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A living shoreline uses natural materials such as marsh grasses, mangroves, and bags of oyster shell to stabilize the shoreline.  Living shorelines prevent erosion while simultaneously restoring habitat.  Residents living in coastal areas affected by erosion due to boat wakes, storms, or a loss of natural habitat may consider a living shoreline for their property. [&#8230;]

<figure id="attachment_2489" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2489" style="width: 282px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-2489" src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/volusiaco/wp-content/blogs.dir/120/files/2023/04/Living-shoreline-Spartina-planting-1-225x300.jpg" alt="" width="282" height="376" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-2489" class="wp-caption-text">Newly planted smooth cordgrass at a living shoreline</figcaption></figure>
A living shoreline uses natural materials such as marsh grasses, mangroves, and bags of oyster shell to stabilize the shoreline.  Living shorelines prevent erosion while simultaneously restoring habitat.  Residents living in coastal areas affected by erosion due to boat wakes, storms, or a loss of natural habitat may consider a living shoreline for their property.
This blog provides answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about living shorelines in Volusia and Flagler Counties.  Most of the information pertains statewide in Florida, and you can find resources to appropriate plants in your area, examples of local living shorelines, and contacts in your region at the <a href="https://floridalivingshorelines.com/">Florida Living Shorelines website</a>.
<h3></h3>
<h3>What is a living shoreline? </h3>
<a href="https://floridalivingshorelines.com/what-is-a-livingshoreline/">Living shorelines</a> use natural species and processes to stabilize the shoreline and prevent erosion. Living shorelines can help protect property along the coasts as well as <a href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/SS707">provide many ecosystem services, including creating habitat, promoting, biodiversity, and sequestering carbon</a>. Living shorelines use <a href="https://floridalivingshorelines.com/marshplants/">appropriate plant species</a> – in our area that is usually smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and red, black, or white mangroves.  They may also include bags or gabions of oyster shells to serve as a breakwater. 
&nbsp;
<h3>Why would I want a living shoreline? </h3>
If you live along a coastal shoreline, such as the intracoastal waterway or a tributary, you may experience erosion of land into the waterway.  Living shorelines are an alternative to the traditional “hard stabilization” that has typically taken place along shorelines in the form of seawalls.  While both seawalls and living shorelines reduce shoreline erosion, living shorelines have some advantages.  These include: 
<ul>
<li style="font-weight: 400">Protects, restores, and enhances wildlife habitats</li>
<li style="font-weight: 400">Improves water quality </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400">Absorbs wave energy and storm surge </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400">Becomes more stable over time and can adapt to sea level rise </li>
<li style="font-weight: 400">Provides a natural aesthetic </li>
</ul>
Whether a living shoreline is the proper way to protect your shoreline depends on many factors, such as the slope of the shore and level of wave action.
&nbsp;
<h3>Do I need a permit to create a living shoreline on my property? </h3>
Yes.  Any work that is done below the Mean High Water (MHW) line requires a permit from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and the US Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE).  However, most residential living shorelines projects fit the &#8220;exemption category.&#8221;  Paperwork still needs to be submitted and approved for exempt projects, but these categories have minimal requirements and no fees.  
