Introduction

In Florida, the green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Hentz), is the spider most often received for identification by Division of Plant Industry entomologists. It is a conspicuous, large, bright green spider found on many kinds of shrub-like plants throughout the southern United States and is the largest North American lynx spider. Although it is common throughout Florida and aggressively attacks its insect prey, it very seldom bites humans. While its bite is of little concern to humans, the green lynx spider is of interest because of its potential use in agricultural pest management.

Judging from their local abundance, the lynx spiders are among the major predators of insects occurring in low shrubs and herbaceous vegetation. Few detailed observations have been made on the feeding habits of lynx spiders, but investigations by W.H. Whitcomb et al. (1963) disclosed that the lynx spiders are important predators of crop-damaging insects. Oxyopes salticus Hentz, another lynx spider and one of the most common spiders in Arkansas cotton fields, was reported by Whitcomb et al. (1963) as the chief predator of the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). Peucetia viridans is also an important predator of insect pests of cotton fields. In the field, green lynx spiders were observed feeding on many species of moths of the families Noctuidae, Geometridae, and Pyralidae, including some of the most important crop pests. Whitcomb et al. (1963) reported these spiders feeding on corn earworm moths, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie); cotton leafworm moths, Alabama agrillacea (Hübner); and cabbage looper moths, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner). They also capture larvae of these species.

However, their usefulness in the control of insect pests is counteracted by their willingness to prey upon beneficial insects. These spiders seize large numbers of honey bees, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, and sphecid and vespid wasps. Whitcomb et al. (1963) reported that members of the vespid genus Polistes, which are important predators on crop pests, are especially favored as prey by lynx spiders. Similarly, several species of Diptera, including syrphid flies (pollinators) and large tachinid flies (beneficial parasites), are seized. Thus the use of lynx spiders in the control of crop pests will depend in a large part on when, where, on what crops, and for the control of what pests they are to be used. Their use in Florida for the control of pests of soybeans and peanuts may be feasible.

Synonymy

Sphasus viridans Hentz (1832): 105. Syntypes from North Carolina and Alabama, lost.

Clastes abboti Walckenaer (1838): 579. Holotype from Georgia, Abbot Figure 401.

Clastes viridis Walckenaer (1841): 475. Holotype from Georgia, Abbot Figure 406.

Clastes roseus Walckenaer (1841): 476. Holotype from Georgia, Abbot Figure 411.

Oxyopes viridans: Hentz (1845): 195, pl. 17, Figure 2, female. 1875: 46, pl. 7, Figure 2, female.

Peucetia aurora McCook (1883): 277. 1890: 147, Figures 180–181. Female holotype from San Bernardino, California.

Peucetia viridans: Emerton (1902): 89, Figure 220, female.

Peucetia abboti: Chamberlin and Ivie (1944): 134.

This species was described under three names applied by Walckenaer (1838, 1841) to the Abbot drawings. The name Peucetia abboti was resurrected by Chamberlin and Ivie (1944), but Peucetia viridans (Hentz) has priority. Oxyopes fossanus Walckenaer, a still earlier name for P. viridans, was designed a nomen oblitum by Brady (1964).

Distribution

Two species of the genus Peucetia occur in North America. Peucetia viridans (Hentz) occurs throughout most of the southern United States from coast to coast, Mexico, Central America, and the West Indies. Peucetia longipalpis F.O. Pickard-Cambridge occurs in the southwestern United States, south to British Honduras.

Identification

The female P. viridans is a large spider, 12 to 22 mm in length, with an average length of 16 mm; the male is somewhat smaller and more slender, with an average length of 12 mm. The cephalothorax is highest in the eye region, where it is quite narrow, but broadens out considerably behind. The body is bright transparent green in life (the vivid green pigment washes out rapidly in alcohol), and usually with a red patch between the eyes and red spots on the body, which vary in number and size between individuals. The eye region is clothed with white appressed hairs. Legs are pale green to yellow, quite long and thin, with very long, black spines and numerous black spots, particularly noticeable on the femora. Gertsch (1949) reported distinctive color variations in P. viridans, and Brady (1964) gave means for distinguishing P. viridans from P. longipalpis, particularly the males which have distinctive genitalia.

The oxyopids or lynx spiders, in general, can be distinguished readily from other families of spiders by their peculiar hexagonal eye arrangements and the prominent spines on the legs. Randall (1978) used the femoral spination as a key to instar determination.

Life History, Habits, and Habitat

In North America, P. viridans has one generation a year under field conditions and apparently constructs one egg sac, typically in September and October. Two or more egg sacs may be constructed in the southern part of its range. After an egg sac is constructed, the female guards it continuously and vigorously. Usually, she hangs upside down from the sac and will rush at anything that threatens it. Each egg sac contains 25 to 600 bright orange eggs, with an average of 200 eggs. Eggs require 11 to 16 days to hatch, depending on air temperature. Each egg transforms to a postembryo (incorrectly called a deutovum in some of the literature). The postembryo of the green lynx, like that of other spiders, is without tarsal claws and mouth parts, and the eyes are functionless. No setae or hairs are present on the body.

