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Common Weed Hosts of Insect-Transmitted Viruses of Florida Vegetable Crops

Gaurav Goyal, Harsimran K. Gill, and Robert McSorley

Weed growth can severely decrease the commercial, recreational, and aesthetic values of crops, landscapes, and waterways. More information on weeds can be found in Hall et al. (2009i). Other than affecting crop production by reducing the amount of nutrients available to the main crop, weeds can also influence crop production by acting as reservoirs of various viruses that are transmitted by insects. Several insects transmit different viruses in different crops, but aphids and whiteflies are among the most important virus vectors (carriers of viruses) on vegetable crops in Florida. The insect vectors feed on various parts of weeds that are infected by a virus and acquire the virus in the process. They then can feed on uninfected agricultural crops and transmit the virus to them. Insects are often attracted to weeds and survive on them because weeds can provide food for insects when preferred food is scarce, or weeds can provide shelter from adverse conditions such as bad weather or pesticide applications. Several weeds have been reported as virus hosts by Kucharek and Purcifull (2001). The current publication includes additional and updated material since that time and provides links to further information on specific viruses that affect vegetable crops. Certain volunteer vegetable plants can also act as sources of viruses that endanger the main crop.

Information on weed hosts of various vegetable viruses can be found in Table 1. Virus names are often based on the name of the vegetable they attack; however, certain viruses affect many different vegetables, e.g., Cucumber mosaic virus attacks bell pepper, tomato, spinach, cantaloupe, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, celery, and watercress. References to appropriate publications are provided for easy cross-reference and more details about the virus under consideration. Common viruses with their family and genus names are provided in Table 2. Information is also provided for each vegetable that was reported infected by the virus, and on the insect vectors that transmit the virus. Some viruses, such as Tomato mosaic virus, are not transmitted by vectors. Others, such as Bean common mosaic virus, can be transmitted by vectors or through seed. Detailed information about viruses and their transmission has been summarized by Adams and Antoniw (2011). Common and scientific names of weeds that act as virus sources are listed in Table 3.

Removal of weeds that act as virus sources may be helpful in reducing the initial infestation by a virus of the main crop in the same field as well as other fields that are near the weeds. Removal of volunteer plants from field borders may also help in management of viral diseases (Momol and Pernezny 2006).

While a number of weeds in and around fields of different crops can act as virus sources for the main vegetable crop, some of them are particularly important because of their ability to host a number of different viruses. A few of these are balsam apple (Figure 1), creeping cucumber (Figure 2), groundcherry (Figure 3), dayflower (Figure 4), American black nightshade (Figure 5), hairy indigo (Figure 6), and citron (Figure 7). The American black nightshade is common in Florida (MacRae 2010), and it is possible that some of the references to "nightshade" in Table 1 or to "black nightshade" may actually refer to this plant. Recognition of these common virus host plants is important because they may be reservoirs for viruses, allowing them to survive during the off-season when the main vegetable crops are not grown.

Balsam apple (Momordica spp.).
Figure 1. Balsam apple (Momordica spp.).
Credit: Brent Sellers (Hall et al. 2009a), UF/IFAS

 

Creeping cucumber (Melothria pendula).
Figure 2. Creeping cucumber (Melothria pendula).
Credit: Gaurav Goyal, UF/IFAS

 

Cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata).
Figure 3. Cutleaf groundcherry (Physalis angulata).
Credit: Brent Sellers (Hall et al. 2009b), UF/IFAS

 

Dayflower (Commelina spp.).
Figure 4. Dayflower (Commelina spp.).
Credit: Gaurav Goyal, UF/IFAS

 

American black nightshade (Solanum americanum).
Figure 5. American black nightshade (Solanum americanum).
Credit: Gaurav Goyal, UF/IFAS

 

Hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta).
Figure 6. Hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta).
Credit: Robert McSorley, UF/IFAS

 

Citron (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides).
Figure 7. Citron (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides).
Credit: Gaurav Goyal, UF/IFAS

References Cited

Adams, M. J., and J.F. Antoniw. 2011. "Descriptions of plant viruses." Association of Applied Biologists, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK. https://www.dpvweb.net

Adkins, S., and E. N. Rosskopf. 2002. "Key West nightshade, a new experimental host for plant viruses." Plant Disease 86:1310–1314.