You can find information about permitting for living shorelines on the <a href="https://floridalivingshorelines.com/information-help-and-documents/permitting/">Florida Living Shorelines Permitting page</a>.   In addition, you can find step-by-step instructions for completing the permitting processes for both the <a href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/SG187">Florida DEP</a> and <a href="https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/SG189">US Army Corps of Engineers</a> though the links.  Before you begin the permitting process, reach out to your local DEP or <a href="https://www.saj.usace.army.mil/Missions/Regulatory/Office-Locations/">ACOE</a> offices to set up a pre-application meeting review the process.  
&nbsp;
<figure id="attachment_2499" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2499" style="width: 321px" class="wp-caption alignright"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-2499" src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/volusiaco/wp-content/blogs.dir/120/files/2023/04/MDC-Canaveral-oyster-bags-300x225.jpg" alt="" width="321" height="241" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-2499" class="wp-caption-text">Bags of recycled oyster shell to be used in living shoreline projects. </figcaption></figure>
<h3>I have seen bags of oyster shells being used as shoreline protection.  Can I get these and put them along my shoreline?  </h3>
Yes, you are able to obtain oyster shell gabions from several providers in our area, including <a href="https://marinediscoverycenter.org/">Marine Discovery Center</a> and <a href="https://www.floridastateparks.org/parks-and-trails/gamble-rogers-memorial-state-recreation-area-flagler-beach">Gamble Rogers State Park</a>, but you will need to apply for permits before you are able to utilize these on your property below the Mean High Water line.  To qualify for a living shoreline exemption in the permitting process, you will need to incorporate vegetation into your living shoreline in addition to the bags of oyster shells. 
&nbsp;
<figure id="attachment_2493" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-2493" style="width: 272px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class=" wp-image-2493" src="https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/volusiaco/wp-content/blogs.dir/120/files/2023/04/LSL-Washington-Oaks-volcanoes-225x300.jpg" alt="" width="272" height="362" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-2493" class="wp-caption-text">New living shoreline in the state park.</figcaption></figure>
<h3>Where can I see an example of a living shoreline? </h3>
The <a href="https://marinediscoverycenter.org/">Marine Discovery Center</a> in New Smyrna Beach has an educational and functional display of shorelines, ranging from traditional “gray” shorelines with seawalls and rip rap to living shorelines with marsh and mangroves.  This site is open to the public.  
You can also arrange a site visit to the living shorelines installed at <a href="https://www.riversideconservancy.org/">Riverside Conservancy</a> in Edgewater. 
In Flagler County, you can visit <a href="https://www.floridastateparks.org/parks-and-trails/gamble-rogers-memorial-state-recreation-area-flagler-beach">Gamble Rogers State Park</a> and <a href="https://www.floridastateparks.org/parks-and-trails/washington-oaks-gardens-state-park">Washington Oaks Gardens State Park</a> to see two living shoreline projects that were installed in spring 2022.  
&nbsp;
<h3></h3>
&nbsp;
<h3>I want to have a living shoreline on my property, but I do not want to do it myself.  Can someone else do it for me? </h3>
If you wish to have a contractor handle the process (from permitting to implementation and monitoring), you can review the <a href="https://floridalivingshorelines.com/businesses/">businesses who have completed Living Shorelines training.</a> 
&nbsp;
<h3>Where can I find more information about living shorelines? </h3>
The <a href="https://floridalivingshorelines.com/">Florida Living Shorelines</a> website is your one stop shop for all things living shorelines in the state. On this page you can find information about living shorelines in Florida, with resources specific to each region of the state.  If you are interested in a more in-depth training, consider taking the <a href="https://floridalivingshorelines.com/contractor-course/">Living Shorelines Training Program for Marine Contractors</a>.  Reach out to your <a href="https://www.flseagrant.org/directory/">local Florida Sea Grant Extension Agent</a> if you have additional questions about living shorelines or want to discuss whether your property may be a suitable candidate for a living shorelines, 
&nbsp;

