Chapter 12. Onion, Leek, and Chive Production in Florida
Botany and Planting
Onion—Allium cepa, Alliaceae (Amaryillidaceae)
Leek—Allium ampeloprasum
Chive—Allium schoenoprasum
Bunching onion—Allium fistulosum
Table 1. Planting information for onion and alliums.
|
Planting Dates |
Seeded |
Transplanted |
|
North Florida |
mid-Sept–mid-Nov |
Nov–Jan |
|
Central Florida |
Oct |
Dec–Jan |
|
South Florida |
Oct |
Dec–Jan |
|
Planting Information |
||
|
Distance between rows (in.) |
14–18 |
14–18 |
|
Distance between plants (in.) |
3–4 |
4–6 |
|
Seeding depth (in.) |
0.25–0.5 |
- |
|
Seed per acre (lb) |
3–4 |
1 |
|
Days to maturity |
100–130 |
100–130 |
|
Plant populations (acre) |
149,343 |
112,123 |
Cultivars
Table 2. Onion and leek cultivars.
|
Onion |
||
|
Dawn (H) |
Prowler (H) |
Sweet Harvest (H) |
|
Granex 33 (H) |
Red Hunter |
Sweet Success (H) |
|
Pirate (H) |
Savannah Sweet (H) |
Vidurra (H) |
|
Plethora (H) |
Sweet Caroline (H) |
|
|
Bunching Onion |
||
|
Perfecto Blanco |
Tokyo Long White |
White Portugal |
|
Leeks |
||
|
Chives |
Lancelot |
Tivi |
|
Jolant |
Megathon |
Tornado |
|
King Richard |
Staro |
Verina |
|
H=hybrid |
Table 3. Herbicides approved for managing weeds in onion.
|
Active Ingredient lb a.i./A |
Trade Name Product/A |
MOA Code |
Crops |
Weeds Controlled/Remarks |
|
Labels change frequently. Be sure to read a current product label before applying any chemical. |
||||
|
*** PREEMERGENCE *** |
||||
|
Bensulide 5.0–6.0 |
(Prefar) 4 E 5–6 qt |
8 |
Dry bulb vegetables: onion, garlic, shallot |
Annual broadleaf and grass control. Incorporate or irrigate 1 to 2 in. deep within 36 hr of application. Consult label for rotational restrictions. |
|
Bromoxynil 0.25–0.38 |
(Buctril) 2 EC 1.0–1.5 pt (Buctril) 4 EC 0.5–0.75 pt |
6 |
Onion (dry bulb) |
Broadleaf weeds. Preemergence is restricted to muck soils containing greater than 10% organic matter. Apply at least 3 to 4 days prior to emergence. Weeds should not exceed the 4-leaf stage, 2 in. in height or 1 in. in diameter. |
|
Carfentrazone up to 0.031 |
(Aim) 1.9 EW up to 2 fl oz (Aim) 2.0 EC up to 2 fl oz |
14 |
Onion, garlic, leek, chive, shallot |
Apply as a preplant burndown for emerged broadleaf weeds. Use crop oil concentrate, methylated seed oil, or nonionic surfactant at recommended rates. Maximum rate of 0.096 lb a.i./A per season. No pretransplant interval. |
|
DCPA 4.5–6.0 |
(Dacthal) W-75 6–8 lb (Dacthal) 6 F 6–8 lb |
3 |
Onion (dry bulb, green), leek, shallot |
Annual grasses and certain broadleaf control. Apply at seeding or planting. Maximum rate of 10.5 lb a.i./A per season. |
|
Flumioxazin up to 0.06 |
(Chateau) 51 WDG up to 2 fl oz |
14 |
Garlic, onion (dry bulb) |
Broadleaf control. Apply to transplanted onions between the 2- and 6-leaf stage. Apply to direct seeded onions between the 3- and 6-leaf stage. |
|
Glyphosate |
(various formulations) consult label |
9 |
Onion, garlic, leek, chive, shallot |
Control of emerged broadleaf and grass weeds. Consult individual labels for restrictions. |
|
Oxyfluorfen 2.0 |
(Goal 2XL) 2 EC 2.0 pt (GoalTender) 4 EC 1.0 pt |
14 |
Onion (dry bulb), garlic (dry bulb) |
Certain broadleaf weeds. Transplanted only. Apply within 2 days of transplanting. Necrotic lesions, twisting, or stunting of plants can occur if applications are made during cool, wet weather or prior to the full development of the true leaves. |
|
Paraquat 0.5–1.0 |
(Gramoxone) 2 SL 2–4 pt |
22 |
Onion (dry bulb) |
Controls emerged weeds. Apply prior, during, or after planting, but before crop emergence. Only 2 applications a season. Use a nonionic surfactant. |
|
Paraquat 0.63–1.0 |
(Gramoxone) 2 SL 2.5–4.0 pt (Firestorm) 3 SL 1.7–2.7 pt |
22 |
Onion (seeded), garlic |
Emerged broadleaf and grass weeds. Apply as a preplant burndown. A maximum of 1 lb a.i./A per season. |
|
Pelargonic acid |
(Scythe) 4.2 EC 3%–10% v/v |
27 |
Onion, garlic, leek, chive, shallot |
Emerged broadleaf and grass weeds. Apply before emergence of crop. Product is a contact, nonselective, foliar-applied herbicide. There is no residual activity. |
