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Pollinators are of extreme importance to our Florida Flatwoods ecosystem. They are responsible for transferring genes of plants from one flower to another increasing fruit set in wild and domesticated species. By doing so, these organisms help plants adapt to changes in the environment, combat diseases, and increase hardiness in a natural way. Butterflies are one [&#8230;]

Zebra swallowtail, Eurytides marcellus adult. Picture credit: Jerry F. Butler, University of Florida.
Pollinators are of extreme importance to our Florida Flatwoods ecosystem. They are responsible for transferring genes of plants from one flower to another increasing fruit set in wild and domesticated species. By doing so, these organisms help plants adapt to changes in the environment, combat diseases, and increase hardiness in a natural way. Butterflies are one of the most highly regarded pollinators in our backyards, natural areas, and farms. Of these, one of my favorite species is Eurytides marcellus, also known as Zebra swallowtail.
 
The Zebra swallowtail butterfly is one of over 170 species of butterflies that call Florida home (if they could talk). This state hosts 25 swallowtail butterfly species in total. This butterfly is a fairly common, but beautiful species native to our area. With its striking black and white striped wings and bright red spots, it is a sight to behold. Its characteristic long “wing tails”, correctly defined as apex, it is hard to miss this big butterfly gliding by in an open field.


The life cycle of a swallowtail
Zebra swallowtail caterpillar (middle instar larva stage) in pawpaw plant. Picture credit: Jonael Bosques, University of Florida.
 
The Zebra Swallowtail butterfly has a four–stage lifecycle, beginning with an egg that is laid on the underside of pawpaw leaf (most commonly found in netted and willow pawpaw in this area of the State; Asimina spp.) but there are various species in Florida. The egg will then hatch into a caterpillar, which can range in coloration from mostly green with black, white, and yellow stripes to mostly black with no green, white and yellow. The caterpillar will feed on the leaves of the pawpaw tree and will eventually form a chrysalis. This chrysalis often resembles a green leaf and hangs from the pawpaw main stem or branches.
Netted Pawpaw (Asimina reticulata). Picture source: Florida Native Plant Society.
 
After two weeks, the chrysalis will hatch into the adult butterfly, which is black and white with bright red spots. The adult butterfly will feed on nectar from plants such as thistles, asters, and milkweed. After mating, the female will lay eggs on the underside of pawpaw leaves and the cycle will start again.
Unfortunately, its population is in danger of becoming extinct due to the destruction of its host plant.
 



How can we protect this beauty?
These butterflies need a healthy population of their host plant for survival. In overgrazed pastures the population of pawpaw plants has been significantly reduced. This has had a drastic effect on the Zebra Swallowtail population, as they have fewer places to feed and reproduce. Areas where invasive species like Cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica) take hold reduce the prevalence of the host plant.  This has caused the pawpaws to be shaded out, resulting in fewer places for the butterflies to feed and reproduce.
Zebra Swallowtail specimen collected in Zolfo Springs, FL. Picture credit: Jonael Bosques, University of Florida.
 
The Zebra Swallowtail butterfly is a species in need of protection. With the proper management of pasturelands, such as appropriate limiting, use of fertilizers based on soil analysis, and the adequate stocking rate of cattle and other livestock, the pawpaw plants will be able to thrive, allowing the Zebra Swallowtail population to increase, and ensure that this beautiful species will not become a rarity in Hardee County. 
Invasive plant management is a key effort in preserving and protecting native species such as the Zebra swallowtail. This can be done by using herbicides to remove the plants, planting improved pasture grasses, and cross fencing our pastures. We can also help this species by creating habitat corridors or small areas of habitat that host paw paws, and other native plants that the species uses for feeding and breeding. Homeowners can also promote the growth of the pawpaw tree by planting seedlings in areas of their yards and enjoy the fragrant flowers and rare fruits while they observe this butterfly and its young.
 
Zebra Swallowtail specimen (underside) collected in Zolfo Springs, FL. Picture credit: Jonael Bosques, University of Florida.
 
 
Moving forward
Heifers grazing Bahiagrass pastures in South Central Florida. Picture credit: Jonael Bosques, University of Florida.
Preserving iconic species such as the Zebra swallowtail butterfly is important for Florida farmers and ranchers. The adoption of science-based practices in our farming and ranching operations can help us ensure that this species thrives and that our children can marvel at their grace and beauty. Homeowners can also do their part by hosting these creatures in our backyards and gardens. By increasing our understanding of pollinators and their importance we are better equipped to protect and conserve these and other species of native butterflies and pollinators for future generations.  If you would like more information on this topic, please contact the UF/IFAS Extension Hardee County at (863) 773-2164, or drop by at 507 Civic Center Drive, Wauchula FL 33873.
 