Newly planted smooth cordgrass at a living shoreline
A living shoreline uses natural materials such as marsh grasses, mangroves, and bags of oyster shell to stabilize the shoreline.  Living shorelines prevent erosion while simultaneously restoring habitat.  Residents living in coastal areas affected by erosion due to boat wakes, storms, or a loss of natural habitat may consider a living shoreline for their property.
This blog provides answers to some of the most frequently asked questions about living shorelines in Volusia and Flagler Counties.  Most of the information pertains statewide in Florida, and you can find resources to appropriate plants in your area, examples of local living shorelines, and contacts in your region at the Florida Living Shorelines website.

What is a living shoreline? 
Living shorelines use natural species and processes to stabilize the shoreline and prevent erosion. Living shorelines can help protect property along the coasts as well as provide many ecosystem services, including creating habitat, promoting, biodiversity, and sequestering carbon. Living shorelines use appropriate plant species – in our area that is usually smooth cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora) and red, black, or white mangroves.  They may also include bags or gabions of oyster shells to serve as a breakwater. 
 
Why would I want a living shoreline? 
If you live along a coastal shoreline, such as the intracoastal waterway or a tributary, you may experience erosion of land into the waterway.  Living shorelines are an alternative to the traditional “hard stabilization” that has typically taken place along shorelines in the form of seawalls.  While both seawalls and living shorelines reduce shoreline erosion, living shorelines have some advantages.  These include: 
Protects, restores, and enhances wildlife habitats
Improves water quality 
Absorbs wave energy and storm surge 
Becomes more stable over time and can adapt to sea level rise 
Provides a natural aesthetic 
Whether a living shoreline is the proper way to protect your shoreline depends on many factors, such as the slope of the shore and level of wave action.
 
Do I need a permit to create a living shoreline on my property? 
Yes.  Any work that is done below the Mean High Water (MHW) line requires a permit from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and the US Army Corps of Engineers (ACOE).  However, most residential living shorelines projects fit the “exemption category.”  Paperwork still needs to be submitted and approved for exempt projects, but these categories have minimal requirements and no fees.  
You can find information about permitting for living shorelines on the Florida Living Shorelines Permitting page.   In addition, you can find step-by-step instructions for completing the permitting processes for both the Florida DEP and US Army Corps of Engineers though the links.  Before you begin the permitting process, reach out to your local DEP or ACOE offices to set up a pre-application meeting review the process.  
 
Bags of recycled oyster shell to be used in living shoreline projects. 
I have seen bags of oyster shells being used as shoreline protection.  Can I get these and put them along my shoreline?  
Yes, you are able to obtain oyster shell gabions from several providers in our area, including Marine Discovery Center and Gamble Rogers State Park, but you will need to apply for permits before you are able to utilize these on your property below the Mean High Water line.  To qualify for a living shoreline exemption in the permitting process, you will need to incorporate vegetation into your living shoreline in addition to the bags of oyster shells. 
 
New living shoreline in the state park.
Where can I see an example of a living shoreline? 
The Marine Discovery Center in New Smyrna Beach has an educational and functional display of shorelines, ranging from traditional “gray” shorelines with seawalls and rip rap to living shorelines with marsh and mangroves.  This site is open to the public.  
You can also arrange a site visit to the living shorelines installed at Riverside Conservancy in Edgewater. 
In Flagler County, you can visit Gamble Rogers State Park and Washington Oaks Gardens State Park to see two living shoreline projects that were installed in spring 2022.  
 

 
I want to have a living shoreline on my property, but I do not want to do it myself.  Can someone else do it for me? 
If you wish to have a contractor handle the process (from permitting to implementation and monitoring), you can review the businesses who have completed Living Shorelines training. 
 
Where can I find more information about living shorelines? 
The Florida Living Shorelines website is your one stop shop for all things living shorelines in the state. On this page you can find information about living shorelines in Florida, with resources specific to each region of the state.  If you are interested in a more in-depth training, consider taking the Living Shorelines Training Program for Marine Contractors.  Reach out to your local Florida Sea Grant Extension Agent if you have additional questions about living shorelines or want to discuss whether your property may be a suitable candidate for a living shorelines,

A living shoreline uses natural materials such as marsh grasses, mangroves, and bags of oyster shell to stabilize the shoreline.  Living shorelines prevent erosion while simultaneously restoring habitat.  Residents living in coastal areas affected by erosion due to boat wakes, storms, or a loss of natural habitat may consider a living shoreline for their property. […]

Living Shoreline FAQs

Life on the coast has tremendous benefits; steady sea breezes, gorgeous beaches, plentiful fishing and paddling opportunities. Nevertheless, there are definite downsides to living along it, too. Besides storms like Hurricane Harvey making semi-regular appearances, our proximity to the water can make us more vulnerable to flooding and waterborne hazards ranging from bacteria to jellyfish. [&#8230;]