|
Pendimethalin Mineral 0.5–0.75 Muck 1.0–2.0 |
(Prowl) 3.3 EC Mineral: 1.2–1.8 pt Muck: 2.4–4.8 pt (Prowl H20) 3.8 Mineral: 1.0–1.5 pt Muck: 2.0–4.0 pt |
3 |
Onion (dry bulb), shallot (dry bulb), garlic |
Mineral soils: Apply when crop has 2 to 9 true leaves. Muck soils: May be applied as sequential application: preemergence through loop stage, early postemergence (2 to 6 true leaf stage), late postemergence (6 to 9 true leaf stage). Do not exceed 5.9 lb a.i./A in a growing season. PHI 45 days. |
|
Pyraflufen 0.001–0.003 |
(ET Herbicide/Defoliant) 0.5–2.0 fl oz |
14 |
Bulb vegetables |
Emerged broadleaf and grass weeds. Apply as a preplant burndown treatment. |
|
*** POSTEMERGENCE *** |
||||
|
Bromoxynil 0.25–0.38 |
(Buctril) 2 EC 1.0–1.5 pt (Buctril) 4 EC 0.5–1.5 pt |
6 |
Onion (dry bulb) |
Broadleaf weeds. Soil and onion leaves should be dry before application. Waxy coating on leaves reduces chances for injury. Varieties vary in sensitivity, so use on a trial basis. |
|
Bromoxynil 0.38–0.5 |
(Buctril) 2 EC 1.5–2.0 pt |
6 |
Garlic |
Broadleaf weeds. Apply after emergence but before 12 in. tall. Weeds are most susceptible up to the 4-leaf stage or 2 in. height or 1 in. wide. PHI 112 days. |
|
Carfentrazone up to 0.031 |
(Aim) 1.9 EW up to 2 fl oz (Aim) 2.0 EC up to 2 fl oz |
14 |
Onion (dry bulb), garlic, leek, chive, shallot |
Emerged broadleaf control. Post-direct hooded application to row middles for burndown of emerged weeds. Use crop oil concentrate or nonionic surfactant at recommended rates. PHI 0 days. |
|
Clethodim 0.09–0.25 0.07–0.25 |
(Arrow, Select) 2 EC 6–16 fl oz (Select Max) 1 EC 9–32 fl oz |
1 |
Onion (dry bulb), garlic, shallot (dry bulb) |
Annual and perennial grass control. Some labels include green onion. Consult label for use of a crop oil concentrate or nonionic surfactant. PHI 45 days. |
|
Clethodim 0.09–0.13 |
(Arrow, Select) 2 EC 6–8 fl oz (Select Max) 1 EC 12–16 fl oz |
1 |
Chive, leek |
Emerged annual and perennial grasses. Consult labels rate of COC or NIS. Do not apply more than 0.5 lb a.i./A per season. Select Max is not registered in leek. PHI 14 days. |
|
DCPA 4.5–6.0 |
(Dacthal) W-75 6–8 lb (Dacthal) 6 F 6–8 lb |
3 |
Onion (dry bulb, green), leek, shallot |
Annual grasses and certain broadleaf control. Apply at layby up to 14 weeks after planting. If weeds have emerged, then cultivate or hand weed. Maximum rate of 10.5 lb a.i./A per season. |
|
Dimethenamid-p up to 1.0 |
(Outlook) 6 EC up to 21 fl oz |
15 |
Onion (dry bulb), garlic, leek, shallot (dry bulb, green) |
Broadleaf and grass weeds. Apply after the 2-true-leaf stage. Apply as a single application or split application. Split application of 10–14 fl oz, followed by 7 to 10 fl oz/A with 14 days between applications. Do not exceed 21 fl oz/A per growing season. PHI 30 days. |
|
Fluazifop 0.188 |
(Fusilade DX) 12 fl oz |
1 |
Onion (dry bulb), garlic |
Annual and perennial grass weeds. Do not apply more than 48 fl oz/A per season. Include a COC or NIS. PHI 45 days. |
|
Oxyfluorfen 0.5 |
(Goal 2 XL) 2 EC 0.5 pt direct seeded (GoalTender) 4 EC 0.25 pt direct seeded |
14 |
Onion (dry bulb), garlic (dry bulb) |
Certain broadleaf weeds. Direct seeded only. Apply after the crop has 2 true leaves. Multiple treatments can be applied and do not exceed 0.5 lb a.i./A. Necrotic lesions, twisting, or stunting of plants can occur if applications are made during cool, wet weather or prior to development of true leaves. PHI 60 days. |
|
Sethoxydim 0.19–0.28 |
(Poast) 1.5 EC 1.0–1.5 pt |
1 |
Onion (dry bulb, green), garlic, leek, shallot |
Grass weeds. Include a surfactant. Do not apply more than 4.5 pt/A per season. PHI 30 days. |
|
Treflan 0.35–0.5 |
(Treflan) 4 EC 0.75–1.0 pt (Treflan TR-10) 3.75–5.0 lb |
3 |
Onion (dry bulb) |
Broadleaf and grass weeds. Apply at layby to the soil surface between onion rows. Remove weeds that are present. Do not apply in muck soils. PHI 60 days. |
Table 4. Insecticides labeled for management of arthropod pests of garlic, leeks, and shallots.
