4-H Afterschool Resource Guide: 4-H Youth Development Programming in Underrepresented Communities

Vanessa Starr Spero

Reaching Out to and Meeting the Needs of Diverse Audiences

In 2019, the National Association of 4-H Youth Development Professionals Afterschool Working Group began editing and revising this original educational material. Acknowledgment goes to the original Leadership Team, Reviewers, Writers, Editors, and Supporters of this curriculum, followed by the 2022 Editors.

LEADERSHIP TEAM

WRITER

Sharon K. Junge

University of California

REVIEWERS

Eddie Locklear

Director, 4-H Afterschool

Ronald C. Drum

Coordinator, 4-H Afterschool

Michael Carr

National 4-H Council

Laura Phillips Garner

National 4-H Council

Gae Broadwater

Kentucky State University

Macy Compton

Rutgers, The State University of

New Jersey

Janet Edwards

Washington State University

Janice Hayslett

Tennessee State University

Jill Martz

Montana State University

Sandra Mason

University of Maryland

Katherine L. Potthoff

University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Danielle D. Rudolph

University of Kentucky

Novella J. Ruffin

Virginia State University

Javiette Samuel

Tennessee State University

Kathleen E. Vos

University of Wisconsin

Kendra Wells

University of Maryland

Stephanie Wickham

Cornell University

EDITOR

Mary Kroll

Kroll Communications

LAYOUT

Tina M. Cardosi

TM Design, Inc.

PRINTING

Tom Sochocki

GraphTec Printing

2022 Editor Team

Lead: Vanessa Spero, University of Florida

Team in alphabetical order

Niki Crawson, University of Florida

JR Davis, West Virginia University

Tara Dorn, University of Florida

Beth Rasa Edwards, University of Missouri

Stacey Hall, University of Minnesota

Karen Henry, University of Florida

Heather Janney, University of Florida

Beth Kerr, University of Florida

Andrea Lazzari, University of Florida

Abby Morgan, Purdue University

Kristie Popa, University of Florida

Cindy Smalley, West Virginia University

Melinda Souers, University of Florida

Katie Stenroos, University of Wisconsin

Laura Valencia, University of Florida

Travis West, The Ohio State University

Tracy Winters, The Ohio State University

Mary-Louise Wood, University of Wyoming

4-H Afterschool is committed to a policy that all persons shall have equal access to its programs, facilities and employment without regard to race, color, sex, religion, religious creed, ancestry or national origin, age, veteran status, sexual orientation, marital status, disability, physical or mental disability. Mention or display of trademark, proprietary product or firm in text or figures does not constitute an endorsement by 4-H Afterschool and does not imply approval to the exclusion of suitable products or firms.

4-H Afterschool is a collaborative effort of the Cooperative Extension System — state land grant universities, state and county governments and the Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, United States Department of Agriculture — and National 4-H Council.

4-H Programs at a Glance | 4-H

4-H Afterschool | Youth.gov

INTRODUCTION

What is 4-H?

The Issue of After-School Care

Why should 4-H be involved in after-school programs?

What is 4-H Afterschool?

Key Elements of 4-H Afterschool

How to Use This Resource Guide

Other Materials in the 4-H Afterschool Series

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction to Youth Programming in Underrepresented Communities

Why this manual?

Who are the underrepresented?

Cultural Competence

What are the challenges?

Valuing Diversity

Understanding Terminology

Where do you start?

Planning Matrix

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER TWO

Key Elements to Programming in Ethnically Diverse Communities

Cultural Values

Insight not Stereotype

Cultural Norms

Making Connections across Cultures

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER THREE

Key Elements to Programming in Economically Diverse

(Low-Income) Communities

Understanding Poverty

Poverty Defined

Implications for Programming

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER FOUR

Key Elements to Programming in Geographically Diverse Communities

Issues Common to Isolated Communities

Implications for Programming in Isolated Communities

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER FIVE

Assessing Community Strengths and Resources

Potential Assets

Collecting Information

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER SIX

Essential Elements in Youth Development Programs

What does it mean?

Achieving Youth Outcomes—Why is it important?

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER SEVEN

Key Elements of Positive Youth and Adult Partnerships

and Youth Empowerment

Challenges to Bringing Underrepresented Youth to the Table

Conditions Needed to Promote Youth Empowerment

Tips for Working with Youth Leaders

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER EIGHT

Planning for Sustainability

Key Elements of Sustainability

Implications for Building Sustainable 4-H Programs

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER NINE

Marketing Your Program

The Ps of Marketing

Community Marketing

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

RESOURCES

APPENDIX—Planning Matrix

INTRODUCTION

What is 4-H?

4-H is the Cooperative Extension System’s dynamic, nonformal educational program for youth. It is known nationwide for engaging youth as leaders and giving them the power to take action. Through the Cooperative Extension System of land-grant universities, 4-H mobilizes trained, experienced, and competent educators in more than 3,000 counties, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, Micronesia, and the Northern Mariana Islands to support this community of young people who are learning leadership, citizenship, and life skills.

The 4-H mission is to help youth reach their full potential, working and learning in partnership with caring adults. The cooperation of nearly 6 million youth and 500,000 volunteer leaders, along with more than 3,500 professional staff, 112 state land-grant universities, state and local governments, private-sector partners, state and local 4-H foundations, National 4-H Council and National 4-H Headquarters at USDA make 4-H happen.

4-H stands for Head, Heart, Hands and Health.

The Issue of After-School Care

After-school care for school-age children is a concern for millions of American families, particularly those in which the single parent or both parents are employed. With nearly 41 million children between the ages of 5 and 14, the United States needs quality after-school programs. In 2020, over 20% of the nation’s elementary school children participated in an organized after-school program (Sparr et al., 2021).

Where young people spend their time, what they do, and with whom they do it are important to their overall development. In general, programs in the out-of-school hours give youth safe, supervised places to spend time, along with chances to learn new skills, develop interests and spend meaningful time with peers and adults (Gootman, 2000).

“Afterschool programs are a promising avenue for supporting social-emotional, behavioral, and physical health during middle childhood” (Sparr et al., 2021, p.28). Participation in high-quality after-school programs is linked with a lower incidence of problem behaviors, such as academic failure, substance use and delinquency. Furthermore, youth who attend these programs have demonstrated improved academic achievement (e.g., better school attendance and better grades) and improved social skills (e.g., positive relationships with adults, opportunities to make new friends and greater self-concept and self-esteem) (Gootman, 2000).

However, the challenges in running effective after-school programs are well documented. Among these challenges are program quality, staff training, staff turnover, consistent funding, partnerships, and reaching and meeting needs of underserved populations (Gootman, 2000).

This resource guide has been designed to help prepare Extension professionals and after-school program personnel to deliver 4-H Youth Development programming in underrepresented areas, especially with after-school audiences.

A broad range of activities and organizations are described as after-school programs; the term is used to refer to any youth program outside of school hours. The after-school landscape is populated by a myriad of program types, program locations and sponsoring organizations (Gootman, 2000). Examples include sports teams, STEM clubs, and performing arts, which can be offered at local community centers, parks, schools, etc. Depending on the location, these may be run by public organizations, such as county or city governments, or private organizations, including for-profit or nonprofit agencies.

Gootman, J. A. (Ed.). (2000). After-school programs to promote child and adolescent development: Summary of a workshop. National Academy Press. Retrieved August 11, 2022, from https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9944/chapter/1

Sparr, M., Morrison, C., Miller, K., Bartko, W. T., & Frazier, S. (2021). Afterschool programs to improve social-emotional, behavioral, and physical health in middle childhood: A targeted review of the literature. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation & Office on Women’s Health, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, US Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved August 15, 2022, from https://aspe.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/private/pdf/265236/4_MCASP_LiteratureReview.pdf

Why should 4-H be involved in after-school programs?

