- Topics: Featured Creatures collection | Howard, Forrest W | Hamon, Avas B | Hodges, Greg S | Mannion, Catherine M | Superfamily: Coccoidea (scales) | Urban Tree Pest Insects | Fruit and Nut Pest Insects | Invasive Insects, Arachnids, Mollusks, and Gastropods | Ficus Pest Management | Hibiscus Pest Insects and Mites
Publication #EENY-276
Lobate Lac Scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae)1
F. W. Howard, Robert Pemberton, Avas Hamon, Greg S. Hodges, Bryan Steinberg, Catharine M. Mannion, David McLean, and Jeanette Wofford2
Introduction
A species of scale insect new to Florida is potentially one of the most devastating pests of trees and shrubs in the state's history. The lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea: Kerriidae), a scale insect native to India and Sri Lanka, was found for the first time in Florida in August 1999 by personnel of the Florida Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant Industry (DPI) (Hamon 2001). The identification of the species by Avas Hamon of DPI was confirmed by D. R. Miller of the Systematic Entomology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD. This first record was on a hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) in the town of Davie (Broward County). The plant was destroyed by DPI personnel. Plants in the vicinity of this infested hibiscus were inspected without finding P. lobata lobata. However, the species was found again in 2000 on a Benjamin fig (Ficus benjamina) in Davie, on cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco) in Weston (Broward County), and on cocoplum at two sites in Miami (Miami-Dade County). In 2001, the scale insect species was found on 11 sites in Broward County and six sites in Miami-Dade County. In December 2001, DPI inspectors found P. lobata lobata in Lake Worth (Palm Beach County). As of October 2002, P. lobata lobata has been recorded from sites from Lake Worth on the north to Homestead (Miami-Dade County), a distance of 128 km, and from the coast to 28 km inland. In 1992, specimens of scale insects submitted to DPI from the Bahamas had been identified as P. lobata lobata.
Description and Biology
The mature females of P. lobata lobata are about 1.5–2 mm long, and about the same width. The body has two pairs of prominent lobes. To the practiced eye, this scale insect's x-shaped appearance is discernable, even without magnification. The testa is extremely hard and brittle, glossy and of a dark reddish brown color, but often appears dull and black due to a coating of sooty-mold. The first instars (crawlers) are elongate-oval, deep red, and about 0.2 mm long. The characteristic lobate pattern develops in the second instar. The second instar female presumably molts to the adult female as in other scale insects. Males of this species have not been observed in Florida.
Mature females of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin).
Credit: F. W. Howard, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
First instar (crawler) of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin).
Credit: F. W. Howard, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Since the mature females of scale insects are wingless, they play no role in dispersal of populations to occupy new host plants. Scale insects rely mostly on passive dispersal of the crawler stage via air currents. Phoresis (being carried by birds and other animals) may be of some importance in some species. Undoubtedly, movement of infested host plants from one locality to the next is a key factor in spreading scale insect pests in urban areas.
The Lac Scale Family
The species belongs to the lac scale family, Kerriidae, the best-known species of which is the true lac scale insect, Kerria lacca lacca (Kerr). The testa of the true scale insect has been utilized for centuries for making lacquer and similar products. However, most species of the family, including P. lobata lobata, do not produce any material of known commercial value. The specific scientific name, lobata, refers to the four prominent projections, or lobes, of this scale, and the vernacular name 'lobate lac scale' may be used for this species.
Of the 28 families of Coccoidea recognized by Miller and Ben-Dov (2002), 11 are represented by species native to Florida (Aclerdidae, Asterolecaniidae, Diaspididae, Cerococcidae, Coccidae, Conchaspidae, Eriococcidae, Kermesidae, Margarodidae, Ortheziidae, and Pseucococcidae). No species of Kerriidae is native to Florida and adjacent land areas. The Kerriidae is confined mostly to the tropics, with a minority of species found in low latitude desert areas. Of the 87 described species, 64 are distributed in the eastern hemisphere. Of the species native to the western hemisphere, 13 are reported from South America, six from Mexico (two of which are also reported in the southwestern U.S.), three reported only in the southwestern U.S., and one from Jamaica (Ben-Dove 2002).