|
Insect or Mite Pest |
MOA Code1 |
Trade Name (Active Ingredient) *Restricted |
Rate Product/Acre |
REI (Hours) |
Days to Harvest |
Remarks2 |
|
Labels change frequently. Be sure to read a current product label before applying any chemical. Please refer to Chapter 19 for information on biopesticides, including materials labeled for certified organic production. |
||||||
|
Aphids |
1B |
Malathion 5EC, 8F (malathion) |
5EC: 1.5–2.5 pt 8F: 1–1.56 pt |
24 |
3 |
Leeks, shallots, garlic. Three applications per year for garlic, two for all others. |
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Leeks, shallots, and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (garlic). Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
3A + 6 |
*Gladiator (zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1) |
19 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
Do not apply more than 38 oz per acre per season. |
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Azatin XL (azadirachtin) |
5–21 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. |
|
|
- |
BotaniGard ES (Beauveria bassiana strain GHA) |
0.25–1 quart per acre. Apply in sufficient water to cover foliage, typically 5–100 gallons per acre. |
4 |
0 |
|
|
|
- |
Grandevo (Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1) |
1–3 lb |
4 |
0 |
Leek, garlic, shallot. |
|
|
- |
M-Pede 49% EC (soap, insecticidal) |
1%–2% v/v |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Neemix 4.5 EC (azadirachtin) |
4–16 fl oz |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Trilogy (extract of neem oil) |
0.5%–2.0% v/v |
4 |
0 |
Apply morning or evening to reduce potential for leaf burn. Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Beet armyworm |
1A |
*Lannate LV; *SP (methomyl) |
LV: 1.5 pt SP: 0.5 lb |
48 |
7 |
Garlic only. |
|
3A |
*Proaxis Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
2.56–3.84 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Do not apply more than 0.12 lb active ingredient (1.92 pints) per acre per season. |
|
|
3A + 6 |
*Gladiator (zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1) |
19 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
Do not apply more than 38 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
28 |
Coragen (chlorantraniliprole) |
3.5–5.0 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
No more than 4 foliar applications or 15.4 fl oz of product per acre per crop. For entire bulb vegetable group. |
|
|
Caterpillars (includes cutworms and armyworms) |
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Dry bulb and garlic only. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Garlic. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Leeks, shallots, and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Pounce 25 WP (permethrin) |
Garlic: 6.4–12.8 oz |
12 |
1 |
Garlic |
|
|
3A |
*Proaxis Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
1.92–3.20 fl oz |
12 |
14 |
Do not apply more than 0.12 lb active ingredient (1.92 pints) per acre per season. Onion and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (garlic). Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
3A + 6 |
*Gladiator (zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1) |
19 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
No more than 38 fl oz per season |
|
|
5 |
Entrust SC (spinosad) |
3–8 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
No more than 5 applications per year (29 fl oz product). For leeks, garlic, and shallots. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
5 |
Radiant SC (spinetoram) |
5–10 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Use with an adjuvant. |
|
|
11A |
Agree WG (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai) |
1.0–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Apply when larvae are small for best control. |
|
|
11A |
Biobit HP (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.5–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Treat when larvae are young. Good coverage is essential. Can be used in the greenhouse. For organic production. |
|
|
11A |
Crymax WDG (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.5–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Use high rate for armyworms. Treat when larvae are young. |
|
|
11A |
Deliver (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.25–1.5 lb |
4 |
0 |
Use higher rates for armyworms. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
11A |
DiPel DF (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.25–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Treat when larvae are young. Good coverage is essential. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
11A |
Javelin WG (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.12–1.5 lb |
4 |
0 |
Treat when larvae are young. Thorough coverage is essential. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
11A |
Xentari DF (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai) |
0.5–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Treat when larvae are young. Thorough coverage is essential. May be used in the greenhouse. Can be used in organic production. |
|
|
18 |
Intrepid 2F (methoxyfenozide) |
4–12 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Slow-acting growth regulator that only effects larvae. |
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Azatin XL (azadirachtin) |
5–21 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. |
|
|
- |
Grandevo (Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1) |
1–3 lb |
4 |
0 |
Leek, garlic, and shallots |
|
|
- |
Neemix 4.5 EC (azadirachtin) |
4–16 fl oz |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Fire ants |
6 |
Clinch (abamectin) |
Broadcast application: 1 lb Per ant mound: 5 to 7 tablespoons |
4 |
0 |
Maximal annual rate: 4 lb/A/year. Only apply when ants are active and no rain is forecast for the next 6 hr. |
|
7A |
Extinguish (S-methoprene) |
1–1.5 lb |
4 |
0 |
Slow-acting IGR (insect growth regulator). Best applied early spring and fall where crop will be grown. Colonies will be reduced after three weeks and eliminated after 8 to 10 weeks. May be applied by ground equipment or aerially. |
|
|
7C |
Esteem Ant Bait (pyriproxyfen) |
1.5–2.0 lb |
12 |
1 |
Dry bulb only. |
|
|
Flea beetles |
4A |
Scorpion 35SL (dinotefuran) |
Foliar: 3.5–7.0 fl oz Soil: 8.75–10.5 fl oz |
12 |
Foliar: 1 Soil: N/A |
Garlic (Crop Groups 3-07A and 3-07B) |
|
5 |
Entrust SC (spinosad) |
3–8 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
No more than 5 applications per year (29 fl oz product). For leeks, garlic, and shallots. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Azatin XL (azadirachtin) |
5–21 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. |
|
|
Liriomyza Leafminers |
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Label is registered only for garlic. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Garlic. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Leeks, shallots, garlic. |
|
|
3A + 6 |
*Gladiator (zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1) |
19 oz |
12 |
30 |
No more than 38 fl oz per season |
|
|
4A |
Scorpion 35SL (dinotefuran) |
Foliar: 3.5–7.0 fl oz Soil: 8.75–10.5 fl oz |
12 |
Foliar: 1 Soil: N/A |
Garlic (Crop Groups 3-07A and 3-07B) |
|
|
5 |
Entrust SC (spinosad) |
3–8 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
No more than 5 applications per year (29 fl oz product). For leeks, garlic, and shallots. OMRI- listed. |
|
|
5 |
Radiant SC (spinetoram) |
5–10 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Use with an adjuvant. |
|
|
6 |
*Agri-Mek SC (abamectin) |
1.75–3.5 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
Must be used with a nonionic activator-type wetting, spreading, and/or penetrating adjuvant, not a binder-sticker-type adjuvant. Maximum of 10.25 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
6 + 28 |
*Minecto Pro (abamectin + cyantraniliprole) |
7–10 fl oz |
24 |
30 |
Maximum annual rate: 20.0 fl oz/A |
|
|
17 |
Trigard (cyromazine) |
2.66 oz |
12 |
7 |
Maximum of 6 applications per crop. |
|
|
28 |
Exirel (cyantraniliprole) |
13.5–20.5 fl oz |
12 |
1 |
Do not apply more than 0.4 lb a.i. per acre of cyantraniliprole-containing products per season. Toxic to bees. Do not allow drift to blooming crops or weeds. |