The current situation represents a tremendous opportunity to align existing youth development programs available through Extension with the need for after-school care. 4-H can help after-school programs address needs such as program quality and staff training to serve current youth and those of underserved populations.

A young person’s healthy development is Extension’s goal, and Extension has the resources to provide after-school opportunities. Extension helps youth develop into confident, capable citizens who contribute to their communities. It is unlikely that Extension’s Youth Development professionals alone could meet the great need for after-school programs in our communities. However, they can partner with existing programs that could benefit from the expertise and resources that 4-H offers.

Elementary and secondary school enrollment over the past ten years has risen 7% with predictions for that upward trend in enrollments to continue into the near future. The need for after-school programs will continue to increase. Although states such as California and North Carolina have a long history of Extension leadership in after-school programming, school-age care education was emphasized nationally when Extension programming expanded in 1991. Thirty school-age childcare sites were funded as part of the Youth-at-Risk Initiative, a federal budget initiative that supported efforts to help high-risk youth. Two additional national initiatives (Children, Youth and Families at Risk [CYFAR] and Extension Cares…for America’s Children and Youth) have been funded since then, devoting more Extension resources to after-school programs. Through its collaboration with Extension, more than 4,050 4-H clubs have been established by CYFAR staff and volunteers (Williams et al., 2018) to support the positive youth development of youth in at risk communities.

Williams, B., Vallejo, J., Toppin, L., & Johnson, B. (2018). 2017 CYFAR annual report. National Institute of Food and Agriculture. https://www.nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource/2017-CYFAR-Annual-Report.pdf

What is 4-H Afterschool?

4-H Afterschool is designed to combine the resources of Cooperative Extension with community-based organizations that provide after-school programs which address community needs. The 4-H Afterschool program helps increase the quality and availability of after-school programs by:

Improving the ability of after-school program staff and volunteers (youth and adults) to offer high-quality care, education, and developmental experiences for youth.
Increasing the use of 4-H curricula, which is peer reviewed and research-based, in after-school programs.
Organizing 4-H clubs, which provide positive youth development programs, in after-school programs.
Developing SPIN (special interest) clubs that focus on participants’ interests.

*SPIN clubs engage youth in approximately 6 educational meetings devoted to one topic. SPIN clubs can accommodate an after-school group that does not have the interest, time, or commitment to form a longer-term club, while still providing positive youth development experiences.

4-H Afterschool offers support and training materials, including this resource guide, to help leaders teach quality program activities. 4-H Afterschool trains staff and volunteers, develops quality programs and creates communities of young people across America who are learning leadership, citizenship, and life skills.

The 4-H club operates within the structure of the community-based organization that sponsors the after-school program. This 4-H Afterschool club approach works best when the goals of the two organizations are compatible and both have a shared sense of ownership. The implementation of the after-school program’s 4-H club component can take various forms.

For example, 4-H may be offered on a particular day of the week, or selected projects may be offered. After-school educators may designate a specific time for club meetings, where youth say the 4-H pledge, officers lead and members make choices about activities to pursue. The person responsible for the 4-H club may be staff paid by Extension, staff of the organization (e.g., Boys and Girls Club) running the program, or a volunteer (adult or youth).* While starting 4-H clubs is a familiar part of the 4-H professional’s job, establishing a 4-H club in the after-school program setting may present new challenges because the after-school landscape has many varied program providers.

Despite common elements, there is considerable variation among existing programs. Thus, the approach cannot be one size fits all. Extension staff must be creative, flexible, and above all, able to listen when sites express needs. Despite these challenges, it’s well worth the effort. County 4-H programs and after-school programs both benefit from working with new partners and new audiences. Of course, the ultimate beneficiaries are the children.

*While volunteers are typically defined as individuals donating their time, please refer to your respective state office for specific criteria to become a 4-H volunteer.

Key Elements of 4-H Afterschool

Certain key elements are needed to ensure consistency in practices within 4-H after-school programs to provide programs based on positive youth development. These include:

Open and responsive communication between the local Extension office and the local 4-H club leadership.
Diversity in 4-H club membership and leadership.
Shared leadership responsibilities among adults, youth and children.
Youth and adult partnerships that recognize individual interests, abilities and assets, along with a balance of strengths and weaknesses among and between members and leaders.
Flexible and adaptable 4-H club leadership that considers individual situations.
Rules that contribute to positive youth development and focus on such fundamental issues as safety and mutual respect.
A healthy balance between cooperation and competition among the 4-H club’s members.
An atmosphere that encourages active participation of 4-H club members within and outside club boundaries.
Clear understanding of the 4-H club’s purposes, goals and expectations by members, parents, and volunteers.
Educational programs that use an experiential learning model.
A system that recognizes volunteer and member accomplishments and contributions.

How to Use This Resource Guide

This resource guide is designed to be used by Extension professionals and after-school providers to deliver positive youth development programs in underrepresented areas or with underrepresented populations. It includes information on identifying underserved or underrepresented audiences and potential challenges to their participation in 4-H programming.

Chapter 1 provides an overview of the guide and an introduction to terminology.
Chapters 2 through 4 provide detailed information on understanding ethnic, economic, and geographic diversity.
Chapter 5 highlights the key elements of assessing community assets.
Chapters 6 and 7 cover the essential elements of positive youth development programming and developing effective youth and adult partnerships.
Chapter 8 covers planning for sustainability.
Chapter 9 covers specific marketing strategies for targeting underrepresented audiences.

Other Materials in the 4-H Afterschool Series

4-H Afterschool offers several other resource guides (some of which will be updated and republished through the NAE4-HYDP Afterschool Working Group):

Starting 4-H Clubs in After-School Programs, which helps after-school sites start 4-H clubs.
Guiding Growth: Training Staff for Working with Youth in After-School Programs to train after-school program staff, helping them increase their capacities to provide quality care for children.
Increasing the Quantity of After-School Programs: A Guide for Extension Professionals to Establish Community-Based After-School Programs provides helpful hints and suggestions for analyzing the need for more after-school programs and the process for establishing new community-based after-school programs.
A 4-H Afterschool Resource Guide: Civic Engagement is a guide for after-school activities that foster citizenship, leadership and service.
4-H Afterschool Resource Guide: Teens as Leaders offers strategies on recruiting and training teens to work with younger youth in after-school programs.

Each of these guides is designed to be used independently. Nevertheless, the guides also work well together during orientation and training of after-school staff and volunteers.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO YOUTH PROGRAMMING

Why This Manual?

The trends are clear. America is increasingly diverse in terms of culture, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and even language. This provides many opportunities for 4-H to expand its programming to new and/or underrepresented audiences. Extension has a rich history of, and strong commitment to, reaching diverse and broad cross-sections of American youth with high-quality programming. Given the rapidly changing demographics, it’s widely recognized that new programming strategies, approaches and training will be needed to reach more underrepresented audiences.

This manual is specifically written to assist in establishing 4-H clubs in underrepresented areas with diverse audiences, especially in the after-school arena. Useful information on establishing and managing 4-H clubs with mainstream audiences is readily available in each state. However, experience shows that these materials may need modifications to make them more consumer-driven for underrepresented audiences. Just as each one of us is a unique individual, so are our communities. This guide provides tips on how to engage audiences, build capacities, and adapt materials and strategies to successfully establish 4-H clubs with underrepresented audiences.

Recognizing that in the space of this guide, all underrepresented audiences cannot be addressed, the focus is on diverse segments of the youth population. These include youth from geographically isolated areas, low-income communities, and cultural and ethnic groups.