References and further reading
Featured Creatures – zebra swallowtail (ufl.edu)
ZEBRA SWALLOWTAIL PROTOGRAPHIUM MARCELLUS – EENY-58/IN215: Zebra Swallowtail Protographium marcellus (Cramer) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) (ufl.edu)
Florida Native Plant Society (FNPS)
BAHIAGRASS (PASPALUM NOTATUM FLUEGGÉ): OVERVIEW AND PASTURE MANAGEMENT – SS-AGR-332/AG342: Bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flueggé): Overview and Pasture Management (ufl.edu)

Pollinators are of extreme importance to our Florida Flatwoods ecosystem. They are responsible for transferring genes of plants from one flower to another increasing fruit set in wild and domesticated species. By doing so, these organisms help plants adapt to changes in the environment, combat diseases, and increase hardiness in a natural way. Butterflies are one […]

Striking Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly in Florida Relies on Sound Pasture Management Decisions

Recently, there is an increase in the number of calls to our UF/IFAS Extension office. The clients are concerns about the yellowing of their Bahiagrass. Bahia is known to be one of the hardiest turfgrasses available to us in Central Florida. Bahia can bounce back quickly when affected by insects, pests and extreme drought conditions. [&#8230;]

Recently, there is an increase in the number of calls to our UF/IFAS Extension office. The clients are concerns about the yellowing of their Bahiagrass. Bahia is known to be one of the hardiest turfgrasses available to us in Central Florida. Bahia can bounce back quickly when affected by insects, pests and extreme drought conditions.
Bahia yellowing has caused us to observe the roots of Bahia grass under the microscope. We found spores of Pythium pathogen growing on the roots of yellowing bahiagrass. In previous observations we found Take All Root pathogens on yellowing bahiagrass. It is important to note that yellowing bahiagrass does not always mean that there is a disease pathogen present. We are in the rainy season and most turfgrasses prefer a well-drained soil, and lawn flooded for prolong period will cause roots to be dysfunctional. Dysfunctional roots will not be able to uptake nutrients such as nitrogen which important in keeping plant green. No treatment is needed Bahia grass will bounce back.

Recently, there is an increase in the number of calls to our UF/IFAS Extension office. The clients are concerns about the yellowing of their Bahiagrass. Bahia is known to be one of the hardiest turfgrasses available to us in Central Florida. Bahia can bounce back quickly when affected by insects, pests and extreme drought conditions.
Bahia yellowing has caused us to observe the roots of Bahia grass under the microscope. We found spores of Pythium pathogen growing on the roots of yellowing bahiagrass. In previous observations we found Take All Root pathogens on yellowing bahiagrass. It is important to note that yellowing bahiagrass does not always mean that there is a disease pathogen present. We are in the rainy season and most turfgrasses prefer a well-drained soil, and lawn flooded for prolong period will cause roots to be dysfunctional. Dysfunctional roots will not be able to uptake nutrients such as nitrogen which important in keeping plant green. No treatment is needed Bahia grass will bounce back.

Recently, there is an increase in the number of calls to our UF/IFAS Extension office. The clients are concerns about the yellowing of their Bahiagrass. Bahia is known to be one of the hardiest turfgrasses available to us in Central Florida. Bahia can bounce back quickly when affected by insects, pests and extreme drought conditions. […]

Bahia Grass Yellowing

Central Florida experiences most of its annual rain between June 1st and September 30th. Water is a very important component for good plant health but for most people it is very difficult to find a balance. Too little water is bad, likewise too much water. I recommend that plants should only be irrigated in early [&#8230;]