<figure id="attachment_3828" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3828" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="http://extadmin.ifas.ufl.edu/nwdistrictmedia/ph-outdoors/2017/08/beach.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-3828 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="300" height="225" data-src="http://extadmin.ifas.ufl.edu/nwdistrictmedia/ph-outdoors/2017/08/beach-300x225.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-3828" class="wp-caption-text">Life on the Gulf Coast can be beautiful, but has its share of complications. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension</figcaption></figure>
Life on the coast has tremendous benefits; steady sea breezes, gorgeous beaches, plentiful fishing and paddling opportunities. Nevertheless, there are definite downsides to living along it, too. Besides storms like Hurricane Harvey making semi-regular appearances, our proximity to the water can make us more vulnerable to flooding and waterborne hazards ranging from bacteria to jellyfish. One year-round problem for those living directly on a shoreline is erosion. Causes for shoreline erosion are wide-ranging; heavy boat traffic, foot traffic, storms, lack of vegetation with anchoring roots, and sea level rise.
&nbsp;
Many homeowners experiencing loss of property due to erosion unwittingly contribute to it by installing seawalls. When incoming waves hit the hard surface of the wall, energy reflects back and moves down the coast. Often, an adjacent homeowner will experience increased erosion and bank scouring after a neighboring property installs a seawall. This will often lead that neighbor to install a seawall themselves, transferring the problem further.
<figure id="attachment_3831" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3831" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="http://extadmin.ifas.ufl.edu/nwdistrictmedia/ph-outdoors/2017/08/eroded-tree-2.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-3831 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="300" height="225" data-src="http://extadmin.ifas.ufl.edu/nwdistrictmedia/ph-outdoors/2017/08/eroded-tree-2-300x225.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-3831" class="wp-caption-text">Erosion can damage root systems of shoreline trees and grasses. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension</figcaption></figure>
Currently, south Louisiana is experiencing significant coastal erosion and wetlands losses. The problem is compounded by several factors, including canals dredged by oil companies, which damage and break up large patches of the marsh. Subsidence, in which the land is literally sinking under the sea, is happening due to a reduced load of sediment coming down the Mississippi River. Sea level rise has contributed to erosion, and most recently, an <a href="http://www.nola.com/environment/index.ssf/2017/08/wetland_plague_spurs_calls_for.html">invasive insect has caused large-scale death of over 100,000 acres of Roseau cane </a>(Phragmites australis). Add the residual impacts from the oil spill, and you can understand the complexity of the situation.
&nbsp;
Luckily, there are ways to address coastal erosion, on both the small and large scale. On Gulf and Atlantic beaches, numerous coastal communities have invested millions in beach renourishment, in which offshore sand is barged to the coast to lengthen and deepen beaches. This practice, while common, can be controversial because of the cost and risk of beaches washing out during storms and regular tides. However, as long as tourism is the #1 economic driver in the state, the return on investment seems to be worth it.
&nbsp;
On quieter waters like bays and bayous, living shorelines have &#8220;taken root&#8221; as a popular method of restoring property and stabilizing shorelines. This involves planting marsh grasses along a sandy shore, often with oyster or rock breakwaters placed waterward to slow down wave energy, and allow newly planted grasses to take root.
&nbsp;
Locally in Bayou Grande, a group of neighbors were experiencing shoreline erosion. Over a span of 50 years, the property owners used a patchwork of legally installed seawalls, bulkheads, rip rap piles, private boat ramps, piers, mooring poles and just about anything else one can imagine, to reduce the problem. Over time, the seawalls and bulkheads failed, lowering the property value of the very property they were meant to protect and increasing noticeable physical damage to the adjacent properties.&#8221;
 