The postembryo remains in the egg sac, where it molts after 10 to 16 days. The resulting first instar spiderling has functional eyes, a digestive tract, and spines, and is ready to leave the egg sac. Emergence from the egg sac occurs 10 to 13 days after the eggs have hatched. The female spider helps the young to emerge by tearing open the egg sac soon after the first postembryos have molted. Unlike the wolf spiders, green lynx spiderlings can make their own exit holes from the egg sac if necessary. Under field conditions, male and female spiderlings pass through eight instars before reaching sexual maturity, but fewer may be required under laboratory conditions. Brady (1964) recorded that, "under laboratory conditions the total time from egg sac emergence to maturity, in the case of reared males, averaged 288.6 days; in the case of reared females, 301 days." Males had six to seven instars; females had seven to eight instars.

Whitcomb et al. (1966) observed that the female constructs her egg sac 21 to 28 days after mating, which occurs in July and August. The egg sac is light green when first constructed but becomes straw colored with age. It is a rounded object 1.5 to 2.5 cm in diameter and flattened on one side; the thick outer coating has many small, pointed projections, with a maze of silken threads extending from the egg sac to nearby leaves and stems, surrounding the whole branch in a silken web where the young can remain until they are ready to fend for themselves. Most egg sacs are constructed in the upper branches of woody shrubs. Green lynx spiders overwinter as early instar spiderlings.

The green lynxes, like other Oxyopidae, are diurnal hunting spiders which run over low shrubs and herbs with great agility, leaping from place to place with a precision excelled only by the true jumping spiders. Their keen eyesight is comparable to that of the wolf and fishing spiders. However, they may pause and assume a characteristic prey-catching posture to await their victims. Although they trail a dragline even when jumping, they do not make use of webs to capture their prey. The North American oxyopids are recognized readily in the field by the presence of numerous, large, erect spines on the legs and by their quick darting movements and sudden leaps.

Selected References

Banks N. 1904. The Arachnida of Florida. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science Philadelphia 56: 120–147.

Brady AR. 1964. The lynx spiders of North America, north of Mexico (Araneae: Oxyopidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 131: 429–518.

Chamberlin RV, Ivie W. 1944. Spiders of the Georgia region of North America. Bulletin of the University of Utah, biological series 8: 1–267.

Comstock JH. 1940. The spider book. Revised edition (Gertsch WJ). New York, NY: Doubleday and Co.

Emerton JH. 1902. The Common Spiders of the United States. Boston, MA: Ginn and Co.

Exline H, Frizzell DL, Whitcomb WH. 1965. "Clarification of the mating procedure of Peucetia viridans (Araneida: Oxyopidae) by a microscopic examination of the epigynal plug." Florida Entomologist 48: 169–171.

Gertsch WJ. 1949. American Spiders. New York, NY: D. Van Nostrand Co.

Glick PA. 1939. "The distribution of insects, spiders, and mites in the air." U.S. Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin 673.

Hentz NM. 1832. "On North American spiders." American Journal of Science and Arts 21: 99–109.

Hentz NM. 1845. Descriptions and figures of the Araneides of the United States. Journal of the Boston Society of Natural History, Part III (1845) V: 189–202.

Hentz NM. 1875. The spiders of the United States. Boston, MA: Boston Society of Natural History.

Kaston BJ. 1948. Spiders of Connecticut. State Geol. Natural History Survey, Connecticut 70: 1–874.

Lowrie DC. 1963. "Effects of grazing and intensive collecting on a population of the green lynx spider." Ecology 44: 777–781.

McCook HC. 1883. "Note on two new Californian spiders and their nests." Proceedings of the National Academy of Science Philadelphia 35: 276–278.

McCook HC. 1890. American spiders and their spinningwork. Vol. 2. (Pub. by the author.) Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 479 pp.

Petrunkevitch A. 1911. A synonymic index-catalogue of spiders of North, Central and South America with all adjacent islands. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 29: 1-791.

Pickard-Cambridge FO. 1902. Biologia Centrali-Americana, Arachnida, Araneidea and Opilones. Vol. 2. Published for the editors by R.H. Porters. London. 610 pp.

Randall JB 1978. "The use of femoral spination as a key to instar determination in the green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Hentz)(Araneida:Oxyopidae)." Journal of Arachnology 6: 147–153.

Rea PM, Bragg LM. 1909. Local fauna. Spiders. Bulletin of the Charleston Museum 5: 65–66.

Walckenaer CA. 1838. Histoire naturelle des insectes Apteres. Paris 1: 1–682.

Walckenaer CA. 1841. Histoire naturelle des insectes Apteres. Paris 2: 1–549.

Whitcomb WH. 1962. "Egg sac construction and oviposition of the green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Oxyopidae)." Southwestern Naturalist 7: 198–201.

Whitcomb WH, Eason R. 1965. "The mating behavior of Peucetia viridans (Araneida: Oxyopidae)." Florida Entomologist 48: 163–167.

Whitcomb WH, Exline H, Hunter RC. 1963. "Spiders of the Arkansas cotton field." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 56: 653–660.

Whitcomb WH, Hite M, Eason R. 1966. "Life history of the green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Araneida: Oxyopidae)." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 39: 259–267.