Adkins, S., S. E. Webb, C. A. Baker, and C. S. Kousik. 2008. "Squash vein yellowing virus detection using nested polymerase chain reaction demonstrates that the cucurbit weed Momordica charantia is a reservoir host." Plant Disease 92:1119–1123.

Adkins, S., S. E. Webb, P. D. Roberts, C. S. Kousik, P. A. Stansly, B. D. Bruton, D. Achor, R. M. Muchovej, and C. A. Baker. 2010. A review of Ipomoviruses and Watermelon decline in Florida, pp. 333–337. In P.A. Stansly and S.E. Naranjo (eds.), Bemisia: Bionomics and management of a global pest. Springer Publishing, New York.

Baker, C., S. Webb, and S. Adkins. 2008. Squash vein yellowing virus, causal agent of watermelon vine decline in Florida. Plant Pathology Department Circ. 407. Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Division of Plant industry, Gainesville, FL.

Bracero, V., and L. I. Rivera. 2003. "DNA analysis confirms Macroptilium lathyroides as alternative hosts of bean golden yellow mosaic virus." Plant Disease 87:1022–1025.

Brown, L. G., and G. W. Simone. 1994. Tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus. Plant Pathology Circ. 366. Florida Dept. of Agriculture and Consumer Services. Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL. http://www.freshfromflorida com/pi/enpp/pathology/pathcirc/pp366.pdf

Dikova, B. 1946. "Establishment of tobacco rattle virus (trv) in weeds and Cuscuta." Biotechnology and Biotechnology Equipment 20:42–48.

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Ferrell, J. A., G. E. MacDonald, and B. J. Brecke. 2009. Benghal Dayflower (Commelina benghalensis L.), Identification and Control. SS-AGR-223. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ag230

Fukumoto F., F. Terami, and M. Ishii. 1993. Zucchini yellow mosaic virus isolated from wax gourd (Benincasa hispida Cogn.) and balsam pear (Momordica charantia L.) (in Japanese). Proceedings of Kanto Plant Protection Society 40:101–103.

Gilman, E. F. 2011. Asclepias curassavica Butterflyweed, Milkweed, Silkweed. FPS-49. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/fp049

Groves, R. L., J. F. Walgenbach, J. W. Mayor, and G. G. Kennedy. 2002. "The role of weed hosts and Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca, in the epidemiology of tomato spotted wilt virus." Plant Disease 86:573–582.

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Hall, D. W., V. V. Vandiver, and B. A. Sellers. 2009b. Cutleaf Ground-Cherry, Physalis angulata L. Excerpt from Weeds in Florida. SP 37. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw031

Hall, D. W., V. V. Vandiver, and J. A. Ferrell. 2009c. Horse-Nettle, Solanum carolinense L. Excerpt from Weeds in Florida. SP 37. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw040

Hall, D. W., V. V. Vandiver, and J. A. Ferrell. 2009d. Jimson Weed, Datura stramonium L. Excerpt from Weeds in Florida. SP 37. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw016

Hall, D. W., V. V. Vandiver, and J. A. Ferrell. 2009e. Lamb's Quarters (Common lamb's-quarters), Chenopodium album L. Excerpt from Weeds in Florida. SP 37. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw011

Hall, D. W., V. V. Vandiver, and J. A. Ferrell. 2009f. Sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia L. Excerpt from weeds in Florida. SP 37. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw007

Hall, D. W., V. V. Vandiver, and J. A. Ferrell. 2009g. Wild Radish, Raphanus raphanistrum L. Excerpt from weeds in Florida. SP 37. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw032

Hall, D. W., V. V. Vandiver, and J. A. Ferrell. 2009h. Common Beggar's-Tick (Hairy Beggar's-tick), Bidens alba (L.) DC. Excerpt from weeds in Florida. SP 37. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw005

Hall, D. W., V. V. Vandiver, and J. A. Ferrell. 2009i. Weeds in Florida: Introduction. Excerpt from weeds in Florida. SP 37. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/fw001

Jenner, C. E., and J. A. Walsh. 1996. "Pathotypic variation in turnip mosaic virus with special reference to European isolates." Plant Pathology 45:848–856.