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Azatin XL (azadirachtin) |
5–21 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. |
|
|
- |
Neemix 4.5 EC (azadirachtin) |
4–16 fl oz |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Onion maggot (Delia antiqua) |
1B |
*Diazinon AG500 *Diazinon 50W (diazinon) |
AG500: 2–4 qt 50W: 4–8 lb |
72 |
preplant |
Do not make more than one soil application per year. For leeks, garlic, and shallots. |
|
1B |
Lorsban 75WG *Advanced (chlorpyrifos) |
75WG: 1.33 lb Advanced: depends on row spacing |
24 |
60 |
Dry bulb only. One application per year. |
|
|
1B |
Malathion 5EC, 8F (malathion) |
5EC: 1.5–2.5 pt 8F: 1–1.56 pt |
Leeks, shallots, garlic: 24 |
3 |
Leeks, shallots, and garlic. Three applications per year for garlic, two for all others. |
|
|
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Label is registered only for garlic. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Garlic. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Proaxis Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
1.92–3.20 fl oz |
12 |
14 |
Do not apply more than 0.12 lb active ingredient (1.92 pints) per acre per season. Onion and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Leeks, shallots, and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Pounce 25 WP (permethrin) |
Onions: 6.4–19.2 oz Garlic: 6.4–12.8 oz |
12 |
1 |
Garlic |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (garlic). Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
3A + 6 |
*Gladiator (zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1) |
19 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
No more than 38 fl oz per season |
|
|
- |
Neemix 4.5 EC (azadirachtin) |
4–16 fl oz |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Plant bugs |
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Garlic. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
3A |
*Proaxis Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
2.56–3.84 fl oz |
12 |
14 |
Do not apply more than 0.12 lb active ingredient (1.92 pints) per acre per season. Onion and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (garlic). Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
- |
M-Pede 49% EC (soap, insecticidal) |
1%–2% v/v |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Stink bugs |
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Garlic only. Label is registered only for garlic. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Garlic. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Leeks, shallots, and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Pounce 25 WP (permethrin) |
Onions: 6.4–19.2 oz Garlic: 6.4–12.8 oz |
12 |
1 |
Garlic |
|
|
3A |
*Proaxis Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
2.56–3.84 fl oz |
12 |
14 |
Do not apply more than 0.12 lb active ingredient (1.92 pints) per acre per season. Onion and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (garlic). Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
3A + 6 |
*Gladiator (zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1) |
19 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
Do not apply more than 38 fl oz per season. |
|
|
4A |
Scorpion 35SL (dinotefuran) |
Foliar: 3.5–7.0 fl oz Soil: 8.75–10.5 fl oz |
12 |
Foliar: 1 Soil: N/A |
Garlic (Crop Groups 3-07A and 3-07B) |
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Thrips (check label for species controlled) |
1A |
*Lannate LV; *SP (methomyl) |
LV: 1.5–3.0 pt SP: 0.5–1.0 lb |
48 |
7 |
|
|
1B |
Malathion 5EC, 8F (malathion) |
5EC: 1.5–2.5 pt 8F: 1–1.56 pt |
Leeks, shallots, garlic: 24 |
3 |
Leeks, shallots, and garlic. Three applications per year for garlic, two for all others. |
|
|
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Garlic only. Label is registered only for garlic. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Garlic. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Leeks, shallots, and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Pounce 25 WP (permethrin) |
Onions: 6.4–19.2 oz Garlic: 6.4–12.8 oz |
12 |
1 |
Bulb onions and garlic |
|
|
3A |
*Proaxis Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
2.56–3.84 fl oz |
12 |
14 |
Do not apply more than 0.12 lb active ingredient (1.92 pints) per acre per season. Onion and garlic. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (garlic). Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
3A + 6 |
*Gladiator (zeta-cypermethrin + avermectin B1) |
19 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
No more than 38 fl oz per season. |
|
|
4A |
Admire Pro (imidacloprid) |
14.0 fl oz |
12 |
21 |
Apply no more than 14 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
4A |
Assail 30SG (acetamiprid) |
5.0–8.0 oz |
12 |
7 |
No more than 4 applications or 32 oz of product per acre per season. |
|
|
4A |
Scorpion 35SL (dinotefuran) |
Foliar: 3.5–7.0 fl oz Soil: 8.75–10.5 fl oz |
12 |
Foliar: 1 Soil: N/A |
Garlic (Crop Groups 3-07A and 3-07B) |
|
|
5 |
Entrust SC (spinosad) |
3–8 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
No more than 5 applications per year (29 fl oz product). For leeks, garlic, and shallots. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
5 |
Radiant SC (spinetoram) |
5–10 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Use with an adjuvant. |
|
|
6 |
*Agri-Mek SC (abamectin) |
1.75–3.5 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
Must be used with a nonionic activator-type wetting, spreading, and/or penetrating adjuvant, not a binder-sticker-type adjuvant. Maximum of 10.25 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
6 + 28 |
*Minecto Pro (abamectin + cyantraniliprole) |
10 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
Maximum annual rate: 20.0 fl oz/A |
|
|
7C |
Knack IGR (pyriproxyfen) |
8 fl oz |
12 |
3 |
Maximum of 2 applications, at least 14 days apart. No activity against adult insects. |
|
|
28 |
Exirel (cyantraniliprole) |
13.5–20.5 fl oz |
12 |
1 |
Label contains pollinator protection warnings. |
|
|
28 |
Verimark (cyantraniliprole) |
Drip: 6.75–10 fl oz In-furrow at planting:10–13.5 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
|
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Azatin XL (azadirachtin) |
5–21 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. |
|
|
- |
BotaniGard ES (Beauveria bassiana strain GHA) |
0.25–1 quart per acre. Apply in sufficient water to cover foliage, typically 5–100 gallons per acre. |
4 |
0 |
|
|
|
- |
Grandevo (Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1) |
1–3 lb |
4 |
0 |
Leek, garlic, and shallot. |
|
|
- |
M-Pede 49% EC (soap, insecticidal) |
1%–2% v/v |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Requiem EC (extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides) |
1.5–3.0 qt |
4 |
0 |
Begin as soon as thrips are seen. |
|
|
- |
Trilogy (extract of neem oil) |
0.5%–2.0% v/v |
4 |
0 |
Apply morning or evening to reduce potential for leaf burn. Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Wireworms |
1B |
*Diazinon AG500 *Diazinon 50W (diazinon) |
AG500: 2–4 qt 50W: 4–8 lb |
72 |
preplant |
Do not make more than one soil application per year. For leeks, garlic, and shallots. |
|
1 Mode of Action (MOA) codes for plant pest insecticides from the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) Mode of Action Classification v. 9.4, March 2020. Number codes (1 through 29) are used to distinguish the main insecticide mode of action groups, with additional letters for certain subgroups within each main group. All insecticides within the same group (with the same number) indicate the same active ingredient or a similar mode of action. This information must be considered for the insecticide resistance management decisions. - = unknown, or a mode of action that has not been classified yet. 2 Information provided in this table applies only to Florida. Be sure to read a current product label before applying any product. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in the publication does not imply endorsement by UF/IFAS Extension nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. OMRI-listed: Listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute for use in organic production. |
||||||
|
* Restricted use insecticide. |
||||||
Table 5. Insecticides registered for managing arthropod pests of onions.