<figure id="attachment_3832" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-3832" style="width: 300px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="http://extadmin.ifas.ufl.edu/nwdistrictmedia/ph-outdoors/2017/08/PGS-2013.jpg"><img decoding="async" loading="lazy" class="size-medium wp-image-3832 lazyload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" alt="" width="300" height="225" data-src="http://extadmin.ifas.ufl.edu/nwdistrictmedia/ph-outdoors/2017/08/PGS-2013-300x225.jpg"></a><figcaption id="caption-attachment-3832" class="wp-caption-text">Project Greenshores is a large-scale living shoreline project in Pensacola. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension</figcaption></figure>
In 2011, a group of neighboring property owners along the bayou decided to take action. After considering many repair options, the neighbors decided to pursue a living shoreline based on aesthetics, long-term viability, installation cost, maintenance cost, storm damage mitigation and feasibility of installation. By 2017, the living shoreline was constructed. Oyster shell piles were placed to slow down wave energy as it approached the transition zone from the long fetch across the bayou, while uplands damage was repaired and native marsh grasses and uplands plants were restored to slow down freshwater as it flowed towards the bayou. Sand is now accruing as opposed to eroding along the shoreline. Wading shorebirds are now a constant companion and live oysters are appearing along the entire 1,200-foot length. Additionally the living shoreline solution provided access to resources, volunteer help, and property owner sweat equity opportunities that otherwise would have been unavailable. An attribute that has surprisingly appeared &#8211; waterfront property owners are now able to keep their nicely manicured lawns down to within 30 feet of the water&#8217;s edge. At that point, the landscape immediately switches back to native marsh plants, which creates a quite robust and attractive intersection. (Text and information courtesy Charles Lurton).
&nbsp;
Successes like these all over the state have led the Florida Master Naturalist Program to offer a new special topics course on &#8220;Coastal Shoreline Restoration&#8221; which provides training in the restoration of living shorelines, oyster reefs, mangroves, and salt marsh, with focus on ecology, benefits, methods, and monitoring techniques. Keep an eye out for this course being offered near you. If you are curious about living shorelines and want to know more, reach out to the <a href="http://www.dep.state.fl.us/northwest/ecosys/section/restoration.htm">Florida Department of Environmental Protection Ecosystem Restoration section </a>for help and <a href="http://escambia.ifas.ufl.edu/permitting-living-shorelines/">read through this online document</a>.
&nbsp;
&nbsp;

Life on the Gulf Coast can be beautiful, but has its share of complications. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension
Life on the coast has tremendous benefits; steady sea breezes, gorgeous beaches, plentiful fishing and paddling opportunities. Nevertheless, there are definite downsides to living along it, too. Besides storms like Hurricane Harvey making semi-regular appearances, our proximity to the water can make us more vulnerable to flooding and waterborne hazards ranging from bacteria to jellyfish. One year-round problem for those living directly on a shoreline is erosion. Causes for shoreline erosion are wide-ranging; heavy boat traffic, foot traffic, storms, lack of vegetation with anchoring roots, and sea level rise.
 
Many homeowners experiencing loss of property due to erosion unwittingly contribute to it by installing seawalls. When incoming waves hit the hard surface of the wall, energy reflects back and moves down the coast. Often, an adjacent homeowner will experience increased erosion and bank scouring after a neighboring property installs a seawall. This will often lead that neighbor to install a seawall themselves, transferring the problem further.
Erosion can damage root systems of shoreline trees and grasses. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension
Currently, south Louisiana is experiencing significant coastal erosion and wetlands losses. The problem is compounded by several factors, including canals dredged by oil companies, which damage and break up large patches of the marsh. Subsidence, in which the land is literally sinking under the sea, is happening due to a reduced load of sediment coming down the Mississippi River. Sea level rise has contributed to erosion, and most recently, an invasive insect has caused large-scale death of over 100,000 acres of Roseau cane (Phragmites australis). Add the residual impacts from the oil spill, and you can understand the complexity of the situation.
 
Luckily, there are ways to address coastal erosion, on both the small and large scale. On Gulf and Atlantic beaches, numerous coastal communities have invested millions in beach renourishment, in which offshore sand is barged to the coast to lengthen and deepen beaches. This practice, while common, can be controversial because of the cost and risk of beaches washing out during storms and regular tides. However, as long as tourism is the #1 economic driver in the state, the return on investment seems to be worth it.
 
On quieter waters like bays and bayous, living shorelines have “taken root” as a popular method of restoring property and stabilizing shorelines. This involves planting marsh grasses along a sandy shore, often with oyster or rock breakwaters placed waterward to slow down wave energy, and allow newly planted grasses to take root.
 