Cultural competence is an important skill for anyone working in diverse communities and is a constant theme in this guide. Culture and diversity can be challenging and emotionally charged topics because individuals may lack understanding, knowledge, and sensitivity about differences in cultures and values. Misunderstandings and conflict can arise because of differences in values, norms, or meanings. Another source of misunderstanding and conflict can be our own prior experiences and education.

Often it is easier to accept commonalities among diverse groups of people. It is much harder to appreciate the differences. In working with underrepresented communities, many commonalities will be encountered. In addition, unique features will be encountered, which should be incorporated into the design and implementation of the programming. It is unrealistic to expect this guide to provide all the in-depth information needed to establish 4-H clubs in underrepresented communities or with underrepresented populations. However, this guide can offer an important overview of the issues and help direct Extension professionals to other valuable resources.

Who are the underrepresented in 4-H programming?

An underrepresented community is considered one that is not currently served by 4-H and has an underrepresented audience in areas such as race, ethnicity or geography; or one that is affected by limited resources such as income, transportation, employment, or educational service. Within communities, cities, counties, or states, there may be identifiable segments of parents and youth who do not have the knowledge or understanding needed to locate and access 4-H programs. In many areas there are segments that are underrepresented. Each local program should determine who specifically are underrepresented in their communities with 4-H programming.

In order to identify these communities, resources such as the American Community Survey from the US Census Bureau (https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/acs) can be referenced, as well as input from your local stakeholders or advisory committee. Meeting with community members and performing a needs assessment can also determine what areas are not being serviced by your 4-H program.

Cultural Competence

Understanding the personal and social characteristics of ourselves and other groups of people helps Extension professionals to better relate to and work with other individuals. Being culturally competent requires a commitment to continuously expand our knowledge, understanding and respect for differences in culture, race, language, and ethnicity. Many resources and training opportunities exist to help youth development personnel develop and expand their cultural competence. For example, The Intercultural Development Inventory offers seminars, assessments, and more; additionally, Washington State University has information, posters, and trainings.

The roadmap to intercultural competence using the IDI. (n.d.). Intercultural Development Inventory | IDI, LLC. Retrieved August 2, 2022, from https://idiinventory.com/

Washington State University. (n.d.). Navigating difference training for outreach professionals. https://diversity.wsu.edu/navigating-difference-training/

What are the challenges?

Identifying who is underrepresented in a community or programming unit is just the first step. Knowing that potential challenges may exist which have kept underrepresented youth from participating is also important. Start by identifying what these challenges might be. Recognize that often there are multiple challenges or reasons for nonparticipation.

Consider these potential challenges:

Lack of awareness of Extension/4-H programs
Unconnected community; few existing community relationships
Lack of transportation
Costs associated with participation
Hours of programming that conflict with other activities
Cultural understanding and practices
Language
Limited community resources
Skepticism by parents and others about the program being offered
Personal stereotyping and discrimination
Staff limitations in terms of skills and understanding of diverse audiences
Others (specific to local communities)

Here are a few segments to consider:

Ethnic groups
Low-income youth and families
Families that are geographically isolated (e.g., rural, inner-city)
Others (specific to local communities)

The following chapters will provide greater discussion of underrepresented audiences.

Valuing Diversity

Reaching out to underrepresented populations requires an understanding and appreciation of the diversity of ethnic and cultural backgrounds, styles, perspectives, values, and beliefs. Valuing diversity means recognizing that there are differences among people and cultures and acknowledging that these differences are valued assets.

Understanding Terminology

Following are brief definitions of terms that are used in this document.

Cultural Competence—“Being aware of your own cultural beliefs and values and how these may be different from other cultures—including being able to learn about and honor the different cultures of those you work with."*

Culture—The shared experiences of people, including their languages, values, customs and worldviews.**

Diversity—Our different identities, such as age, race, ethnicity, socio-economic status, physical and mental ability, gender, sexual orientation, spiritual practices, employment status, geographic location and other characteristics.**

Equity—When a person or group receives the unique resources and opportunities needed to reduce or eliminate the barriers to participation.**

Ethnicity—The fact or state of belonging to a social group that has a common national or cultural tradition. Hispanic/Latino is considered an ethnicity.

Inclusion—Moves beyond simply having diversity within a space and toward creating an equitable environment where the richness of ideas, backgrounds, and perspectives are harnessed. Inclusion is the act of creating a space where each person is authentically valued, respected and supported.**

Poverty—The extent to which an individual is without resources. Money, however, isn’t the only resource needed to move out of poverty.***

Race—Any one of the groups that humans are often divided into based on physical traits regarded as common among people of shared ancestry. Ethnicity (see definition above) is being used as a term to replace race as a category for classifying individuals.****

Stereotype—Generalized beliefs and expectations about members of certain groups that often lead to judgment without cause.**

Sustainability—A process that aims to assure that efforts, results, and impacts are maintained over time. It includes elements of program competence, capacity, continuity, and impact.

Underrepresented—Any identified group or category of youth who are not represented within Extension programming in the same proportion that they are in found in the population of a community.

Youth in Governance—Youth in governance is the authentic, meaningful engagement of youth within programs, organizations, and communities where they share a voice, provide influence and possess decision-making authority.

*National Technical Assistance and Evaluation Center for Systems of Care. (2009). Cultural competency. US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubs/acloserlook/culturalcompetency/culturalcompetency2/

**Extension Foundation, Cooperative Extension, and USDA. (2022). Access, Equity and Belonging Committee. Retrieved August 29, 2022, from https://access-equity-belonging.extension.org/

***Payne, R. (1998). A framework for understanding poverty. Highlands, TX: RFT Publishing Company.

****Merriam-Webster. (n.d.) Race. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/race

Where should you start?

A planning matrix is provided in the Appendix on page XX. The planning matrix provides an overview for guiding conversations and discussions in planning work with underrepresented audiences. Remember, planning should not be done in isolation. Interacting with community members and discussing the specifics of the community are essential to creating successful programs. At the end of each chapter, the Reflective Thinking prompts are to initiate inquiry and conversation necessary for completing the Planning Matrix sections as a team.

For More Information

Association of Public & Land-Grant Universities (APLU). (n.d.). Access & diversity. https://www.aplu.org/our-work/5-archived-projects/access-and-diversity/

Children, Youth and Families at Risk (CYFAR) Professional Development and Technical Assistance Center. (n.d.). https://cyfar.org/

eXtension Foundation Impact Collaborative. (n.d.). Diversity, equity, and inclusion. https://dei.extension.org/

Guion, L., Chattaraj, S., & Lytle, S. S. (2004). Strengthening programs to reach diverse audiences: A curriculum to planning and implementing extension programs for ethnically diverse audiences. Journal of Extension, 42(1). https://archives.joe.org/joe/2004february/tt7.php

National Association for Multicultural Education (NAME). (n.d.). https://www.nameorg.org/

Payne, R. (1998). A framework for understanding poverty. Highlands, TX: RFT Publishing Company.

Program Leaders Working Group (PLWG) Access, Equity and Belonging Committee. (n.d.). https://access-equity-belonging.extension.org

The roadmap to intercultural competence using the IDI. (n.d.). Intercultural Development Inventory | IDI, LLC. Retrieved August 2, 2022, from https://idiinventory.com/

United States Census Bureau. (2022, March 1). About the topic of race. Census.gov. Retrieved November 14, 2022, from https://www.census.gov/topics/population/race/about.html

Washington State University. (n.d.). Navigating difference training for outreach professionals. https://diversity.wsu.edu/navigating-difference-training/

Reflective Thinking

Individually and as a team, use these prompts to guide planning and implementation efforts. It will be necessary that all team members participate in completing the corresponding section for this chapter in the Planning Matrix on page XX.

Identify Your Target Audience

Chapter 1

Who are the underrepresented in your community?

(e.g., ethnic groups, low-income groups, geographically isolated groups, others)

What are their participation challenges?