Effects on Host Plants
Paratachardina lobata lobata has been found mostly on woody dicotyledonous plants. It infests the woody portions of twigs and small branches and less frequently main stems of usually < 2 cm in diameter, but usually not branches or main stems of > 2 cm in diameter. It has not been observed on foliage.
Wax-myrtle branch infested with lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin).
Credit: F. W. Howard, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
On highly susceptible hosts, the scale insects are crowded, forming a contiguous mass that appears as a dark, lumpy crust. On wax-myrtle (Myrica cerifera), a highly susceptible host, up to 42 mature females have been counted per 1 cm segment of twig. Sooty mold covers the branches, the insects themselves, and occurs in patches on the foliage. Dense infestations are associated with branch dieback of some plant species, and in severe cases, highly infested shrubs and small trees have died. Wax-myrtle is especially prone to become heavily infested and die from the effects of lobate lac scale. Some plant species appear to tolerate dense infestations, but this may be illusory, as the long-term effects of such infestations are not yet known.
Sooty mold on mango leaves, an indirect result of infestation by lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin).
Credit: F. W. Howard, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Wax-myrtles in the wild (left) and as a hedge (right) killed by infestations of lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin).
Credit: F. W. Howard, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Host Range
This scale insect has been found on woody dicotyledonous plants, on one coniferous species, viz., southern red cedar, Juniperus silicicola, and on a palm, Phoenix roebelenii. As of October 2002, more than 120 species in 44 families of woody plants have been determined to be hosts of P. lobata lobata in Florida (Tables 1 & 2). These include 39 plant species native to Florida. Most of the exotic host plants are grown as ornamental shrubs or trees, or as fruit trees. Some of these are extremely important in the urban landscape as shade trees, specimen trees, or hedges. Some plant families, notably Fabaceae, Myrtaceae, and Moraceae are especially well represented by species that serve as hosts, but this may be related to their abundance in the landscape or other biases. Plants at different sites have been exposed to infestations for different periods and infestation levels are highly variable. Differences in susceptibility have not been determined experimentally. However, certain species appear to be highly susceptible, including certain natives, e.g., wax-myrtle, cocoplum (Chrysobalanus icaco), buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus), strangler-fig (Ficus aurea), myrsine (Myrsine guianensis), red bay (Persea borbonia), and wild-coffee l(Psychotria nervosa); popular exotic ornamental plants, e.g., black-olive (Bucida buceras), Indian laurel (Ficus microcarpa), Benjamin fig (F. benjamina); and fruit trees, e.g., lychee (Litchi chinensis), mango (Mangifera indica), and star-fruit (Averrhoa carambola).
Twig of mango infested with lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin).
Credit: F. W. Howard, University of Florida
[Click thumbnail to enlarge.]
Potential Expansion in Distribution
The potential for further spread of this scale insect in the western hemisphere is especially high for warm areas into which there is significant movement of living plants from Florida, e.g., Puerto Rico and other localities of the Caribbean Region, California, and Hawaii.
Invasion of natural areas is of paramount concern. A cursory examination in several tropical hardwood hammocks in Broward County revealed that there were heavy infestations on diverse species over large areas. The presence of heavy infestations 28 km inland, i.e., virtually at the eastern edge of the Everglades, implies that vegetation in this vast natural area is threatened. Most of the native host plants of P. lobata lobata identified in Florida are also distributed in the Caribbean Region, and if the insect were to be introduced into Puerto Rico or other Caribbean countries, natural areas there would likewise be threatened.
Pest Management Prospects
Virtually nothing has been published on the biology or control of this species. It has rapidly become a major pest in southeastern Florida, and it is urgent to initiate research on it. We have seen no evidence that this scale insect species has natural enemies in Florida.