|
Pest |
MOA Code1 |
Trade Name (Active Ingredient) *Restricted |
Rate (Product/Acre) |
REI (Hours) |
Days to Harvest |
Remarks2 |
|
Labels change frequently. Be sure to read a current product label before applying any chemical. Please refer to Chapter 19 for information on biopesticides, including materials labeled for certified organic production. |
||||||
|
Aphids |
1B |
Malathion 5EC, 8F (malathion) |
5EC: 1.5–2.5 pt 8F: 1.5 pt |
12 |
3 |
Onions, bulb and green. Two applications per year. Suppression only. |
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Onions, bulb and green. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (onions and garlic), not green onions. Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. Suppression only. |
|
|
- |
Azaguard (azadirachtin) |
10–16 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Azatin XL (azadirachtin) |
5–21 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. |
|
|
- |
BotaniGard ES (Beauveria bassiana) |
0.5–2 qt/100 gal |
4 |
0 |
May be used in greenhouses. Contact dealer for recommendations if an adjuvant must be used. Not compatible in tank mix with fungicides. |
|
|
- |
Grandevo (Chromobacterium subtsugae strain PRAA4-1) |
1–3 lb |
4 |
0 |
Onion (bulb and green), and shallot |
|
|
- |
M-Pede (potassium salts of fatty acids) |
1%–2% v/v |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Neemix 4.5 EC (azadirachtin) |
4–16 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Trilogy (extract of neem oil) |
0.5%–2.0% v/v |
4 |
0 |
Apply morning or evening to reduce potential for leaf burn. Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Caterpillars (includes cutworms and armyworms) |
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Dry bulb and garlic only. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Bulb onions. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Onions, bulb and green. |
|
|
3A |
*Pounce 25 WP (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Bulb onions. Maximum 1 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (onions), not green onions. Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
5 |
Entrust SC (spinosad) |
3–6 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
No more than 5 applications per year and no more than 29 fl oz product. For onions, bulb and green. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
5 |
Radiant SC (spinetoram) |
5–10 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Use with an adjuvant. No more than 30 fl oz per acre per year. |
|
|
11A |
Agree WG (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai) |
1.0–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Apply when larvae are small for best control. |
|
|
11A |
Biobit HP (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.5–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Treat when larvae are young. Good coverage is essential. Can be used in the greenhouse. For organic production. |
|
|
11A |
Crymax WDG (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.5–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Use high rate for armyworms. Treat when larvae are young. |
|
|
11A |
Deliver (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.25–1.5 lb |
4 |
0 |
Use higher rates for armyworms. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
11A |
DiPel DF (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.25–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Treat when larvae are young. Good coverage is essential. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
11A |
Javelin WG (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki) |
0.12–1.5 lb |
4 |
0 |
Treat when larvae are young. Thorough coverage is essential. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
11A |
Xentari DF (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai) |
0.5–2.0 lb |
4 |
0 |
Treat when larvae are young. Thorough coverage is essential. May be used in the greenhouse. Can be used in organic production. |
|
|
18 |
Intrepid 2F (methoxyfenozide) |
4–8 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Green onion subgroup only. Do not make more than 6 applications per year and do not apply more than 64 fl oz per acre per year. |
|
|
28 |
Coragen (chlorantraniliprole) |
3.5–7.5 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Beet armyworm only. No more than 4 foliar applications or 15.4 fl oz of product per acre per crop. |
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Azatin XL (azadirachtin) |
5–21 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. |
|
|
- |
Neemix 4.5 EC (azadirachtin) |
4–16 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Fire ants |
7A |
Extinguish (S-methoprene) |
1–1.5 lb |
4 |
0 |
Slow-acting IGR (insect growth regulator). Best applied early spring and fall where crop will be grown. Colonies will be reduced after three weeks and eliminated after 8 to 10 weeks. May be applied by ground equipment or aerially. |
|
7C |
Esteem Ant Bait (pyriproxyfen) |
1.5–2.0 lb |
12 |
1 |
Dry bulb only. |
|
|
Flea beetles |
4A |
Scorpion 35SL (dinotefuran) |
Foliar: 3.5–7.0 fl oz |
12 |
Foliar: 1 |
Bulb and green onions (Crop Groups 3-07A and 3-07B). Do not apply more than 10.5 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
5 |
Entrust SC (spinosad) |
3–6 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
No more than 5 applications per year and no more than 29 fl oz product. For onions, bulb and green. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Leafminers |
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Dry bulb only. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Bulb onions. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Onions, bulb and green. |
|
|
3A |
*Pounce 25 WP (permethrin) |
Onions: 6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Bulb onions. Maximum 1 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
|
4A |
Scorpion 35SL (dinotefuran) |
Foliar: 5.25–7.0 fl oz Soil: 8.75–10.5 fl oz |
12 |
Foliar: 1 Soil: N/A |
Bulb and green onions (Crop Groups 3-07A and 3-07B). Do not apply more than 10.5 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
5 |
Entrust SC (spinosad) |
3–6 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
No more than 5 applications per year and no more than 29 fl oz product. For onions, bulb and green. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
5 |
Radiant SC (spinetoram) |
6–10 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Use with an adjuvant. No more than 30 fl oz per acre per year. |
|
|
6 |
*Agri-Mek SC (abamectin) |
1.75–3.5 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
Must be used with a nonionic activator-type wetting, spreading, and/or penetrating adjuvant, not a binder-sticker-type adjuvant. Maximum of 10.25 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
17 |
Trigard (cyromazine) |
2.66 oz |
12 |
7 |
Maximum of 6 applications per crop. |
|
|
28 |
Exirel (cyantraniliprole) |
13.5–20.5 fl oz |
12 |
1 |
Do not apply more than 0.4 lb a.i. per acre of cyantraniliprole-containing products per season. Toxic to bees. Do not allow drift to blooming crops or weeds. |
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Azatin XL (azadirachtin) |
5–21 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. |
|
|
- |
Neemix 4.5 EC (azadirachtin) |