Johnson, C. S. 2011. Tobacco. Disease and Nematodes: Tobacco. Department of Plant Pathology, Southern Piedmont, AREC. http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/456/456-016/Section_3_Diseases_and_Nematodes-6.pdf

Koike, S. T., and R. M. Davis. 2009. Lettuce mosaic virus. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines. Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of California. https://www2.ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/lettuce/lettuce-mosaic/

Kucharek, T., and D. Purcifull. 2001. Aphid-transmitted viruses of cucurbits in Florida. Plant Pathology Department Circ. 1184. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. (http://plantpath.ifas.ufl.edu/takextpub/FactSheets/circ1184.pdf [1 April 2013]).

Kucharek, T., D. Purcifull, and E. Hiebert. 1996. Viruses that have occurred naturally in agronomic and vegetable crops in Florida. Extension Plant Pathology Report no. 7, Plant Protection Pointers. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/PG/PG10100.pdf [26 March 2013]).

Larson, B. C., M. A. Mossler, and O. N. Nesheim. 2011. Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: Watermelon. CIR 1236. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/pi031

MacRae, A. W. 2010. American Black Nightshade Biology and Control in Fruiting Vegetables, Cucurbits, and Small Fruits. HS 1176. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/hs1176

McGovern, R. J., J. E. Polston, G. M. Danyluk, E. Hiebert, A. M. Abouzid, and P. A. Stansly. 1994. "Identification of a natural weed host of tomato mottle geminivirus in Florida." Plant Disease 78:1102–1106.

Momol, T., and K. Pernezny. 2006. Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Tomato. PDMG-V3-53. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pg059

Momol, T., R. Raid, and T. Kucharek. 2005. Florida plant disease management guide: Crucifers. PDMG-V3-37. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pg045

Mossler, M. A. 2010. Florida crop/pest management profile: Muskmelon. CIR 1272. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi047

Mossler, M. A., B. C. Larson, and O. N. Nesheim. 2010. Florida Crop/Pest Management Profiles: Celery. CIR 1235. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi035

Mossler, M. A., B. C. Larson, and O. N. Nesheim. 2011. Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: Cabbage. CIR 1256. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/pi042

Mossler, M. A., and O. N. Nesheim. 2011. Florida Crop/Pest Management Profile: squash. CIR 1265. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pi046

Newman, Y. C., A. R. Blount, and J. Vendramini. 2010a. Alyceclover—Summer Annual Legume. SS-AGR-47. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ds123

Newman, Y. C., J. Vendramini, and A. R. Blount. 2010b. Minor Use Summer Annual Forage Legumes. SS-AGR-79. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag156

Orsenigo, J. R., and T.A. Zitter. 1971. "Vegetable virus problems in south Florida as related to weed science." Proceedings of the Florida State Horticultural Society 84: 168–171.

Pernezny, K., and R. Raid. 2008. Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Lettuce and Endive. PDMG-V3-40. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pg048

Raid, R., and Kucharek, T. 2006a. Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Celery. PDMG-V3-36. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pg044

Raid, R., and T. Kucharek. 2006b. Florida Plant Disease Management Guide: Spinach. PDMG-V3-48. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pg054

Rodríguez-Alvarado, G., S. Fernandez-Pavia, R. Creamer, and C. Liddell. 2002. "Pepper mottle virus causing disease in Chile peppers in southern New Mexico." Plant Disease 86:603–605.