Central Florida experiences most of its annual rain between June 1st and September 30th. Water is a very important component for good plant health but for most people it is very difficult to find a balance. Too little water is bad, likewise too much water. I recommend that plants should only be irrigated in early morning before 10 am and not in the late evenings. I am aware that we cannot control when rain will fall which can make it a little difficult for plant health. When watering, only wet the soil where the roots are located and avoid wetting the leaves of the plant. Wet leaves will encourage foliar diseases. For disease to survive, the pathogen that will cause the disease must be present, the environment such as wet leaves must be conducive, and there must be a host plant that is susceptible to a specific disease. Leaving wet plant leaves overnight is perfect for disease development.
At UF/IFAS Extension/Osceola County office we receive many samples of unhealthy plants each year. Most of these samples of diseased plants show signs of root rot diseases in many cases. Overwatering contributes to root rot diseases. Root rot affects a wide range of plants including turfgrasses, roses, liriope, marigolds, verbenas, hollies, box woods, azaleas and rhododendrons. The problem with root rot is that the symptoms often cause plants to wilt, leaves become yellow, growth is stunted, and people naturally think the problem is lack of water. They apply water and the problem becomes worse. One thing to keep in mind is that plant diseases such as take all root rot, pythium and rhizoctonia are very aggressive pathogens that thrive in wet soil. Foliar leaf spot is also a major issue that is triggered by prolonged leaf wetness.
Another key to minimize the occurrence of root rot is to carefully check new plants before introducing them to the landscape. Take one or two plants out of a flat of bedding plants and observe the roots. Roots should be white or silvery, if they are dark, soft or sparse, then the plant is probably infected with a root rot-causing pathogen. Avoid introducing sick plants into the landscape.
Diseases are not the only negative impact of overwatering. Overwatering and excess rainfall over a short period causes leaching of fertilizer and pesticides through the soil profile down into the underground water. Leaching is bad in that it causes non-point source pollution to our water resources. Soil erosion and nutrient runoff are also results of excess watering. During the rainy season do not fertilize the lawn if rain is in forecast within 24 hours. Excess rainfall will move fertilizer off site leading to pollution.
For more information on lawn and landscape related topics, contact Grantly Ricketts with UF/IFAS Extension in Osceola County at 321-697-3000 or email gricketts@ufl.edu.

Central Florida experiences most of its annual rain between June 1st and September 30th. Water is a very important component for good plant health but for most people it is very difficult to find a balance. Too little water is bad, likewise too much water. I recommend that plants should only be irrigated in early morning before 10 am and not in the late evenings. I am aware that we cannot control when rain will fall which can make it a little difficult for plant health. When watering, only wet the soil where the roots are located and avoid wetting the leaves of the plant. Wet leaves will encourage foliar diseases. For disease to survive, the pathogen that will cause the disease must be present, the environment such as wet leaves must be conducive, and there must be a host plant that is susceptible to a specific disease. Leaving wet plant leaves overnight is perfect for disease development.
At UF/IFAS Extension/Osceola County office we receive many samples of unhealthy plants each year. Most of these samples of diseased plants show signs of root rot diseases in many cases. Overwatering contributes to root rot diseases. Root rot affects a wide range of plants including turfgrasses, roses, liriope, marigolds, verbenas, hollies, box woods, azaleas and rhododendrons.  The problem with root rot is that the symptoms often cause plants to wilt, leaves become yellow, growth is stunted, and people naturally think the problem is lack of water. They apply water and the problem becomes worse. One thing to keep in mind is that plant diseases such as take all root rot, pythium and rhizoctonia are very aggressive pathogens that thrive in wet soil. Foliar leaf spot is also a major issue that is triggered by prolonged leaf wetness.
Another key to minimize the occurrence of root rot is to carefully check new plants before introducing them to the landscape. Take one or two plants out of a flat of bedding plants and observe the roots. Roots should be white or silvery, if they are dark, soft or sparse, then the plant is probably infected with a root rot-causing pathogen. Avoid introducing sick plants into the landscape.
Diseases are not the only negative impact of overwatering. Overwatering and excess rainfall over a short period causes leaching of fertilizer and pesticides through the soil profile down into the underground water. Leaching is bad in that it causes non-point source pollution to our water resources. Soil erosion and nutrient runoff are also results of excess watering. During the rainy season do not fertilize the lawn if rain is in forecast within 24 hours. Excess rainfall will move fertilizer off site leading to pollution.
For more information on lawn and landscape related topics, contact Grantly Ricketts with UF/IFAS Extension in Osceola County at 321-697-3000 or email gricketts@ufl.edu.

Central Florida experiences most of its annual rain between June 1st and September 30th. Water is a very important component for good plant health but for most people it is very difficult to find a balance. Too little water is bad, likewise too much water. I recommend that plants should only be irrigated in early […]

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Striking Zebra Swallowtail Butterfly in Florida Relies on Sound Pasture Management Decisions

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