FA-114/FA114: Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Acanthocephalans, Cestodes, Leeches, & Pentastomes

Introduction

This publication is one in a series of pictorial guides that is designed to assist in the identification of common freshwater fish parasites. The publications included in this series are:

Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Sessile Ciliates
Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Motile Ciliates
Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Dinoflagellates, Coccidia, Microsporidians, & Myxozoans
Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Monogeneans
Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Digenean Trematodes
Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Nematodes
Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Acanthocephalans, Cestodes, Leeches, & Pentastomes
Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Crustaceans

The information provided in this guide is not intended to be a complete, detailed description of each parasite or parasite group and its characteristics but rather is intended to assist in the visual identification of some of the most common species or groups of parasites seen in freshwater fish. For further information on each parasite, refer to publications in the "Recommended Reading" and "Reference" sections below.

Guide Information

Target Tissue: provides the location on/in the fish where the parasite is most commonly found.
Characteristic: provides a brief description about the appearance of the parasite.
Size: provides the size or size range of the parasite. (1 µm = 0.001 mm = 0.0001 cm) (µm = micron or micrometer; mm = millimeter; cm = centimeter)
Movement: provides the type of movement, if any, of the parasite.
Note: provides a brief comment of interest about the parasite.

Acanthocephalans, Cestodes, Leeches, & Pentastomes

Acanthocephalans ("Thorny-Headed Worms")

Target Tissues: Adults in gastrointestinal tract; larvae in mesentery, liver

Appearance: "Thorny head"; numerous chitinous hooks on proboscis

Size: Approx. 2–700 mm in length (average 10 mm in length)

Movement: Limited movement; can invert or extend proboscis

Note: Complex life cycle requires invertebrate host; proboscis imbeds into fish's intestine, which may cause severe damage to intestinal lining

Cestodes ("Tapeworms")

Target Tissues: Adults in gastrointestinal tract; larvae in any organ

Appearance: Larvae not segmented with scolex, usually encysted; adults segmented, flattened body with scolex (attachment organ);

Size: Adults approx. 3 mm up to 200 mm in length

Movement: Larvae may move within cyst; limited movement in adults

Note: Fish can be final host (with adult tapeworm) or intermediate host (with juvenile plerocercoid larvae)

Leeches

Target Tissues: Skin, gills, oral cavity

Appearance: Body segmented; anterior and posterior suckers

Size: Up to 5 cm in length; can be see with unaided eye

Movement: Free-moving; worm-like movement; fixed when feeding

Note: Parasitic on host's blood—can cause anemia and may act as disease vector because they suck body fluid; direct life cycle

Pentastomes

Target Tissues: Muscle, body cavity; internal organs

Appearance: Coiled, stout, segmented worms

Size: Approx. 3–10 mm in total length

Movement: Not free-moving; may see internal organs of parasite "pulse"

Note: Indirect life cycle which includes aquatic reptiles (turtles, snakes, alligators) as final host

Acknowledgements

The authors thank Lester Khoo for the photograph he contributed to this publication.

References

Hoffman, G. L. 1999. Parasites of North American Freshwater Fishes. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

Longshaw, M., and S. W. Feist. 2001. Parasitic Diseases. Pages 167–183 in W.H. Wildgoose, editor. BSAVA manual of ornamental fish, second edition. British Small Animal Veterinary Association, Gloucester, England.

Noga, E. J. 1996. Fish Disease: Diagnosis and Treatment. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Yearbook, Inc.

Stoskopf, M. K. 1993. Fish Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Company.

Woo, P. T. K., editor. 1995. Fish Diseases and Disorders, volume 1: protozoan and metazoan infections. CAB International, Wallingford, United Kingdom.

Common Freshwater Fish Parasites Pictorial Guide: Acanthocephalans, Cestodes, Leeches, & Pentastomes