Sellers, B. 2011. Mexican Prickly Poppy: Biology and Control.SS-AGR-304. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ag311

Sellers, B., and J. Ferrell. 2010. Thistle Control in Pastures. SS-AGR-95. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/ag253

Sellers, B., J. Ferrell, J. Mullahey, and P. Hogue. 2010. Tropical Soda Apple: Biology, Ecology and Management of a Noxious Weed in Florida. SS-AGR-77. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/uw097

Sikora, E. J. 1998. Virus Disease of Tomato. Alabama Cooperative Extension System ANR-836. Department of Plant Pathology. Alabama A & M and Auburn Universities. http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0836/ANR-0836.pdf

Stephens, J. M. 2009a. Chicory—Cichorium intybus L. HS580. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/mv047

Stephens, J. M. 2009b. Citron—Citrullus lanatus (Thumb.) Mansf. Var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf. HS 585. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/mv052

Stephens, J. M. 2009c. Nasturtium, Garden—Tropaeolum majus L. HS632. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/mv099

Stephens, J. M. 2009d. Pokeweed—Phytolacca americana. HS 648. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/mv115

Stephens, J. M. 2009e. Amaranth—Amaranthus spp. HS539. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/mv006

Webb, S. E., D. J. Schuster, P. A. Stansly, J. E. Polston, S. Adkins, C. Baker, P. Roberts, O. Liburd, T. Nyoike, E. McAvoy, and A. Whidden. 2011. Recommendations for Management of Whiteflies, Whitefly-Transmitted Viruses, and Insecticide Resistance for Production of Cucurbit Crops in Florida. ENY-478. Gainesville: University of Florida Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/in871

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Zitter, T. A., and M. L. Daughtrey. 1989. Virus diseases and disorders of tomato. Coop. Ext. Fact Sheet 735.40. Dept. of Plant Pathology, Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY. http://vegetablemdonline.ppath.cornell.edu/factsheets/Viruses_Tomato.htm

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Table 1.  Weed hosts of several important vegetable viruses in Florida.

Weed Host

Virus

Reference

Alyceclover

Watermelon mosaic virus

Mossler and Nesheim (2011)

American burnweed

Bidens mottle virus

Pernezny and Raid (2008)

American pokeweed

Cucumber mosaic virus

Ferreira and Boley (1992)

Balsam apple

Cucurbit leaf crumple virus

Webb et al. (2010), Webb et al. (2011)

Balsam apple

Papaya ringspot virus Type W

Kucharek and Purcifull (2001), Larson et al. (2011)

Balsam apple

Squash vein yellowing virus

Baker et al. (2008), Adkins et al. (2008), Adkins et al. (2010)

Balsam pear

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

Fukumoto et al. (1993)

Beggarticks

Bidens mottle virus

Pernezny and Raid (2008)

Beggarticks

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989)

Big chickweed

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Bull thistle

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Burr clover

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Butterweed

Bidens mottle virus

Pernezny and Raid (2008)

Canadian horseweed

Bidens mottle virus

Pernezny and Raid (2008)

Canadian toadflax

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Carolina cranesbill

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Carolina desertchicory

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Cheeseweed mallow

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Cheeseweed mallow

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Zitter and Daughtrey(1989)

Chicory

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Citron

Watermelon mosaic virus

Kucharek and Purcifull (2001)

Clasping Venus' looking-glass

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Cocklebur

Tobacco rattle virus

Dikova (1946)

Common chickweed

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Common chickweed

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989), Groves et al. (2002)

Common groundsel

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Common plantain

Tobacco mosaic virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989)

Common sowthistle

Tobacco etch virus

Sikora (1998)

Creeping cucumber

Papaya ringspot virus Type W

Kucharek and Purcifull (2001), Mossler and Nesheim (2011), Larson et al. (2011)

Creeping cucumber

Squash vein yellowing virus

Baker et al. (2008), Adkins et al. (2008), Adkins et al. (2010)

Creeping cucumber

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

Kucharek and Purcifull (2001), Mossler and Nesheim (2011), Mossler (2010)

Curlytop knotweed

Tobacco rattle virus

Dikova (1946)

Dayflower

Cucumber mosaic virus

Momol and Pernezny (2006), Raid and Kucharek (2006a), Raid and Kucharek (2006b), Ferreira and Boley ( 1992)