Locally in Bayou Grande, a group of neighbors were experiencing shoreline erosion.  Over a span of 50 years, the property owners used a patchwork of legally installed seawalls, bulkheads, rip rap piles, private boat ramps, piers, mooring poles and just about anything else one can imagine, to reduce the problem. Over time, the seawalls and bulkheads failed, lowering the property value of the very property they were meant to protect and increasing noticeable physical damage to the adjacent properties.”
 
Project Greenshores is a large-scale living shoreline project in Pensacola. Photo credit: Carrie Stevenson, UF IFAS Extension
In 2011, a group of neighboring property owners along the bayou decided to take action. After considering many repair options, the neighbors decided to pursue a living shoreline based on aesthetics, long-term viability, installation cost, maintenance cost, storm damage mitigation and feasibility of installation. By 2017, the living shoreline was constructed.  Oyster shell piles were placed to slow down wave energy as it approached the transition zone from the long fetch across the bayou, while uplands damage was repaired and native marsh grasses and uplands plants were restored to slow down freshwater as it flowed towards the bayou.  Sand is now accruing as opposed to eroding along the shoreline.  Wading shorebirds are now a constant companion and live oysters are appearing along the entire 1,200-foot length.  Additionally the living shoreline solution provided access to resources, volunteer help, and property owner sweat equity opportunities that otherwise would have been unavailable.  An attribute that has surprisingly appeared – waterfront property owners are now able to keep their nicely manicured lawns down to within 30 feet of the water’s edge.  At that point, the landscape immediately switches back to native marsh plants, which creates a quite robust and attractive intersection. (Text and information courtesy Charles Lurton).
 
Successes like these all over the state have led the Florida Master Naturalist Program to offer a new special topics course on “Coastal Shoreline Restoration” which provides training in the restoration of living shorelines, oyster reefs, mangroves, and salt marsh, with focus on ecology, benefits, methods, and monitoring techniques.  Keep an eye out for this course being offered near you. If you are curious about living shorelines and want to know more, reach out to the Florida Department of Environmental Protection Ecosystem Restoration section for help and read through this  online document.

Life on the coast has tremendous benefits; steady sea breezes, gorgeous beaches, plentiful fishing and paddling opportunities. Nevertheless, there are definite downsides to living along it, too. Besides storms like Hurricane Harvey making semi-regular appearances, our proximity to the water can make us more vulnerable to flooding and waterborne hazards ranging from bacteria to jellyfish. […]

Coastal Erosion–a problem with new solutions

Ecosystems

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Process of reversing the degradation of ecosystems, such as landscapes, lakes and oceans to regain their ecological functionality; in other words, to improve the productivity and capacity of ecosystems to meet the needs of society.

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UF/IFAS Extension Initiative 3: Natural Resources and Environmental Quality

The complex of climatic, soil and biotic factors that act upon an organism or ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival. [<a href="https://lod.nal.usda.gov/nalt/26877">NALT</a>]

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All the parts of the Earth that are not human-made and which people use, like fish, trees, minerals, lakes, or rivers. [NALT]

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A Comparison of Planting Techniques for Submerged Aquatic Vegetation

Biodiversity as a Tool to Boost Seagrass Restoration Success

Ecosystem Services Valuation for Estuarine and Coastal Restoration in Florida

Measuring the Short-Term Economic Impacts of Ecological Restoration

Native Habitats for Monarch Butterflies in South Florida

Nesting Island Creation for Wading Birds

Oyster Habitat Restoration and Shoreline Protection

Pinus serotina Michx., Pond Pine

Pondweeds of Florida

The American Alligator: An Indicator Species for Everglades Restoration

The American Crocodile: An Indicator Species for Everglades Restoration

Use of Amphibians as Indicators of Ecosystem Restoration Success

Validation, Verification, and Calibration: Using Standardized Terminology When Describing Ecological Models

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Living Shoreline FAQs

Coastal Erosion–a problem with new solutions

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