How will you address these challenges?

What other information or resources are needed?

CHAPTER 2—KEY ELEMENTS TO PROGRAMMING IN ETHNICALLY DIVERSE COMMUNITIES

The United States is more ethnically, culturally, and linguistically diverse than ever (Fix et al., 2001). These dramatic demographic changes in our country’s ethnic diversity can greatly influence the number of underrepresented youths in local communities. For positive youth development, it’s important to recognize these changes and embrace the diversity of cultural traditions, norms, values, languages, and practices. Understanding and communicating with diverse audiences is a learned skill (or habit) that takes study and commitment.

Understanding Your Own Views and Biases

Individually, and as a group, it is important for Extension and after-school professionals to explore their own beliefs, feelings, and views of diversity. This is a first step to enhancing intercultural competence and the ability to effectively deliver culturally relevant youth programming in diverse communities. It is important to be aware of what lens an individual is using when interacting with diverse groups. Two concepts to be aware of are ethnocentrism and implicit bias.

Ethnocentrism is the tendency to apply one’s cultural values to a different culture. It may also be defined as viewing one's own culture as superior to another (Bizumic et al., 2012).

Implicit bias occurs when one unintentionally, or unconsciously, holds attitudes or prejudices against other groups of people (Project Implicit).

Learning more about the values and needs of the diverse audience by forging personal relationships will allow for impactful, respectful programming (Valencia et al., 2019).

Bizumic, B., and Duckitt, J. (2012). What is and what is not ethnocentrism? A conceptual analysis and political implications. Political Psychology, 33(6), 887–909. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23324197

Fix, M., Zimmerman, W.,& Passel, J. (2001). The integration of immigrant families in the United States. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/61601/410227-The-Integration-of-Immigrant-Families-in-the-United-States.PDF

Project Implicit. (n.d.). https://www.projectimplicit.net/

Valencia, L. E., Suarez, C. E., & Diaz, J. M. (2019). Culturally responsive teaching: A framework for educating diverse audiences. EDIS, 2019(5), 5. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-wc341-2019

Cultural Values

Most cultures have shared cultural values. Those who differ from the dominant culture are seen as diverse with distinct cultural characteristics, values, and norms (Guion et al., 2003).

Recognizing and examining your own cultural values and exploring the diversity of cultural values of the community can enhance your cultural competence for more effective programming.

Below is a summary of some mainstream and diverse American values (Guion et al., 2003). It’s important to recognize that these differences exist to appreciate the richness of the entire American culture.

View

Guion, L. A., Broadwater, G., Caldwell, C., Chattaraj, S. C., Goddard, H. W., & Lytle, S. S. (2003). Strengthening programs to reach diverse audiences. University of Florida, IFAS Extension. Staff Development Tool.

Insight not Stereotype

All individuals are unique. Just as children from a family can possess many similar and dissimilar traits, so can members of an ethnic or cultural group. People are influenced by their ethnic and cultural backgrounds; however, they are not defined by them.

Stereotypes and generalizations can be major challenges to working with diverse groups of people. Stereotyping and generalizing create negative filters for viewing others that are different than us. Making statements or forming ideas on groups of people based on negative observations is stereotyping or generalizing.

General ethnic and cultural descriptions will not apply to every individual or situation but can give insight. There is currently a large body of knowledge that documents similar cultural and ethnic attributes that can be useful in informing those interested in engaging these groups in 4-H programming.

Still, individuals within an ethnic group will differ considerably. They may have different educational levels, socioeconomic backgrounds, or religions. Also, an individual’s identity within an ethnic group can vary greatly. Keep in mind the goal for learning about diverse audiences should be insight, not stereotype.

Cultural Norms

As previously noted, ethnic and cultural groups may have values that differ from what researchers define as mainstream values.

Recognize that within specific ethnic groups there are commonalities that describe the group’s cultural norms. These can be useful in creating an understanding and appreciation for differences among cultures. Knowing what is valued in a community helps programs be more customer-driven, instead of one size fits all.

Making Connections across Cultures

To build connections across cultures, understand the cultural values and norms for yourself, as well as for all the ethnic groups with which you work. Often, one does not recognize his or her own cultural values. Being aware of your own cultural perspective can help you be more sensitive to others. The following are key steps to consider in making connections across cultures.

Ten Essential Strategies for Making Connections across Cultures (Pearson, 1995)

Address real-life needs of the community. Talk to members of the community, including individuals, families, teachers, clergy, leaders, coaches, childcare services, community-based care agencies, volunteers, and others.
Offer programs in familiar surroundings, such as neighborhood churches, schools, community centers, etc.
Meet in a location serviced by public transportation.
Consider childcare needs. Provide childcare or activities for young children.
Offer culturally appropriate door prizes or refreshments.
Consider cultural holidays and celebrations when scheduling activities.
Dress appropriately, in a manner that represents professionalism according to the given activity and is respectful for the cultural group.
Select visuals that reflect the culture and ethnic identity.
When possible, speak the language of the audience or use an interpreter. Use materials written at the appropriate level and in the appropriate language.
Identify commonalities and build on them. Be sensitive and informed about cultural norms and values.

Adapted from Pearson, M. (1995). Programming for limited resource families. Manhattan, KS: Cooperative Extension Kansas State University.

For More Information

Ahearn, A., Childs-Bowen, D., Coady, M., Dickson, K., Heintz, C., Hughes, K., Rivas, M., Rodrigues, B., Trumbull, E., Uddin-Leimer, K., Van Broekhuzen, L. D., Wilson-Portuondo, M., & Williams, B. (2002). The diversity kit: An introductory resource for social change in education. Providence, RI: Brown University. https://repository.library.brown.edu/studio/item/bdr:q3cdkvnz/PDF/?embed=true

Bonham, V. L., Warshauer-Baker, E., & Collins, F. S. (2005). Race and ethnicity in the genome era: The complexity of the constructs. American Psychologist, 60(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.60.1.9

Fix, M., Zimmerman, W., & Passel, J. (2001). The integration of immigrant families in the United States. Washington, D.C.: The Urban Institute. https://www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/61601/410227-The-Integration-of-Immigrant-Families-in-the-United-States.PDF

Graves, J. L., Jr. (2002). The biological case against race. American Outlook, Spring, 30–34. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234775682_The_Biological_Case_Against_Race

Lynch, E. W., and Hanson, M. J. (2011). Developing cross-cultural competence: A guide for working with children and their families. (4^th ed.) Baltimore: Brookes Publishing Company.

Pearson, M. (1995). Programming for limited resource families. Manhattan, KS: Cooperative Extension Kansas State University.

Project Implicit. (n.d.). https://www.projectimplicit.net/

Riche, M. F. (2000). American's diversity and growth: Signposts for the 21st century. Population Bulletin, 55(2). https://www.prb.org/wp-content/uploads/2000/06/Population-Bulletin-2000-55-2-US-diversity.pdf

Reflective Thinking

Individually and as a team, use these prompts to guide your planning and implementation efforts. It will be necessary that all members of your team participate when you complete the corresponding section for this chapter in the Planning Matrix on page XX.

Identify Your Target Audience

Chapter 2

What do you know about the cultural values and norms of the underrepresented audiences with which you will be working? How can you learn more about the audience?

How might these affect programming?

What strategies in programming might you use to make connections across cultures?

CHAPTER 3—KEY ELEMENTS TO PROGRAMMING IN ECONOMICALLY DIVERSE (LOW-INCOME) COMMUNITIES

Just as the ethnic diversity of the United States is increasing, so too is its economic diversity. Nearly one in five American youth live in poverty (Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2022). Living in poverty, or near poverty, can isolate young people from youth programs and other community resources.

Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2022). 2022 Kids Count Data Book. https://www.aecf.org/resources/2022-kids-count-data-book

Poverty Defined (Payne, 1998)

Poverty is more than just an economic condition. It often means that the individual may be lacking other nonfinancial resources that can prevent him or her from escaping poverty. For people to live enriched and productive lives, they need a variety of essential resources.

Financial Resources. Having enough money to purchase goods and services, save for emergencies and invest. Tangible resources are needed, such as a car or transportation, a safe home or living arrangement, and items such as clothes and personal belongings.
Emotional and Support Resources. Being able to choose and control emotional responses, particularly in negative situations, without engaging in self-destructive behavior. Having friends, family, and backup resources available in times of need to help with emotional, financial, academic, or informational support.
Mental and Physical Health Resources. Having the mental abilities and acquired skills (reading, writing, computing) to deal with daily life, along with education and training to compete in the workplace. Being physically healthy and having enough mobility to maintain self-sufficiency.
Inner Strength and Spiritual Resources. Having energy and drive to prepare, plan and complete projects and jobs to achieve personal goals. Possessing guidance or belief in a divine being that gives purpose to living. Seeing oneself as capable and having worth and value.
Role Model Resources. For children especially, having frequent access to caring adults who are attuned to their needs and model appropriate behaviors.

Something to keep in mind is that all individuals are unique. Although they are influenced by their economic situations, they are not fully defined by them.

Understanding Poverty

To be more sensitive to needs and to better understand individual actions, motivations, and decision making, it helps to understand the issues associated with poverty. Greater understanding can lead to more effective programming.

Facts about Poverty (Payne, 1998)

Poverty is relative. Although governments have measures for public assistance programs, poverty is relative but generally has a component of being unable to meet basic needs. Poverty is identified by comparison. Person A may feel poor in comparison to Person B, yet may feel rich in comparison to Person C.
Poverty occurs in all ethnic groups. Because poverty is relative, it can occur anywhere and to anyone.

There are two kinds of poverty (Payne, 1998)

Situational poverty. Changing circumstances, such as the loss of a job, experiencing a natural disaster, divorce or death of a spouse can cause poverty. Situational poverty is most often temporary.
Generational poverty. It is more pervasive than situational poverty because the effects of poverty have been experienced over long periods of time and have become ingrained in behavior.

Poverty influences styles of communication and learning

Oral Culture—One style of learning and communicating through spoken communication. Typically, those living in poverty prefer oral methods of communication as a source of getting information.
Print Culture—Style of learning where people read for their primary mode of gaining information. Print culture is often linked to those living as middle class.

When planning to develop promotional/marketing pieces and content for the program, keep in mind the styles of communication and learning amongst the target audience. This will increase success in working with children and adults that are living in poverty.

Implications for Programming

The following are a few pointers for applying this information to youth programming:

Study and create an understanding of poverty and its impact on communities and individuals.
Recognize the social norms associated with poverty.
Identify the resources of target audiences and build upon them.
Approach youth and families as problem solvers, not victims.
Emphasize and utilize the talents, skills, and knowledge of all participants.
Build relationships of mutual respect.
Consider situations based on timing and transportation and plan accordingly (e.g., Are youth hungry after school and need a snack? Will older youth bring younger siblings, creating larger groups with wider age ranges?)
Create programs that emphasize relationships.
As a group, agree on participation expectations.
Anchor programming in the familiarity of the group’s environment.
Involve youth in setting the content of the programs.
Emphasize skill building in the activities.
Include conflict-resolution activities that build communication skills.
Involve youth in future-oriented planning activities that include choice making.
Recognize youth for their efforts.

For More Information

Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2022). 2022 Kids Count Data Book. https://www.aecf.org/resources/2022-kids-count-data-book

Beegle, D. M. (2006). See poverty... be the difference! Discover the missing pieces for helping people move out of poverty. Communication Across Barriers, Incorporated.

Payne, R. (1998). A framework for understanding poverty. Highlands, TX: RFT Publishing Company.

Payne, R. (1999). Bridges out of poverty: Strategies for professionals and communities. Highlands, TX: RFT Publishing Company.

Reflective Thinking

Identify Your Target Audience

Chapter 3

What is the impact of poverty on your community and its residents?

How will these impacts affect your programming?

Which of these types of resources does your audience have?

Financial
Emotional and support
Mental and physical health
Inner strength and spirituality
Role models
Talents and skills

How can you capitalize on these resources to make change happen within the community?

CHAPTER 4—KEY ELEMENTS TO PROGRAMING IN GEOGRAPHICALLY DIVERSE COMMUNITIES

Modern society is considerably more mobile than were earlier generations. Much of this movement has been wrought by an economic shift from industrial to service jobs, increased globalization, and increased technology.

These changes alter the context of communities in which youth reside. This in turn affects the connectedness of communities, often causing greater isolation for youth. This is especially true in rural and inner-city areas. Youth in these communities are increasingly underserved by youth organizations (Perkins, 2002).

The lack of connectedness and isolation has physical roots (e.g., isolated rural areas) but also technological and financial ones. For instance, increased reliance on the internet can increase isolation and a lack of connectedness for youth without the means (or infrastructure) to connect to the internet or acquire a smart device. Similarly, urban and rural areas may differ in challenges posed by transportation. Public transportation may not be available in rural areas, hindering access for youth to partake in programs. Conversely, traffic congestion may make program attendance a challenge in urban areas.

Issues Common to Isolated Communities

Less access to community resources
Fewer community gathering places
Limited opportunities for interaction with people
Transportation challenges—greater travel distances and/or limited access to transportation
Fewer educational opportunities
Limited access to internet service

Implications for Programming in Isolated Communities

Create more opportunities for connecting the community.
Consider developing intergenerational programming opportunities.
Create projects that build on community resources.
Invite speakers and involve other community members in meetings.
Hold meetings in easily accessible locations.
Consider transportation challenges when planning projects.
Provide virtual program accessibility where internet is available.
Focus on skill-building projects.
Focus on the essential elements (see Chapter 6) when designing programs.

For More Information

Perkins, D. (2002). Key issues facing rural youth. Rural-Urban Connections, 228, 2–15. http://srdc.msstate.edu/publications/archive/228.pdf

Valentine, N., Kahler, J., and Cippoletti, S. (2003). Issues facing rural youth: A compendium of research, reports, and public opinion polls.

Reflective Thinking

Identify Your Target Audience

Chapter 4

Who are the geographically isolated in your community? This may include people that have:

Less access to community resources
Fewer community gathering places
Limited opportunities for interaction with people
Limited access to transportation
Fewer educational opportunities
Limited access to internet service

How will you find out more about these populations?

How can you create opportunities to connect to the community?

CHAPTER 5—ASSESSING COMMUNITY STRENGTHS AND RESOURCES

Assessing Community Strengths and Resources

When starting 4-H programs in underrepresented areas, it’s important to first identify the strengths and assets of the community and its citizens. An asset-based approach works best. Such a strategy starts by identifying the community’s economic, social, and physical resources along with the talents, skills, and gifts of its individual members.

Asset-based assessments focus on strengths and effectiveness. They build community interdependence and empower people. They build sustainability by encouraging people to invest in their community through use of their talents, skills, and gifts.

Potential Assets

Consider all of the following as potential assets of your target community.

Local Citizens (youth and adults)

Skills

Talents
Knowledge
Experience
Education
Capacities
Other

Community Associations

Youth organizations
Parent groups
Family support groups
Political organizations
Cultural organizations
Senior organizations
Athletic groups
Service clubs
Social groups
Neighborhood organizations
Other

Community Institutions

Schools
Colleges and universities
Religious and faith-based groups
Police departments
Fire departments
Hospitals
Libraries
Museums
Social service agencies
Governmental agencies
Other

Physical Assets

Community centers
Youth centers
Schools
After-school programs
Childcare centers
Parks and recreation centers
Playgrounds
Transportation facilities
Public facilities
Private facilities
Other

Economic Assets

Businesses and merchants
Corporations
Factories
Distributors
Banks
Business associations
Chamber of Commerce
Other

Collecting Information

There are many ways to collect information on communities. Here are a few tips for gathering what you need to know for establishing new 4-H Youth Development programs.