Dogfennel

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Field bindweed

Cucumber mosaic virus

Rodríguez-Alvarado et al. (2002)

Field bindweed

Pepper mottle virus

Rodríguez-Alvarado et al. (2002)

Field bindweed

Tobacco rattle virus

Dikova (1946)

Florida beggarweed

Watermelon mosaic virus

Larson et al. (2011)

Groundcherry

Cucumber mosaic virus

Raid and Kucharek (2006b), Ferreira and Boley (1992)

Groundcherry

Pepper mottle virus

Rodríguez-Alvarado et al. (2002)

Groundcherry

Tobacco etch virus

Johnson (2011)

Hairy bittercress

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Hairy buttercup

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Hairy indigo

Watermelon mosaic virus

Mossler and Nesheim (2011), Kucharek and Purcifull (2001)

Henbit deadnettle

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Horse nettle

Cucumber mosaic virus

Raid and Kucharek (2006b), Ferreira and Boley (1992)

Horse nettle

Tobacco mosaic virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989)

Horse nettle

Tobacco etch virus

Johnson (2011)

Indian chickweed

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Ivy gourd

Papaya ringspot virus Type W

Mossler and Nesheim (2011)

Jimson weed

Pepper mottle virus

Kucharek et al. (1996)

Jimson weed

Potato virus Y

Kucharek et al. (1996)

Jimson weed

Tobacco etch virus

Sikora (1998)

Jimson weed

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Brown and Simone (1994)

Johnsongrass

Tobacco rattle virus

Dikova (1946)

Lambsquarter

Tobacco etch virus

Sikora (1998)

Lambsquarter

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Lambsquarter

Tobacco rattle virus

Dikova (1946)

Lambsquarter

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989)

Little hogweed

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989)

Lupine

Watermelon mosaic virus

Mossler and Nesheim (2011)

Mallows

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Brown and Simone (1994)

Marsh parsley

Western Celery mosaic virus/Celery mosaic virus

Mossler et al. (2010)

Mexican pricklypoppy

Bidens mottle virus

Pernezny and Raid (2008)

Milkweed

Cucumber mosaic virus

Raid and Kucharek (2006b), Ferreira and Boley (1992)

Mock bishopweed

Western Celery mosaic virus/Celery mosaic virus

Mossler et al. (2010)

Mustard type weeds*

Turnip mosaic virus

Momol et al. (2005), Mossler et al. (2011)

Nasturtium

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989)

Nettleleaf goosefoot

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Nettleleaf goosefoot

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989)

Nightshade

Cucumber mosaic virus

Raid and Kucharek (2006b), Ferreira and Boley (1992)

Nightshade

Pepper mottle virus

Rodríguez-Alvarado et al. (2002)

Nightshade

Potato virus Y

Orsenigo and Zitter (1971), Momol and Pernezny (2006)

Nightshade

Pseudo curly top virus

Momol and Pernezny (2006)

Nightshade

Tomato yellows virus

Momol and Pernezny (2006)

Nightshade

Tobacco etch virus

Momol and Pernezny (2006), Sikora (1998)

Nightshade

Tobacco mosaic virus

Adkins and Rosskopf (2002)

One leaf clover

Watermelon mosaic virus

Kucharek and Purcifull (2001)

Prickly lettuce

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Prickly lettuce

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Ragweed

Cucumber mosaic virus

Raid and Kucharek (2006b), Ferreira and Boley (1992)

Ragweed

Pseudo curly top virus

Momol and Pernezny (2006)

Redstem stork's bill

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Rough pigweed

Tobacco rattle virus

Dikova (1946)

Scarlet pimpernel

Lettuce mosaic virus

Koike and Davis (2009)

Shepherd's purse

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989)

Showy rattlebox

Watermelon mosaic virus

Larson et al. (2011), Kucharek and Purcifull (2001)

Sicklepod

Tobacco etch virus

Sikora (1998)

Sowthistle

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Zitter and Daughtrey (1989)