4–16 fl oz |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Onion maggot |
1B |
*Diazinon AG500 *Diazinon 50W (diazinon) |
AG500: 2–4 qt 50W: 4–8 lb |
72 |
preplant |
Do not make more than one soil application per year. For onions, bulb and green. |
|
1B |
Lorsban 75WG *Advanced (chlorpyrifos) |
75WG: 1.33 lb Advanced: 32 fl oz |
24 |
60 |
Dry bulb only. One application per year. |
|
|
1B |
Malathion 5EC, 8F (malathion) |
5EC: 1.5–2.5 pt 8F: 1.5 pt |
12 |
3 |
Onions, bulb and green. No more than two applications per year. |
|
|
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Dry bulb only. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.28 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Bulb onions. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Onions, bulb and green. |
|
|
3A |
*Pounce 25 WP (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Bulb onions. Maximum 1 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (onions and garlic), not green onions. Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
- |
Neemix 4.5 EC (azadirachtin) |
4–16 fl oz |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Plant bugs |
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Bulb onions. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (onions and garlic), not green onions. Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
- |
M-Pede (potassium salts of fatty acids) |
1%–2% v/v |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Stink bugs |
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Dry bulb only. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Bulb onions. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
2.4–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Onions, bulb and green. |
|
|
3A |
*Pounce 25 WP (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Bulb onions. Maximum 1 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (onions), not green onions. Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
4A |
Scorpion 35SL (dinotefuran) |
Foliar: 3.5–7.0 fl oz |
12 |
1 |
Bulb and green onions (Crop Groups 3-07A and 3-07B). Do not apply more than 10.5 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Thrips (check label for species controlled) |
1B |
Malathion 5EC, 8F (malathion) |
5EC: 1.5–2 pt 8F: 1.56 pt |
12 |
3 |
Onions, bulb and green. No more than two applications per year. |
|
3A |
*Ambush 25W (permethrin) |
6.4–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Dry bulb only. Maximum of 2 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Declare Insecticide (gamma-cyhalothrin) |
0.77–1.54 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
Bulb onions. Maximum of 0.77 pt per acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Mustang (zeta-cypermethrin) |
3.2–4.3 oz |
12 |
7 |
Do not apply more than 21.5 oz per acre per season. Onions, bulb and green. |
|
|
3A |
*Pounce 25 WP (permethrin) |
9.6–19.2 oz |
12 |
1 |
Bulb onions. Maximum 1 lb a.i./acre per season. |
|
|
3A |
*Warrior II (lambda-cyhalothrin) |
0.96–1.92 fl oz |
24 |
14 |
For bulb crops only (onions and garlic), not green onions. Do not apply more than 15.36 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
4A |
Admire Pro (imidacloprid) |
14.0 fl oz |
12 |
21 |
Apply no more than 14 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
4A |
Assail 30SG (acetamiprid) |
5.0–8.0 oz |
12 |
7 |
No more than 4 applications or 32 oz of product per acre per season. |
|
|
4A |
Scorpion 35SL (dinotefuran) |
Foliar: 5.25–7.0 fl oz Soil: 8.75–10.5 fl oz |
12 |
Foliar: 1 Soil: N/A |
Bulb and green onions (Crop Groups 3-07A and 3-07B). Do not apply more than 10.5 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
5 |
Entrust SC (spinosad) |
3–8 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
No more than 5 applications per year (29 fl oz product). For onions, bulb and green. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
5 |
Radiant SC (spinetoram) |
6–10 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Use with an adjuvant. No more than 30 fl oz per acre per year. |
|
|
6 |
*Agri-Mek SC (abamectin) |
1.75–3.5 fl oz |
12 |
30 |
Must be used with a nonionic activator-type wetting, spreading, and/or penetrating adjuvant, not a binder-sticker-type adjuvant. Maximum of 10.25 fl oz per acre per season. |
|
|
7C |
Knack IGR (pyriproxyfen) |
8 fl oz |
12 |
3 |
Maximum of 2 applications, at least 14 days apart. No activity against adult insects. Onion (dry bulb only). |
|
|
23 |
Movento (spirotetramat) |
5 fl oz |
24 |
3 |
No more than 10 fl oz per season. |
|
|
28 |
Exirel (cyantraniliprole) |
13.5–20.5 fl oz |
12 |
1 |
Do not apply more than 0.4 lb a.i. per acre of cyazypyr- or cyantraniliprole-containing products per season. Toxic to bees. Rotate with other effective modes of action. Begin making applications when populations are low. If populations are above threshold, use an effective knockdown product prior to applying Exirel. |
|
|
28 |
Verimark (cyantraniliprole) |
Drip chemigation: 6.75–10 fl oz |
4 |
1 |
Do not apply more than 2 drip chemigation applications. Begin drip applications when populations first appear. Rotate with other effective modes of action. |
|
|
- |
Aza-Direct (azadirachtin) |
1–2 pt, up to 3.5 if needed |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Azatin XL (azadirachtin) |
5–21 fl oz |
4 |
0 |
Antifeedant, repellant, insect growth regulator. |
|
|
- |
BotaniGard ES (Beauveria bassiana) |
0.5–2 qt/100 gal |
4 |
0 |
May be used in greenhouses. Contact dealer for recommendations if an adjuvant must be used. Not compatible in tank mix with fungicides. |
|
|
- |
M-Pede (potassium salts of fatty acids) |
1%–2% v/v |
12 |
0 |
OMRI-listed. |
|
|
- |
Requiem EC (extract of Chenopodium ambrosioides) |
1.5–3.0 qt |
4 |
0 |
Begin as soon as thrips are seen. |
|
|
- |
Trilogy (extract of neem oil) |
0.5%–2.0% v/v |
4 |
0 |
Apply morning or evening to reduce potential for leaf burn. Toxic to bees exposed to direct treatment. OMRI-listed. |
|
|
Wireworms |
1B |
*Diazinon AG500 *Diazinon 50W (diazinon) |
AG500: 3–4 qt 50W: 4–8 lb |
72 |
preplant |
Do not make more than one soil application per year. For onions, bulb and green. |
|
1 Mode of Action (MOA) codes for plant pest insecticides from the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee (IRAC) Mode of Action Classification v. 8.2, March 2020 Number codes (1 through 29) are used to distinguish the main insecticide mode of action groups, with additional letters for certain subgroups within each main group. All insecticides within the same group (with the same number) indicate the same active ingredient or a similar mode of action. This information must be considered for the insecticide resistance management decisions. - = unknown, or a mode of action that has not been classified yet. 2 Information provided in this table applies only to Florida. Be sure to read a current product label before applying any product. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in the publication does not imply endorsement by UF/IFAS Extension nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. OMRI-listed: Listed by the Organic Materials Review Institute for use in organic production. * Restricted use insecticide. |
||||||
Table 6. Onion fungicides ordered by disease and then FRAC group according to their mode of action.