Utilize key informants who are knowledgeable individuals in the community who can give insight into community strengths, assets and needs. Such individuals may be teachers, school principals, youth workers, agency personnel, businesspeople, community leaders and other stakeholders.
Target youth and their families. Use written, verbal, and observational methods.
Consult written materials. Look for census data (e.g., American Communities Survey), school data, and participation levels in government or agency-sponsored programs, reports, etc.
Become familiar with environmental sources, including natural features (such as rivers, hills, green spaces), air and water quality, and infrastructure (roads, bridges).
Newspapers, radio, television, billboards, posters, flyers, community events, etc. are sources of information.

Survey Tools and Methods

To gain further information from the community, more direct methods such as surveys and interviews may be used. Based on the information obtained in the initial community assessment, specific individuals or groups can be selected as target audiences.

Consider factors such as cost, time, and audience when choosing a survey method. Regardless of which method is used, information should be given and collected in the language of the target audience, with attention given to appropriate reading levels and cultural formalities. Also ensure methods that allow anonymity of respondents whenever possible.

Mail surveys. These are relatively low cost, but they do not yield high levels of participation (especially when the audience doesn’t know the researcher). Mailing addresses of respondents must be acquired initially. Provide self-addressed stamped return envelopes.
Telephone interviews. These work best if preceded by an introduction from someone in the community, so that the call is expected. Telephone numbers of respondents must be acquired initially. Keep the number of questions short.
Face-to-face interviews. These work best if they are conducted in a familiar environment for the participant and if someone from the community has introduced the researcher and explained the purpose of the survey.
Focus group interviews. These can be efficient and comfortable for collecting information. Look for existing agencies and groups to cosponsor the interview.
Drop-off and pick-up surveys. These are convenient but may not yield high participation. Surveys can be distributed through schools, faith-based groups, after-school programs, or other places where youth congregate.
Community forums. Community forums bring together a broad cross-section of community members, especially ones who would be potential participants in programs. The process requires considerable time and planning.
Electronic surveying/polling. Electronic forms of polling and surveying participants are convenient and common. These allow for instantaneous or postsurvey collection. Consider formats that are user-friendly on varied electronic devices.

For More Information

4-H Afterschool Leadership Team. (2003). Starting 4-H clubs in after-school programs. https://nc4h.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Clubs-in-AS.pdf?fwd=no

Afterschool Alliance. (n.d.). http://afterschoolalliance.org/

Asset-Based Community Development Institute. (n.d.). Depaul University. https://resources.depaul.edu/abcd-institute/Pages/default.aspx

Hampton, C., & Heaven, C. (n.d.) Understanding and describing the community. Community Tool Box. University of Kansas. https://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/assessment/assessing-community-needs-and-resources/describe-the-community/main

Junge, S. (2005). Teens as volunteer leaders: Recruiting teens to work with younger youth in after-school programs. https://cottonwood.k-state.edu/ellis-county4h/club-and-project-leader-resources/TeensasVolunteerLeaders.pdf

National 4-H Council. (n.d.). https://4-h.org/

National Afterschool Association. (n.d.). https://naaweb.org/

UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. (n.d.). Asset mapping. http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/programs/health-data/trainings/documents/tw_cba20.pdf

USDA. (n.d.). Children, Youth and Families at Risk (CYFAR). https://nifa.usda.gov/program/children-youth-and-families-risk-cyfar

Reflective Thinking

Identify the Community’s Assets

Chapter 5

Which types of assets does your community have? (e.g., local citizens, community associations, community institutions, physical assets, economic assets)

Describe these assets. (Asset mapping is one way to present this information visually.)

How will you find more information? (e.g., focus groups, community forums, key informants, written materials, surveys, telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews)

CHAPTER 6—ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN YOUTH DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

Positive youth development builds on the assets and strengths of young people. It is a process that promotes positive outcomes by providing opportunities, choices, relationships, and support for youth.

The National 4-H program has adopted a list of eight critical elements that are often summarized into 4 essential elements: belonging, mastery, independence, and generosity. These are considered necessary attributes of youth programs striving to create environments conducive to optimizing youth development.

Within the four essential elements, we can further identify eight essential elements.

BELONGING

Positive relationship with a caring adult.
An inclusive environment.
A safe environment.

MASTERY

Engagement in learning.
Opportunity for mastery.

INDEPENDENCE

Opportunity to see oneself as an active participant in the future.
Opportunity for self-determination.

GENEROSITY

Opportunity to value and practice service for others.

Samuel, J., & Rose, P. (2011). Essential elements. Fact Sheet. 4-H National Headquarters. https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource/Essential%20Elements%20of%204-H%20v.2011.pdf

What does it mean?

The eight critical elements of youth development are drawn from research and practice. They provide the basis for planning experiences that result in positive youth outcomes. They are summarized here according to the four essential elements of 4-H Youth Development.

Belonging

Positive relationship with a caring adult. Youth need and benefit from long-term consistent relationships with caring adults, in addition to their parents. In 4-H, these adults can be mentors, guides, advisors, or friends. They help set boundaries and expectations for youth.
An inclusive environment. A sense of belonging may be the single most powerful ingredient for positive youth development. Effective groups support individual diversity and celebrate the collective success of the group. 4-H can help youth know they are cared about by others and feel a sense of connection to the group.
A safe environment. Youth need to feel both physically and emotionally safe. When participating in 4-H, youth should not fear harm from the environment, adults, or other participants. Additionally, youth need to have a safe environment for making mistakes and getting feedback, not just through competition, but also as an ongoing element of participation.

Mastery

Engagement in learning. To develop self-confidence, youth need to feel and believe they are capable. They must experience success at solving problems and meeting challenges. When youth are engaged, they have greater self-motivation and capacity to learn and contribute. 4-H can provide opportunities for self-reflection and self-correction.
Opportunity for mastery. Mastery is a process that develops over time. Youth need the opportunity to build knowledge, skills and attitudes and explore topics that meet their own interests. By exploring 4-H projects and activities, youth master skills to make positive life and career choices.

Independence

Opportunity to see oneself as an active participant in the future. When youth can positively see themselves in the future, they are more confident and optimistic. It is powerful to know they can influence people and events through decision making and action.
Opportunity for self-determination. Youth need to know they can influence events and decision making, rather than passively submitting to the will of others. By exercising independence through 4-H leadership opportunities, youth mature in self-discipline and responsibility, learn to better understand themselves and become independent thinkers.

Generosity

Opportunity to value and practice service for others. Youth need to feel their lives have meaning and purpose. By participating in 4-H community service and citizenship activities, youth can connect to communities and learn to give back to others. These positive experiences provide the foundation to find purpose and meaning in their life.

For More Information

Samuel, J., & Rose, P. (2011). Essential elements. Fact Sheet. 4-H National Headquarters. https://nifa.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource/Essential%20Elements%20of%204-H%20v.2011.pdf

Reflective Thinking

Essential Elements of Youth Development

Chapter 6

If you were to take an inventory of your program, which of these elements would be present?

Positive relationships with caring adults
A safe environment
An inclusive environment
Engagement in learning
Opportunities for mastery
Opportunities to see oneself as an active participant in the future
Opportunities for self-determination
Opportunities to value and practice service for others

How will you ensure that any missing elements will be incorporated into your program?