Unpublished results of an experiment conducted at the University of Florida Fort Lauderdale Research & Education Center were that a root drench with the systemic insecticide imidacloprid effectively controlled P. lobata infesting large Benjamin fig trees. Further studies are being conducted to refine this method, and to test horticultural oils and additional chemical control methods. Because it is predicted that a very large percentage of trees and shrubs in both the urban and natural areas of Florida will become infested with this scale insect, we are investigating biological control as the only viable option for control in the long term.
Selected References
Hamon, A. (14 June 2001). Lobate lac scale, Paratachardina lobata lobata (Chamberlin) (Hemiptera: Kerriidae). Pest Alert. http://www.doacs.state.fl.us/pi/enpp/ento/paratachardina.html (30 October 2002).
Miller, D.R. and Y. Ben-Dov. (16 August 2002) ScaleNet http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/scalenet.htm (30 October 2002).
Tables
Table 1.
Lobate lac scale: Host list as of October, 2002
| Compiled by F. W. Howard, David McLean, Robert Pemberton, Avas Hamon, Greg Hodges, Susan Halbert, and Jeanette Wofford. Additional contributors: Michael Brommet, John Cannon, Chris and Karolynne Griffiths, Way Hoyt, Andrew Southerland, Nancy Miller, and Laura Tooley. |
* indicates species native to Florida. |
Acacia auriculiformis Bentham (Fabaceae) - earleaf acacia Acalypha wilkesiana Mueller (Eurphorbiaceae) - copperleaf *Acer rubrum L. (Aceraceae) - red maple |
Annona cherimola Miller X A. squamosa L. (Annonaceae) - atemoya *Annona glabra L. (Annonaceae) - pond-appl |
Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae) - soursop Annona reticulata L. (Annonaceae) - custard-apple Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) - sugar-appl |
Antidesma bunius (L.) Stengel (Euphorbiaceae) - Bignay *Ardisia escallanoides Schlechtendal & Camisso (Myrsinaceae) - marlberry Averrhoa carambola L. (Oxalidaceae) - carambola, starfrui |
*Baccharis halimifolia L. (Asteraceae) - saltbush, groundsel-tree Bauhinia sp. (Fabaceae) |
Blighia sapida Konig (Sapindaceae) - akee Brosimum alicastrum Swartz (Moraceae) - Mayan breadnut, ramón, cacique |
Brunfelsia sp. (Solanaceae) Brunfelsia nitida Bentham (Solanaceae) - lady-of-the-night Brya ebenus (L.) DeCandolle (Fabaceae) - Jamaican raintree, West Indies ebony |
Bucida buceras L.(Combretaceae) - black-olive, oxhorn bucida, ucar *Bumelia celastrina Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth (Sapotaceae) - saffron-plum *Bursera simaruba (L.) Sargent (Burseraceae) - gumbo-limbo, almácigo |
Calliandra haematocephala Hasskarl (Fabaceae) - powderpuff Calliandra surinamensis (Fabaceae) - pink powderpuff |
Callistemon viminalis Gaertner (Myrtaceae) - weeping bottlebrush Calophylum brasiliense Cambess, des (Clusiaceae) - Brazilian beauty-leaf *Calyptranthes pallens Grisebach (Myrtaceae) - spicewood |
*Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Swartz (Myrtaceae) - myrtle-of-the-river Cananga odorata (Lam ) J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson (Annonaceae) - ylang-ylang *Capparis cynophallophora L. (Capparaceae) - Jamaica caper tree |
Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) - Australian-pine *Celtis laevigata Willdenow (Celtidaceae) - sugarberry Cestrum nocturnum L. (Solanaceae) - night-blooming jessamine |
*Chrysobalanus icaco L. (Chrysobalanaceae) - cocoplum Chrysophyllum cainito L. (Sapotaceae) - star-apple *Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. (Sapotaceae) - satinleaf |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (Lauraceae) - cinnamon Citrus X paradisi Macfadyen (Rutaceae) - grapefruit Clausena lasium (Loureiro) Skeels (Rutaceae) - wampi |
*Clusia rosea Jacquin (Clusiaceae) - pitch-apple, cupey *Conocarpus erectus L. (Combretaceae) - buttonwood, mangle botón Cupaniopsis anacardioides (A. Richard)Radlkofer (Sapindaceae) - carrotwood, tuckeroo |
Diospyros digyna Jacquin (Ebenaceae) - black-sapote *Dipholis salicifolia (L.) Alphonse DeCandolle (Sapotaceae) - willow bustic Dovyalis hebecarepa (G. Gardner ) Warburg (Flacourtiaceae) - Ceylon gooseberry, kitembila |
Elaeocarpus sp. (Elaeocarpaceae) *Eugenia axillaris (Swartz) Willdenow (Myrtaceae) - white-stopper eugenia Eugenia brasiliensis Lamarck (Myrtaceae) - grumichama |
Eugenia uniflora L. (Myrtaceae) - Surinam-cherry *Eugenia confusa DeCandolle (Myrtaceae) - redberry stopper *Exothea paniculata (Jussieu) Radlkofer (Sapindaceae) - inkwood |
*Ficus aurea Nuttall (Moraceae) - strangler fig Ficus benjamina L. (Moraceae) - banyan fig Ficus microcarpa (L.) (Moraceae) - Indian laurel |
Ficus nota (Blanco) Merrill (Moraceae) - tibig Ficus rubiginosa Ventenat (Moraceae) rusty leaf fig Ficus salicifolia (Vahl) Berg (Moraceae) - willow-leaf fig |
Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arnot) Thwaites (Sapindaceae) - Japanese fern-tree Fortunella japonica (Thunberg) Swingle (Rutaceae) - round kumquat |
Garcinia prainiana King (Clusiaceae) - button mangosteen, serapu Gardenia jasminioides Ellis (Rubiaceae) - gardenia Grewia occidentalis L. (Tiliaceae) - starflower |
Hamelia cuprea Grisebach (Rubiaceae) - Bahamas flame bush *Hamelia patens Jacquin (Rubiaceae) - firebush Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. (Malvaceae) - hibiscus |
*Ilex vomitoria Aiton (Aquifoliaceae) - yaupon holly Inga affinis DeCandolle (Fabaceae) - ingá doce |
*Juniperus silicicola (Small) Bailey (Cupressacae) - southern red-cedar |
*Krugiodendron ferrum (Vahl)Urban (Rhamnaceae) - black ironwood |
Lagerstroemia indica L. (Lythraceae) - crape-myrtle Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Persoon (Lythraceae) - queen's crape-myrtle Lansium domesticum Correa (Meliaceae) - duku, langsat |
Laurus nobilis L. (Lauraceae) - laurel, sweetbay Leonotis leonurus Brown (Lamiaceae) - lion's-ear *Licaria triandra (Swartz) Kostermans (Lauraceae) - pepperleaf sweetwood |
Litchi chinensis Sonnerat (Sapindaceae) - lychee *Lysiloma latisiliqua (L.) Bentham (Fabaceae) - wild-tamarind Lysiloma sabicu Bentham |
Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betch (Proteaceae) - macadamia nut Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson (Proteaceae) - macadamia nut Mangifera indica L. (Anacardiaceae) - mango |
*Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubard ssp. Emarginata (L.) Cronquist (Sapotaceae) - wild-dilly Manilkara (Achras) zapota (L.) Van Royen (Sapotaceae) - sapodilla, níspero *Mastichodendron foetidissimum (Jacquin) H. J. Lam (Sapotaceae) - false-mastic |
Melaleuca quiquenervia (Cavanilles) S.T. Blake (Myrtaceae) - cajeput Melaleuca decora (Salisbury) Britten (Myrtaceae) white feather, honeymyrtle, paperbark, sweet tea-tree. Melicocca bijuga L. (Sapindaceae) - Spanish-lime, mamoncillo
|
Michelia champaca L. (Magnoliaceae) - champaka Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae) - Spanish-cherry Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumacher & Thonning (Rubiaceae) |
Myrciaria cauliflora (C. Martius) (Myrtaceae) - jaboticaba *Myrica cerifera L. (Myricaceae) - wax-myrtle, southern bayberry *Myrsine guianensis (Aublet) Kuntze (Myrsinaceae) - myrsine, rapanea |
*Nectandra coriaceae (Swartz) Grisbach (Lauraceae) - lancewood |
Ocimum sp. (Lamiaceae) - Thai basil |
Pachystachys lutea Nees (Acanthaceae) - golden shrimp plant *Parthenocissus quinqefolia (L.) Planchon (Vitaceae) - Virginia-creeper Peltophorum pterocarpum (DeCandolle) K. Heyne (Fabaceae) - copperpod |
Persea americana Miller (Lauraceae) - avocado *Persea borbonia (L.) Sprengel (Lauraceae) - red bay |
Petrea volubilis Jaquin (Verbenaceae) - queen's wreath Phoenix roebelenii O'Brian - miniature date palm Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill (Myrtaceae) - allspice |
Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J. Moore (Myrtaceae) - bay rum Pithecellobium flexicaule (Bentham) J.M. Coulter (Fabaceae) - Texas ebony Polygala cowelli (Britton) Blake (Polygalaceae) - violet-tree Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae) - Pongam |
Psidium littorale Raddi (Myrtaceae) - strawberry guava, cattley guava *Psychotria ligustrifolia Swartz (Rubiaceae) - wild-coffee *Psychotria nervosa Swartz (Rubiaceae) - wild-coffee |
*Quercus geminata Small (Fagaceae) - sand live oak *Quercus laurafolia Michaux (Fagaceae) - laurel oak *Quercus virginiana Miller (Fagaceae) - live oak |
Rheedia aristata Grisebach (Clusiaceae) - manajú Rheedia sp. |
Ruellia sp. (Acanthaceae) Rondeletia leucophylla Kunth (Rubiaceae) Rosa sp. (Roseaceae) - rose |
*Salix caroliniana Michaux (Salicaceae) - coastal plains willow Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) - Brazilian-pepper Synsepalum dulcificum Schumacher & Thonning (Sapotaceae) - miracle fruit |
Syzigium cuminii (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae) - jambolan, java-plum Syzigium paniculatum Gaertner (Myrtaceae) |
Terminalia muelleri Bentham (Combretaceae) Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) - tropical-almond *Trema micranthum (L.) Blume (Celtidaceae) - Florida trema, guacimilla |
Table 2.
Lobate lac scale: Host list by family as of October, 2002.
| Compiled by F. W. Howard, David McLean, Robert Pemberton, Avas Hamon, Greg Hodges, Susan Halbert, and Jeanette Wofford. Additional contributors: Michael Brommet, John Cannon, Chris and Karolynne Griffiths, Way Hoyt, Andrew Southerland, Nancy Miller, and Laura Tooley. |
| * indicates species native to Florida. |
Acanthaceae Pachystachys lutea Nees - golden shrimp plant Ruellia sp.