|
Pertinent Diseases or Pathogens |
Fungicide Group1 |
Chemical (Active Ingredients) |
Max Rate/Acre |
Min. Days to |
Remarks2 |
||
|
Appl. |
Season |
Harvest |
Reentry |
||||
|
Labels change frequently. Be sure to read a current product label before applying any chemical. Please refer to Chapter 19 for information on biopesticides, including materials labeled for certified organic production. |
|||||||
|
Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii) |
M1 |
(copper compounds) Many brands available: Badge SC, Badge X2, Champ DP, Champ F2 FL, Champ WG, Cuprofix Ultra 40D, Cuproxat, Cueva, Kentan DF, Kocide 2000, Kocide 3000, Kocide DF, Kop-hydroxide, Master Cop, Nordox, Nordox 75WG, Nu-Cop 3L, Nu-Cop 50DF, Nu-Cop HB |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
0 |
Varies by product from 4 hr to 2 days |
Frequent use of copper fungicides may cause foliar burn. |
|
|
|
M1 + M3 |
Mankocide (copper hydroxide + mancozeb) |
2.25 lb |
160 lb (per crop) |
7 |
2 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
(Suppression only) |
21 |
Actigard 50WG (acibenzolar-S-methyl) |
1 oz |
4 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not apply to plants that are stressed or prior or within 5 days of transplanting. Suppression only. |
|
(Suppression only) |
27 + 11 |
Tanos (cymoxanil + famoxadone) |
8 oz |
84 oz |
3 |
0.5 |
See label. |
|
Black mold (Aspergillus niger) |
9 + 12 |
Switch 62.5WG (cyprodinil + fludioxonil) |
14 oz |
56 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. Do not plant crops not on the label for 30 days after last application. |
|
Botrytis leaf blight (Botrytis squamosa) |
M1 + M3 |
Mankocide (copper hydroxide + mancozeb) |
2.25 lb |
160 lb (per crop) |
7 |
2 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
|
M3 |
(mancozeb) Many brands available: Dithane DF, Dithane F45, Dithane M45, Koverall, Manzate, Manzate Pro-Stik, Penncozeb 4FL, Penncozeb 75DF, Penncozeb 80WP, Roper DF |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
|
|
M5 |
(chlorothalonil) Many brands available: Bravo Ultrex, Bravo Weather Stik, Bravo Zn, Chloronil 720, Chlorothalonil 720 EC, Echo 720, Echo 90 DF, Echo Zn, Equus 500 Zn, Equus 720 SST, Equus DF, Initiate 720, Initiate ZN |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
Dry bulb: 7 Green: 14 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
(iprodione) Many brands available: Enclosure 4, Iprodione 4L AG, Meteor, Nevado 4F, Rovral 4 Flowable |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
|
|
|
(Suppression only) |
3 |
(propiconazole) Many brands available: Amtide Propiconazole 41.8% EC, Bumper 41.8 EC, Bumper ES, Fitness, Propicure, Propimax EC, Propistar EC, Shar-Shield PPZ, Tide Propiconazole EC, Tilt |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
See label |
0.5 |
|
|
|
|
3 + 7 |
Luna Experience (fluopyram + tebuconazole) |
12.8 fl oz |
25.6 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate with fungicides of dissimilar modes of action. |
|
|
4 + M5 |
Ridomil Gold Bravo SC (mefenoxam + chlorothalonil) |
See label |
|
Dry bulb: 7 Green: 14/21 |
2 |
|
|
|
7 |
Endura (boscalid) |
6.8 oz |
41 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
7 |
Fontelis (penthiopyrad) |
24 fl oz |
72 fl oz |
3 |
0.5 |
See label. |
|
|
7 + 3 |
Aprovia Top (difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr) |
10.5 fl oz |
54.0 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Adjuvant recommended. Do not exceed 4 applications per year. |
|
|
7 + 9 |
Luna Tranquility (fluopyram + pyrimethanil) |
27 fl oz |
54.7 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 applications per year. |
|
|
7 + 11 |
Merivon Xemium (fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin) |
11 fl oz |
33 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate with fungicides of dissimilar modes of action. |
|
|
9 |
Scala SC (pyrimethanil) |
18 fl oz |
54 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. |
|
|
9 |
Vangard WG (cyprodinil) |
10 oz |
28 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. |
|
|
9 + 3 |
Inspire Super (cyprodinil + difenoconazole) |
20 fl oz |
See label |
Green: 14 Dry bulb: 7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 applications before alternating with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
9 + 12 |
Switch 62.5WG (cyprodinil + fludioxonil) |
14 oz |
56 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. Do not plant crops not on the label for 30 days after last applications. |
|
(Suppression only) |
11 |
Cabrio EG (pyraclostrobin) |
12 oz |
72 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. Make no more than 5 applications/crop. |
|
|
11 |
Quadris (azoxystrobin) |
See label |
92.3 fl oz |
See label |
4 hr |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 + M5 |
Quadris Opti (azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil) |
3.7 pt |
See label |
14 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with different fungicide groups. Make no more than 3 applications/crop. Do not tank mix with COC, MSO, or silicon adjuvant. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quadris Top (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) |
14 fl oz |
42 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Make no more than 1 application before alternating to another fungicide with a non-QoI (Group 11) mode of action. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quilt Xcel (azoxystrobin + propiconazole) |
Dry bulb: 21 fl oz Green: 26 fl oz |