Sowthistle

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Brown and Simone (1994)

Spiny sowthistle

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Spoonleaf purple everlasting

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

Tropical soda apple

Tomato mottle virus

McGovern et al. (1994)

Virginia pepperweed

Bidens mottle virus

Pernezny and Raid (2008)

Wild bushbean

Bean golden mosaic virus

Bracero and Rivera (2003)

Wild radish

Tobacco rattle virus

Dikova (1946)

Wild radish

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Groves et al. (2002)

* mustard type weedsShepherd's purse (Zitter and Provvidenti 1984), Brassica spp. (Jenner and Walsh 1996)

Table 2.  Common viruses, families, vegetable crop hosts, and their vectors.

Virus

Family

Genus

Crop Hosts

Vector

Bean common mosaic virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Beans, snap beans

Aphids

Bean golden mosaic virus

Geminiviridae

Begomovirus

Beans, snap beans

Whiteflies

Bean yellow mosaic virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Snap beans

Whiteflies

Bidens mottle virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Endive, escarole lettuce

Green peach aphid (Myzus persicae)

Cabbage leaf curl virus

Geminiviridae

Begomovirus

Watercress

Whiteflies

Cucumber mosaic virus

Bromoviridae

Cucumovirus

Bell pepper, cantaloupe, celery, cucumber, pumpkin, spinach, squash, tomato, watercress

Aphids

Cucurbit leaf crumple virus

Geminiviridae

Begomovirus

Cantaloupe, cucumber, green beans, pumpkin, squash, watermelon, zucchini

Whiteflies

Dasheen mosaic virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Malanga

Several species of aphids

Groundnut ringspot virus

Bunyaviridae

Tospovirus

Tomato

Thrips

Lettuce mosaic virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Endive, escarole lettuce

Green peach aphid

Papaya ringspot virus Type W

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Cantaloupe, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, watermelon

Aphids

Pepper mottle virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Bell pepper

Aphids

Potato virus Y

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Bell pepper, potato, tomato

Aphids

Pseudo-curly top virus

Geminiviridae

Begomovirus

Tomato

Whiteflies

Squash vein yellowing virus

Potyviridae

Ipomovirus

Squash, watermelon

Whiteflies

Tobacco etch virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Bell pepper, tomato

Aphids

Tobacco mosaic virus

Virgaviridae

Tobamovirus

Bell pepper, tomato

 

Tobacco rattle virus

Virgaviridae

Tobravirus

Potato

Stubby-root nematode

Tobacco streak virus

Bromoviridae

Ilarvirus

Snap beans

Thrips

Tomato chlorosis

Closteroviridae

Closterovirus

Tomato

Whiteflies

Tomato mosaic virus

Virgaviridae

Tobamovirus

Tomato

 

Tomato mottle virus

Geminiviridae

Begomovirus

Tomato

Whiteflies

Tomato spotted wilt virus

Bunyaviridae

Tospovirus

Bell pepper, tomato, watermelon

Western flower thrips (Franklinella occidentalis), tobacco thrips (F. fusca)

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

Geminiviridae

Begomovirus

Tomato

Whiteflies

Turnip mosaic virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Cabbage, spinach

Aphids

Papaya ringspot virus Type W

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Squash, watermelon

Aphids

Watermelon mosaic virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Cantaloupe, cucumber, pumpkin, squash, watermelon

Aphids

Western Celery mosaic virus/Celery mosaic virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Celery

Aphids

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus

Potyviridae

Potyvirus

Cantaloupe, cucumber, squash, watermelon

Aphids

Table 3.  Common and scientific names of various weed hosts of viruses.