What is your plan for incorporating the elements?

CHAPTER 7—KEY ELEMENTS OF POSTIVE YOUTH-ADULT PARTNERSHIPS AND YOUTH EMPOWERMNET

To establish 4-H clubs in underrepresented areas, consider youth and adults working together toward a common goal. The term “youth in governance” describes the intentional, meaningful engagement of youth in programs, organizations, and communities where they share a voice, influence, and decision-making authority with adults.

Youth in governance acknowledges and embraces the unique and powerful contributions that young people can make in their communities. It emphasizes the positive, rather than perceiving youth as using resources and needing services.

Youth-Adult Partnerships: A cooperative effort between youth and adults, built on respect and communication, which usually begins with a mutual need.

Youth in Governance: Where young people work in equal partnership with adults on boards, committees, coalitions, or other governing structures.

Using youth in governance approaches and committing to youth and adult partnerships strengthens and promotes youth development, enhances organizations and communities, ensures future democracy, and guarantees social justice and youth representation. Here are some other, specific benefits.

Benefits for Youth (Mantooth, 2005)

Increase in self-esteem, sense of personal control and enhanced identity development.
Development of life skills such as leadership, public speaking, dependability, and job responsibility.
Decrease in loneliness, shyness, and hopelessness.
Less involvement in risky behaviors such as juvenile delinquency or drug or alcohol use.
Better academic achievement.
Increase in safety.
Exposure to diverse people, ideas, and situations.
Introduction to more resources, support, and role models.

Benefits for Adults (Zeldin et al., 2000)

Experience the competence of youth and perceive them as critical to organizational improvement.
Enhance their commitment to the organization.
Feel more effective and competent in working with youth.
Develop a stronger sense of community connectedness.
Increase their understanding of young people.

Benefits for Organization (Zeldin et al., 2000)

Youth involvement becomes the organizational expectation.
Young people clarify the organization’s mission.
Organization becomes more connected and responsive to youth in the community.
Organization places greater value on inclusiveness and representation.
Organization is more appealing to potential funders.
Organization reaches out to the community.

Mantooth, L. J. (2005). Youth in governance: A guide for adults involving youth as decision makers on boards and committees. University of Tennessee 4-H Youth Development. https://www.scribd.com/document/6974444/Youth-in-Governance

Zeldin, S., McDaniel, A. K., Topitzes, D., & Calvert, M. (2000). Youth in decision-making: A study on the impacts of youth on adults and organizations. University of Wisconsin-Madison: Innovation Center/Tides Center, University of Wisconsin Extension. https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/youthadultpartnership/files/2012/12/Youth_in_Decision_Making.pdf

Zeldin, S., & Price, L. A. (1995). Creating supportive communities for adolescent development: Challenges to scholars. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10, 6–15.

Challenges to Bringing Underrepresented Youth to the Table

Recognizing the benefits of developing a strong working relationship with youth is an important first step. However, there may be challenges that prevent it from happening. The following is a list of challenges that may be encountered.

Potential Challenges (Zeldin et al., 2000)

Conditions Needed to Promote Youth Empowerment

Positive youth and adult partnerships and opportunities for youth empowerment don’t just happen. They need to be supported by the culture of the organization. Intentional efforts must be made to fully engage youth and adults in this process.

Here are some conditions that will support this development.

Organizational Conditions (Zeldin et al., 2000)

Tips for Engaging Youth Leaders

Here are some tips to consider in engaging youth in leadership and program governance activities.

For More Information

4-H Afterschool Leadership Team. (2003). Starting 4-H clubs in after-school programs. https://nc4h.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Clubs-in-AS.pdf?fwd=no

Texas Network of Youth Services. (2022). Youth engagement toolkit. https://tnoys.org/youth-engagement-toolkit/

Zeldin, S.,& Price, L.A. (1995). Creating supportive communities for adolescent development: Challenges to scholars. Journal of Adolescent Research, 10, 6–15.

Reflective Thinking

Creating Positive Youth and Adult Partnerships

Chapter 7

Which of these potential challenges stand in the way of incorporating positive youth and adult partnerships into your programs?

Lack of knowledge
Unwillingness to get involved
Unwillingness to share power
Lack of network support
Unclear roles
Unique needs
Lack of awareness of benefits

How will you overcome these challenges?

What resources do you need?

CHAPTER 8—PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY

When developing 4-H programs in underrepresented communities, program sustainability should be foremost in planning. Building sustainability ensures that efforts will continue over time. Sustainability includes elements of program competence, capacity, and continuity.

Successful and sustained 4-H Youth Development programs are most often community based. They have built the capacity of participants to assume day-to-day leadership and responsibility for the program and targeted the needs and interests of the community.

Key Elements of Sustainability

The following seven factors have been identified as being necessary for program sustainability (Mancini et al., 2004):

Competent leadership
Effective collaboration
Understanding the community
Project adaptability
Adequate funding
Staff quality and involvement
Demonstrated program impact

Mancini, J. A., & Marek, L. (2004). Sustaining community-based programs: Examination of relationships between sustainability factors and program results. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Conference of the Association for International Agriculture and Extension Education. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228497373_Sustaining_community-based_programs_examination_of_relationships_between_sustainability_factors_and_program_results.

Implications for Building Sustainable 4-H Programs

Consider the following when planning your program.

Plan for sustainability from the beginning.
Create a clear vision with meaningful outcomes that are shared by everyone.
Use multiple strategies to achieve your plan.
Actively involve multiple community partners.
Identify community assets and build on these strengths.
Build flexibility into your planning.
Determine the funding and resources that will be needed to maintain the program before you start building it.
Recruit and train competent youth and adult volunteers that have a commitment and vision for the program.
Measure and share the results of your efforts with the community.

For More Information

USDA. (n.d.). Children, Youth and Families at Risk (CYFAR). https://nifa.usda.gov/program/children-youth-and-families-risk-cyfar

Reflective Thinking

Sustaining Your Program

Chapter 8

Which of these key elements do your programs possess?

Competent leadership
Effective collaboration
Understanding of the community
Project adaptability
Adequate funding
Staff quality and involvement
Demonstrated program impact

How will you provide the elements of sustainability that are missing?

What other resources do you need to ensure your program is sustainable?

CHAPTER 9—MARKETING YOUR PROGRAM

Marketing is important to spread the word about your after-school program and increase interest and participation. Marketing reaches youth and parents who might benefit from your program, helping them get involved.

Marketing is simply a means of publicizing your program’s name and services. Its purpose is to help your target audiences understand the value of the program so they can participate. It can also have other benefits such as increasing funding and community support.

Marketing to underrepresented audiences is especially important. Such audiences may not have had a prior history with Extension or may not be familiar with the program name or the services offered. The task of building relationships and trust with new audiences can be enhanced with a targeted, thoughtful marketing program.

It’s critical to understand social and cultural differences when designing a marketing plan. Messages need to appeal to the specific culture, norms, values, and interests of your target audience.

The Ps of Marketing (Guion et al., 2003)

Traditionally, marketing plans include the four Ps: product, place, promotion, and price. However, when marketing to diverse and underrepresented audiences, consider two more Ps—people and partnership.

Product. Your program is the product. When marketing, explain exactly what your product (program) will do for your target audience. If possible, include cultural components.

Place. The geographic location of your program is your place. Focus your marketing efforts where your target audience congregates and socializes.

Promotion. Promotion is the way your product is presented. Your messages should have meaning and significance to your target audience and align with their values and beliefs.

Price. The cost of program participation is the price. Price includes things such as money, time and effort. The benefits of the program should outweigh the price.

People. Identify the people who will benefit from your product. Be specific. A different message will be needed for each specific group based on their needs, culture, and values.