|
Aceraceae *Acer rubrum L. - red maple |
Aquifoliaceae *Ilex vomitoria Aiton - yaupon holly |
Anacardiaceae Mangifera indica L.- mango Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi - Brazilian-pepper |
Annonaceae Annona cherimola Miller X A. squamosa L.- atemoy *Annona glabra L. - pond-apple Annona muricata L. - soursop Annona reticulata L. - custard-apple Annona squamosa L. - sugar-apple Cananga odorata (Lamarck ) J. D. Hooker & T. Thomson - ylang-ylang |
Asteraceae *Baccharis halimifolia L. - saltbush, groundsel-tree |
Burseraceae *Bursera simaruba (L.) Sargent - gumbo-limbo, alm cigo
|
Capparaceae *Capparis cynophallophora L. - Jamaica caper tree
|
Casuarinaceae Casuarina equisetifolia L. - Australian-pine |
Celtidaceae *Celtis laevigata Willdenow - sugarberry *Trema micranthum (L.) Blume - Florida trema, guacimilla |
Chrysobalanaceae *Chrysobalanus icaco L. - cocoplum |
Clusiaceae Calophylum brasiliense Cambessédes - Brazilian beauty-leaf *Clusia rosea Jacquin - pitch-apple, cupey Garcinia prainiana King - button mangosteen, serapu Rheedia aristata Grisebach - manajú Rheedia sp. |
Combretaceae Bucida buceras L.- black-olive, oxhorn bucida, ucar *Conocarpus erectus L. - buttonwood, mangle botón Terminalia muelleri Bentham Terminalia capitata L. - tropical-almond |
Cupressacea *Juniperus silicola (Small) Bailey - southern red cedar |
Ebenaceae Diospyros digyna Jacquin - black-sapote
|
Elaeocarpaceae Elaeocarpus sp. |
Euphorbiaceae Acalypha wilkesiana Mueller - copperleaf Antidesma bunius (L.) Stengel - Bignay |
Fagaceae *Quercus geminata Small - sand live oak *Quercus laurafolia Michaux - laurel oak *Quercus virginiana Miller - live oak
|
Fabaceae Acacia auriculiformis Bentham Bauhinia sp. Brya ebenus (L.) DeCandolle - Jamaican raintree, West Indies ebony Calliandra haematocephala Hasskarl - powderpuff Calliandra surinamensis Bentham - pink powderpuff Inga affinis DeCandolle - ingá doce *Lysiloma latisiliqua (L.) Bentham - wild-tamarind Lysiloma sabicu Bentham Peltophorum pterocarpum (DeCandolle) K. Heyne - copperpod Pithecellobium flexicaule (Bentham) J.M. Coulter - Texas ebony Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre - Pongam |
Flacourtiaceae Dovyalis hebecarepa (G. Gardner) Warburg - Ceylon gooseberry, kitembila |
Lamiaceae Leonotis leonurus Brown - lion's-ear Ocimum sp. - Thai basil
|
Lauraceae Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume - cinnamon Laurus nobilis L. - laurel, sweetbay *Licaria triandra (Swartz) Kostermans - pepperleaf sweetwood *Nectandria coriaceae (Swartz) Grisbach - lancewood Persea americana Miller - avocado *Persea borbonia (L.) Sprengel - red bay |
Lythraceae Lagerstroemia indica L. - crape-myrtle Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Persoon (Lythraceae) - queen's crape-myrtle |
Magnoliaceae Michelia champaca L. - champaka (Malaysia)
|
Malvaceae Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L. - hibiscus |
Meliaceae Lansium domesticum Correa - duku, langsat |
Moraceae Brosimum alicastrum Swartz - Mayan breadnut, ramón, cacique *Ficus aurea Nuttall - strangler fig Ficus benjamina L. - banyan fig Ficus microcarpa (L.) - Indian laurel Ficus nota (Blanco) Merrill - tibig Ficus rubiginosa Ventenat - rusty leaf fig Ficus salicifolia (Vahl) Berg - willow-leaf fig |
Myrsinaceae *Ardisia escallanoides Schlechtendal & Camisso - marlberry *Myrsine guianensis (Aublet) Kuntze - myrsine, rapanea |
Myricaceae *Myrica cerifera L. - wax-myrtle |
Myrtaceae Callistemon viminalis Gaertner - weeping bottlebrush *Calyptranthes pallens Grisebach - spicewood *Calyptranthes zuzygium (L.) Swartz - myrtle-of-the-river *Eugenia axillaris (Swartz) Willdenow - white-stopper eugenia Eugenia brasiliensis Lamarck - grumichama *Eugenia confusa DeCandolle - redberry stopper Eugenia uniflora L. - Surinam-cherry Melaleuca quiquenervia (Cavanilles) S.T. Blake - cajeput Melaleuca decora (Salisbury) Britten - white feather honeymyrtle, paperbark, sweet tea-tree Myrciaria cauliflora (C. Martius) - jaboticaba Pimenta dioica (L.) Merrill - allspice Pimenta racemosa (Miller) J. Moore - bay rum Psidium littorale Raddi - strawberry guava, cattley guava Syzigium cuminii (L.) Skeels - jambolan Syzigium paniculatum - Gaertner |