Alyce clover, Alysicarpus ovalifolius (Newman et al. 2010a)

American burnweed, Erechtites hieraciifolius

American pokeweed, Phytolacca americana (Stevens 2009d)

Balsam pear (= Balsam apple), Momordica charantia (Hall et al. 2009a)

Beggarticks, Bidens spp. (Hall et al. 2009h)

Big chickweed, Cerastium fontanum subsp. Vulgare

Bull thistle, Cirsium vulgare (Sellers and Ferrell 2010)

Burr clover, Medicago polymorpha

Butterweed, Packera glabella

Canadian horseweed, Conyza (=Erigeron) Canadensis

Canadian toadflax, Linaria Canadensis

Carolina cranesbill, Geranium carolinianum

Carolina desertchicory, Pyrrhopappus carolinianus

Cheeseweed mallow, Malva parviflora

Chicory, Cichorium intybus (Stephens 2009a)

Citron, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) var. citroides (Bailey) Mansf. (Stephens 2009b)

Clasping Venus' looking-glass, Triodanis perfoliata

Cocklebur, Xanthium strumarium

Common chickweed, Stellaria media

Common groundsel, Senecio vulgaris

Common plantain, Plantago major

Common sowthistle, Sonchus oleraceus

Creeping cucumber, Melothria pendula

Curlytop knotweed, Polygonum lapathifolium

Dayflower, Commelina spp. (Ferrell et al. 2009)

Dogfennel, Eupatorium capillifolium

Field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis

Florida beggarweed, Desmodium tortuosum

Groundcherry, Physalis spp. (Hall et al. 2009b)

Hairy bittercress, Cardamine hirsute

Hairy buttercup, Ranunculus sardous

Hairy indigo, Indigofera hirsuta (Newman et al. 2010b)

Henbit deadnettle, Lamium amplexicaule

Horse nettle, Solanum carolinense (Hall et al. 2009c)

Indian chickweed, Mollugo verticillata

Ivy gourd, Coccinia grandis

Jimson weed, Datura stramonium (Hall et al. 2009d)

Johnsongrass, Sorghum halepense

Lambsquarter (Common lambsquarters), Chenopodium album (Hall et al. 2009e)

Little hogweed, Portulaca oleracea (MacRae 2010)

Lupine, Lupinus spp.

Mallows, Malva sp.

Marsh parsley (= wild cherry), Cyclospermum leptophyllum (=Apium leptophyllum)

Mexican pricklypoppy, Argemone mexicana (Sellers 2011)

Milkweed, Asclepias curassavica (Gilman 2011)

Mock bishopweed, Ptilimnium capillaceum

Nasturtium, Tropaeolum majus (Stephens 2009c)

Nettleleaf goosefoot, Chenopodium murale

Nightshade, Solanum spp. (MacRae 2010)

One leaf clover (White moneywort), Alysicarpus vaginalis

Prickly lettuce, Lactuca serriola

Ragweed, Ambrosia spp.

Redstem stork's bill, Erodium cicutarium

Rough pigweed, Amaranthus retroflexus (Stephens 2009e)

Scarlet pimpernel, Anagallis arvensis

Shepherd's purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris

Showy rattlebox (=showy crotalaria), Crotalaria spectabilis

Sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia (Hall et al. 2009f)

Sowthistle, Sonchus spp.

Spiny sowthistle, Sonchus asper

Spoonleaf purple everlasting, Gnaphalium purpureum

Tropical soda apple, Solanum viarum (Sellers et al. 2010)

Virginia pepperweed, Lepidium virginicum

Wild bushbean, Macroptilium lathyroides

Wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum (Hall et al. 2009g)

 

Publication #ENY-863

Release Date:April 29, 2022

Related Experts

Gill, Harsimran K.

University of Florida

Goyal, Gaurav

University of Florida

McSorley, Robert

Specialist/SSA/RSA

University of Florida

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About this Publication

This document is ENY-863, one of a series of the Entomology and Nematology Department, UF/IFAS Extension. Original publication date April 2012. Revised April 2022. Visit the EDIS website at https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu for the currently supported version of this publication.

About the Authors

Gaurav Goyal, postdoctoral research associate; Harsimran K. Gill, postdoctoral research associate; and Robert McSorley, retired professor, Entomology and Nematology Department; UF/IFAS Extension, Gainesville, FL 32611.

Contacts

  • Xavier Martini