Partnership. Partner with other community-based programs to more successfully sell your program. They can give your program credibility, authenticity, and greater visibility.

Community Marketing

Impersonal marketing strategies won’t help reach diverse audiences. Marketing techniques that consider the target audiences’ value systems are usually more effective.

Here are some tips for creating a community marketing campaign geared to diverse audiences:

Understand your audience and personalize your marketing message. Know and value:
Cultural uniqueness of your target audience.
Cultural beliefs, symbols, and practices.
Differences in languages, accents, practices, and social conduct.
Keep your mission or purpose practical and simple.
Tell and show how the program is beneficial to your target audience.
Share specifics about the program’s goals.
Use word-of-mouth and interpersonal communication to spread your message.
Provide easy-to-share marketing materials, especially for use in social media.
Promote communication and cooperation with community leaders.
Attend and participate in community events and activities.
Be flexible and adapt your messages as needed.

For More Information

4-H Afterschool Leadership Team. (2003). Starting 4-H clubs in after-school programs. https://nc4h.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Clubs-in-AS.pdf?fwd=no

Guion, L. A., Kent, H., & Diehl, D. C. (2010). Ethnic marketing: A strategy for marketing programs to diverse audiences. EDIS, 2010(8). https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-fy758-2010

National 4-H Council. (n.d.). Marketing online resource center. https://4-h.org/professionals/marketing-resources/#!menu-builder

Reflective Thinking

Marketing Your Program

Chapter 9

The Six Ps of Marketing

Product
Place
Promotion
Price
People
Partnership

Describe each for the Ps in your marketing program.

RESOURCES

4-H Afterschool Leadership Team. (2003). Guiding growth: Training staff for working with youth in after-school programs. https://jeffersonwsu.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/afterschool-ages-stages.pdf

4-H Afterschool Leadership Team. (2003). Starting 4-H clubs in after-school programs. https://nc4h.ces.ncsu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/Clubs-in-AS.pdf?fwd=no

Academy for Educational Development. (n.d.). Center for Youth Development and Policy Research (CYDPR). https://www.cibhs.org/resource-vendor/center-youth-development-and-policy-research-cydpr

Afterschool Alliance. (n.d.). http://afterschoolalliance.org/

Annie E. Casey Foundation. (2022). 2022 Kids Count Data Book. https://www.aecf.org/resources/2022-kids-count-data-book

Asset-Based Community Development Institute. (n.d.). Depaul University. https://resources.depaul.edu/abcd-institute/Pages/default.aspx

Association of Public & Land-Grant Universities (APLU). (n.d.). Access & diversity. https://www.aplu.org/our-work/5-archived-projects/access-and-diversity/

Beegle, D. M. (2006). See poverty... be the difference! Discover the missing pieces for helping people move out of poverty. Communication Across Barriers, Incorporated.

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APPENDIX

The following planning matrix provides an overview for guiding conversations and discussions in planning work with underrepresented audiences. Remember, planning should not be done in isolation. Interacting with community members and discussing the specifics of the community are essential to creating successful programs. (The Reflective Thinking prompts for each section are found at the end of each chapter.)

PLANNING MATRIX

Identify Your Target Audience

Chapter 1

Who are the underrepresented in your community?

(e.g., ethnic groups, low-income groups, geographically isolated groups, others)

What are the challenges to their participation?

How will you address these challenges?

What other information or resources are needed?

Chapter 2

What do you know about the cultural values and norms of the underrepresented audiences with which you will be working?

How might these affect programming?

What strategies in programming might you use to make connections across cultures?

Chapter 3

What is the impact of poverty on your community and its residents?

How will these impacts affect your programming?

Which of these types of resources does your audience have?

Financial
Emotional and support
Mental and physical health
Inner strength and spirituality
Role models
Talents and skills

How can you capitalize on these resources to make change happen within the community?

Chapter 4

Who are the geographically isolated in your community? This may include people that have:

Less access to community resources
Fewer community gathering places
Limited opportunities for interaction with people
Limited access to transportation
Fewer educational opportunities
Limited access to internet service

How will you find out more about these populations?

How can you create opportunities to connect to the community?

Identify the Community’s Assets

Chapter 5

Which types of assets does your community have? (e.g., local citizens, community associations, community institutions, physical assets, economic assets)

Describe these assets.

How will you find more information? (e.g., focus groups, community forums, key informants, written materials, surveys, telephone interviews, face-to-face interviews)

Essential Elements of Youth Development

Chapter 6

If you were to take an inventory of your program, which of these elements would be present?

Positive relationships with caring adults
A safe environment
An inclusive environment
Engagement in learning
Opportunities for mastery
Opportunities to see oneself as an active participant in the future
Opportunities for self-determination
Opportunities to value and practice service for others

How will you ensure that any missing elements will be incorporated into your program?

What is your plan for incorporating the elements?

Creating Positive Youth and Adult Partnerships

Chapter 7

Which of these potential challenges stand in the way of incorporating positive youth and adult partnerships into your programs?

Lack of knowledge
Unwillingness to get involved
Unwillingness to share power
Lack of network support
Unclear roles
Unique needs
Lack of awareness of benefits

How will you overcome these challenges?

What resources do you need?

Sustaining Your Program

Chapter 8

Which of these key elements do your programs possess?

Competent leadership
Effective collaboration
Understanding of the community
Project adaptability
Adequate funding
Staff quality and involvement
Demonstrated program impact

How will you provide the elements of sustainability that are missing?

What other resources do you need to ensure your program is sustainable?

Marketing Your Program

Chapter 9

The Six Ps of Marketing

Product
Place
Promotion
Price
People
Partnership

Describe each for the Ps in your marketing program.

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

What is 4-H?

The Issue of After-School Care

Why should 4-H be involved in after-school programs?

What is 4-H Afterschool?

Key Elements of 4-H Afterschool

How to Use This Resource Guide

Other Materials in the 4-H Afterschool Series

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO YOUTH PROGRAMMING

Why This Manual?

Who are the underrepresented in 4-H programming?

Cultural Competence

What are the challenges?

Valuing Diversity

Understanding Terminology

Where should you start?

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER 2—KEY ELEMENTS TO PROGRAMMING IN ETHNICALLY DIVERSE COMMUNITIES

Understanding Your Own Views and Biases

Cultural Values

Insight not Stereotype

Cultural Norms

Making Connections across Cultures

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER 3—KEY ELEMENTS TO PROGRAMMING IN ECONOMICALLY DIVERSE (LOW-INCOME) COMMUNITIES

Understanding Poverty

Implications for Programming

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER 4—KEY ELEMENTS TO PROGRAMING IN GEOGRAPHICALLY DIVERSE COMMUNITIES

Issues Common to Isolated Communities

Implications for Programming in Isolated Communities

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER 5—ASSESSING COMMUNITY STRENGTHS AND RESOURCES

Assessing Community Strengths and Resources

Potential Assets

Collecting Information

Survey Tools and Methods

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER 6—ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS IN YOUTH DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

What does it mean?

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER 7—KEY ELEMENTS OF POSTIVE YOUTH-ADULT PARTNERSHIPS AND YOUTH EMPOWERMNET

Challenges to Bringing Underrepresented Youth to the Table

Conditions Needed to Promote Youth Empowerment

Tips for Engaging Youth Leaders

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER 8—PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABILITY

Key Elements of Sustainability

Implications for Building Sustainable 4-H Programs

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

CHAPTER 9—MARKETING YOUR PROGRAM

Community Marketing

For More Information

Reflective Thinking

RESOURCES

APPENDIX

PLANNING MATRIX

Publication #4H436

Related Experts

Spero-Swingle, Vanessa

Related Collections

4-H Afterschool Guide

Related Units

4-H Youth Development

Related Topics

Engagement with Underrepresented Audiences

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