Oxidaceae Averrhoa carambola L. - carambola, starfruit |
Palmae Phoenix roebelenii O'Brian - miniature date palm
|
Polygalaceae Polygala cowelli (Britton) Blake - violet-tree |
Proteaceae Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betch - macadamia nut Macadamia tetraphylla L. A. S. Johnson - macadamia nut |
Rhamnaceae *Krugiodendron ferrum (Vahl) Urban - black ironwood
|
Roseaceae Rosa sp. - rose |
Rubiaceae Gardenia jasminioides Ellis - gardenia Hamelia cuprea Grisebach - Bahamas flame bush *Hamelia patens Jacquin - firebush Mussaenda erythrophylla Schumacher & Thonning *Psychotria ligustrifolia Swartz - wild-coffee (glossy) *Psychotria nervosa Swartz - wild-coffee Rondeletia leucophylla Kunth |
Rutaceae Citrus X paradisi Macfadyen - grapefruit Clausena lasium (Loureiro) Skeels - wampi Fortunella japonica (Thunberg) Swingle - round kumquat |
Salicaceae *Salix caroliniana Michaux - coastal plains willow
|
Sapindaceae Blighia sapida Konig - akee Cupaniopsis anacardioides (A. Richard) Radlkofer - carrotwood, tuckeroo *Exothea paniculata (Jussieu) Radlkofer - inkwood Filicium decipiens (Wight & Arnot) Thwaites - Japanese fern-tree Litchi chinensis Sonnerat - lychee Melicocca bijuga L. - Spanish-lime, mamoncillo |
Sapotaceae *Bumelia celastrina Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth - saffron-plum Chrysophyllum cainito L. - star-apple *Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. - satinleaf *Dipholis salicifolia (L.) Alphonse De Candolle - willow bustic *Manilkara jaimiqui (C. Wright) Dubard ssp. Emarginata (L.) Cronquist - wild-dilly Manilkara (Achras) zapota (L.) Van Royen ) - sapodilla, n¡spero *Mastichodendron foetidissimum (Jacquin) H. J. Lam - false-mastic Mimusops elengi L. - Spanish-cherry Synsepalum dulcificum Schumacher & Thonning - miracle fruit |
Solanaceae Brunfelsia sp. Brunfelsia nitida Bentham - lady-of-the-night Cestrum nocturnum L. - night-blooming jessamine |
Tiliaceae Grewia occidentalis L. - starflower |
Verbanaceae Petrea volubilis Jaquin - queen's wreath |
Vitaceae *Parthenocissus quinqefolia (L.) Planchon - Virginia-creeper |
Footnotes
This document is EENY-276, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date November 2002. Reviewed December 2017. Visit the EDIS website at http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu. This document is also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/.
F. W. Howard, University of Florida; Robert Pemberton, USDA; Avas Hamon, Division of Plant Industry; Greg S. Hodges, Division of Plant Industry; Bryan Steinberg, University of Florida, Catharine M. Mannion, University of Florida; David McLean, Broward Community College and Nova Southeastern University; Jeanette Wofford, Cooper City Arborist.
The Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) is an Equal Opportunity Institution authorized to provide research, educational information and other services only to individuals and institutions that function with non-discrimination with respect to race, creed, color, religion, age, disability, sex, sexual orientation, marital status, national origin, political opinions or affiliations. For more information on obtaining other UF/IFAS Extension publications, contact your county's UF/IFAS Extension office.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, UF/IFAS Extension Service, University of Florida, IFAS, Florida A & M University Cooperative Extension Program, and Boards of County Commissioners Cooperating. Nick T. Place, dean for UF/IFAS Extension.
