style="width: 225px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/06/rat-snake-11.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-39705 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="225" height="300" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/06/rat-snake-11-225x300.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-39705" class="wp-caption-text">A red rat snake, or corn snake, slithers through the grass at a home in Pensacola. Photo credit: Cole Stevenson</figcaption></figure>
It’s warm here in northwest Florida, which means our cold-blooded reptile friends are on the move. In the last few weeks, I’ve seen a snake at work, one at home, and received snake photos from my neighbors&#8217; and parents’ yards. A fear of snakes seems to be both innate and passed down from one generation to the next. Cryptic by nature, snakes often surprise us when they appear in our path. Their lack of arms and legs feels creepy to us four-limbed mammals, and when you add in the fact that some of them are venomous, it’s a recipe for conflict. If I had a quarter for every time somebody told me, “the only good snake is a dead snake,” I could retire tomorrow.
So, I’m here to make the case for keeping good snakes alive. If you have spent any time around my colleague <a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/2023/12/14/2023-pensacola-bay-snake-watch-annual-report/">Rick O’Connor</a>, you know he’s forever picking them up and singing their praises. It’s unlikely that you’ll catch me picking a snake up, but I’m definitely a fan of these fascinating creatures.
<figure id="attachment_39707" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-39707" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/06/Red-Cornsnake-Gray-Ratsnake-1024x512-Juvenile-Red-Cornsnake.-Photo-courtesy-of-Todd-Pierson.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-39707 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="300" height="150" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/06/Red-Cornsnake-Gray-Ratsnake-1024x512-Juvenile-Red-Cornsnake.-Photo-courtesy-of-Todd-Pierson-300x150.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-39707" class="wp-caption-text">Juvenile red rat/corn snake and a gray rat snake. Photos from the UF Snake ID guide, courtesy of Todd Pierson and Luke Smith.</figcaption></figure>
Half the battle towards conquering a fear of snakes is knowing what you’re looking at. If you can recognize some of the <a href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/uw258">most common nonvenomous snakes</a> and realize which one is in your yard, it’ll take the edge off that first shot of adrenaline. The ones I hear of and see most frequently are <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/common-gartersnake/">garter snakes</a>, <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/north-american-racer/">black racers</a>, and rat snakes. Rat snakes often have diamond patterned skin, but with practice it is easy to differentiate them from anything with venom. The Florida Museum of Natural History website has a really well done <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/">web-based snake identification guide</a> categorized by pattern and using excellent photos.
<figure id="attachment_39703" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-39703" style="width: 225px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/06/rat-snake-3.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-39703 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="225" height="300" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/06/rat-snake-3-225x300.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-39703" class="wp-caption-text">A gray rat snake hiding out on a tractor. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension</figcaption></figure>
Members of the genus Pantherophis are more commonly known as the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/gray-ratsnake/">gray rat snake</a>, (Pantherophis spiloides), <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/red-cornsnake/">red rat snake, aka corn snake</a> (P. guttatus) and the <a href="https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/florida-snake-id/snake/red-cornsnake/">Eastern or yellow rat snake</a> (P. alleghaniensis). We see few Eastern rat snakes in the western Panhandle, but they often interbreed with the gray and red varieties. Full grown, ray rat snakes can grow to be anywhere from 3 to 7 feet long, whereas red rat snakes are usually no more than 4 feet.
Rat snakes are docile, with eye-catching color patterns. I recently came across a gray rat snake curled around a tractor tire at the 4-H property in Barrineau Park. Six of us were standing around within a few feet of it, but the snake ignored us, slowly winding its way around the equipment. At midday, it was resting in the shade and conserving energy. My kids and parents also had an interaction with a rat snake recently. As my son walked through his grandparents’ garage, he stepped on something “squishy” that felt like a hose or rope. To his surprise, it was a large red corn snake, lying right at the threshold of their door. Even after being stepped on, it was alert but not aggressive, slowly finding an escape route into the yard. Snakes generally avoid conflict when given the chance to leave on their own.
<figure id="attachment_39709" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-39709" style="width: 225px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/06/rat-snake-10.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-39709 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="225" height="300" data-src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/escambiaco/files/2024/06/rat-snake-10-225x300.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-39709" class="wp-caption-text">A healthy red rat snake in my parents&#8217; garage fled at the sight of humans. Photo credit: Cole Stevenson</figcaption></figure>
As their name implies, rat snakes are known for feeding on rats and mice. They perform an important community service, if you will, keeping the population of vermin in check. They also eat insects, frogs, and birds. Rat snakes are constrictors, but will eat smaller prey whole and alive.
Snakes play an important role in the ecosystem, serving as both predator and prey for many animals. They are in the business of hiding most of the time, and would rather not see people. If you do have a lot of unwanted snake interactions on your property, there are several <a href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/UW260">things you can do to reduce their likelihood</a>, like sealing gaps in buildings where snakes can hide and keeping brush piles well away from a home. But the easiest thing is to observe them from a distance and let them go about their day. While any wild animal will bite in self-defense, the odds of being bitten very low if you don’t harass or try to pick one up!

A red rat snake, or corn snake, slithers through the grass at a home in Pensacola. Photo credit: Cole Stevenson
It’s warm here in northwest Florida, which means our cold-blooded reptile friends are on the move. In the last few weeks, I’ve seen a snake at work, one at home, and received snake photos from my neighbors’ and parents’ yards. A fear of snakes seems to be both innate and passed down from one generation to the next. Cryptic by nature, snakes often surprise us when they appear in our path. Their lack of arms and legs feels creepy to us four-limbed mammals, and when you add in the fact that some of them are venomous, it’s a recipe for conflict. If I had a quarter for every time somebody told me, “the only good snake is a dead snake,” I could retire tomorrow.
So, I’m here to make the case for keeping good snakes alive. If you have spent any time around my colleague Rick O’Connor, you know he’s forever picking them up and singing their praises. It’s unlikely that you’ll catch me picking a snake up, but I’m definitely a fan of these fascinating creatures.
Juvenile red rat/corn snake and a gray rat snake. Photos from the UF Snake ID guide, courtesy of Todd Pierson and Luke Smith.
Half the battle towards conquering a fear of snakes is knowing what you’re looking at. If you can recognize some of the most common nonvenomous snakes and realize which one is in your yard, it’ll take the edge off that first shot of adrenaline. The ones I hear of and see most frequently are garter snakes, black racers, and rat snakes. Rat snakes often have diamond patterned skin, but with practice it is easy to differentiate them from anything with venom. The Florida Museum of Natural History website has a really well done web-based snake identification guide categorized by pattern and using excellent photos.
A gray rat snake hiding out on a tractor. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension
Members of the genus Pantherophis are more commonly known as the gray rat snake, (Pantherophis spiloides), red rat snake, aka corn snake (P. guttatus) and the Eastern or yellow rat snake (P. alleghaniensis). We see few Eastern rat snakes in the western Panhandle, but they often interbreed with the gray and red varieties. Full grown, ray rat snakes can grow to be anywhere from 3 to 7 feet long, whereas red rat snakes are usually no more than 4 feet.
Rat snakes are docile, with eye-catching color patterns. I recently came across a gray rat snake curled around a tractor tire at the 4-H property in Barrineau Park. Six of us were standing around within a few feet of it, but the snake ignored us, slowly winding its way around the equipment. At midday, it was resting in the shade and conserving energy. My kids and parents also had an interaction with a rat snake recently. As my son walked through his grandparents’ garage, he stepped on something “squishy” that felt like a hose or rope. To his surprise, it was a large red corn snake, lying right at the threshold of their door. Even after being stepped on, it was alert but not aggressive, slowly finding an escape route into the yard. Snakes generally avoid conflict when given the chance to leave on their own.
A healthy red rat snake in my parents’ garage fled at the sight of humans. Photo credit: Cole Stevenson
As their name implies, rat snakes are known for feeding on rats and mice. They perform an important community service, if you will, keeping the population of vermin in check. They also eat insects, frogs, and birds. Rat snakes are constrictors, but will eat smaller prey whole and alive.
Snakes play an important role in the ecosystem, serving as both predator and prey for many animals. They are in the business of hiding most of the time, and would rather not see people. If you do have a lot of unwanted snake interactions on your property, there are several things you can do to reduce their likelihood, like sealing gaps in buildings where snakes can hide and keeping brush piles well away from a home. But the easiest thing is to observe them from a distance and let them go about their day. While any wild animal will bite in self-defense, the odds of being bitten very low if you don’t harass or try to pick one up!

It’s warm here in northwest Florida, which means our cold-blooded reptile friends are on the move. In the last few weeks, I’ve seen a snake at work, one at home, and received snake photos from my neighbors’ and parents’ yards. A fear of snakes seems to be both innate and passed down from one generation […]

Weekly “What is it?”: Rat snakes

Wildlife

Vida Silvestre

Reptiles

Dealing with Snakes in Florida's Residential Areas series

This series of four fact sheets helps teachers and parents protect children from potentially hazardous interactions with venomous snakes in Florida. Written with Florida public schools in mind, private schools, child daycare centers, and homeowners will also find this information useful, including:
<ol>
<li>information that schools can provide to concerned parents</li> 
<li>steps schools can take to discourage snakes from entering school property</li>
<li>a brief educational program teachers can present to students</li>
<li>an action plan telling what to do in the event a child is bitten by a venomous snake, and</li>
<li>a guide to assist in recognizing venomous snakes in Florida.</li></ol>
<h2>Related websites</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://ufwildlife.ifas.ufl.edu/dealing_with_snakes.shtml">UF Wildlife: Dealing with Snakes</a></li></ul>

Dealing with Venomous Snakes in Florida School Yards series

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UF/IFAS Extension Initiative 3: Natural Resources and Environmental Quality

The complex of climatic, soil and biotic factors that act upon an organism or ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival. [<a href="https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/26877">NALT</a>]

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Weekly “What is it?”: Mudsnakes

2024 Snake Watch 2nd Quarter Update

Weekly “What is it?”: Rat snakes

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