56 fl oz |
Dry bulb:14 Green: 0 |
0.5 |
Make only 1 application before alternating to a non-group 11 fungicide. |
|
|
11 + 7 |
Pristine (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) |
18.5 oz |
111 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. No more than 6 appl./crop. |
|
|
14 |
Botran 5F (DCNA dicloran) |
2 to 3.2 lb |
See label |
14 |
See labe |
See label. |
|
|
22 + M5 |
Zing (zoxamide + chlorothanil) |
30 fl oz |
7.5 qt |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 8 applications per year. |
|
|
29 |
Omega 500F (fluazinam) |
1 pt |
6 pt |
7 |
2 |
|
|
Botrytis neck rot (Botrytis allii) |
M3 |
(mancozeb) Many brands available: Dithane DF, Dithane F45, Dithane M45, Koverall, Manzate, Manzate Pro-Stik, Penncozeb 4FL, Penncozeb 75DF, Penncozeb 80WP, Roper DF |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
|
|
M5 |
(chlorothalonil) Many brands available: Bravo Ultrex, Bravo Weather Stik, Bravo Zn, Chloronil 720, Chlorothalonil 720 EC, Echo 720, Echo 90 DF, Echo Zn, Equus 500 Zn, Equus 720 SST, Equus DF, Initiate 720, Initiate ZN |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
Dry bulb: 7 Green: 14 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
(iprodione) Many brands available: Enclosure 4, Iprodione 4L AG, Meteor, Nevado 4F, Rovral 4 Flowable |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
7 |
Fontelis (penthiopyrad) |
24 fl oz |
72 fl oz |
3 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
7 + 3 |
Aprovia Top (difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr) |
10.5 fl oz |
54.0 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Adjuvant recommended. Do not exceed 4 applications per year. |
|
|
9 |
Scala SC (pyrimethanil) |
18 fl oz |
54 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. |
|
(Suppression only) |
9 |
Vangard WG (cyprodinil) |
10 oz |
28 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. |
|
(Suppression only) |
9 + 12 |
Switch 62.5WG (cyprodinil + fludioxonil) |
14 oz |
56 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. Do not plant crops not on the label for 30 days after last application. |
|
(Suppression only) |
11 + M5 |
Quadris Opti (azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil) |
3.7 pt |
See label |
14 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with different fungicide groups. Make no more than 3 applications/crop. Do not tank mix with COC, MSO, or silicon adjuvant. |
|
|
11 + 7 |
Pristine (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) |
18.5 oz |
111 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. No more than 6 applications/crop. |
|
|
14 |
Botran 5F (DCNA dicloran) |
3.5 lb |
See label |
14 |
See label |
|
|
|
29 |
Omega 500F (fluazinam) |
1 pt |
6 pt |
7 |
2 |
|
|
|
49 + M5 |
Orondis Opti (oxathiapiprolin + chlorothalonil) |
2.5 pt |
10 pt |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 sequential applications, and do not exceed more than 33% of all fungicide applications with Orondis. |
|
Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora duddiae) |
11 + 3 |
Quadris Top (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) |
14 fl oz |
42 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Make no more than 1 application before alternating to another fungicide with a non-QoI (Group 11) mode of action. |
|
Cladosporium leaf blotch (Cladosporium allii) |
7 + 3 |
Aprovia Top (difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr) |
10.5 fl oz |
54.0 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Adjuvant recommended. Do not exceed 4 applications per year. |
|
|
9 + 3 |
Inspire Super (cyprodinil + difenoconazole) |
20 fl oz |
See label |
Green: 14 Dry bulb: 7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 applications before alternating with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 |
Quadris (azoxystrobin) |
See label |
92.3 fl oz |
See label |
4 hr |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 + M5 |
Quadris Opti (azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil) |
3.7 pt |
See label |
14 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with different fungicide groups. Make no more than 3 applications/crop. Do not tank-mix with COC, MSO, or silicon adjuvant. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quadris Top (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) |
14 fl oz |
42 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Make no more than 1 application before alternating to another fungicide with a non-QoI (Group 11) mode of action. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quilt Xcel (azoxystrobin + propiconazole) |
Dry bulb: 21 fl oz Green: 26 fl oz |
56 fl oz |
Dry bulb: 14 Green: 0 |
0.5 |
Make only 1 application before alternating to a non-group 11 fungicide. |
|
Damping-off |
M3 |
(mancozeb) Many brands available: Dithane DF, Dithane F45, Dithane M45, Koverall, Manzate, Manzate Pro-Stik, Penncozeb 4FL, Penncozeb 75DF, Penncozeb 80WP |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
|
|
2 |
(iprodione) Many brands available: Enclosure 4, Iprodione 4L AG, Meteor, Nevado 4F, Rovral 4 Flowable |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
12 |
Cannonball WG (fludioxonil) |
7 oz |
32 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
12 |
Maxim 4FS (fludioxonil) |
0.16 fl oz/100 lb seed |
|
|
|
Seed treatment only. |
|
Downy mildew (Peronospora destructor) |
M1 |
(copper compounds) Many brands available: Badge SC, Badge X2, Basic Copper 53, Champ DP, Champ F2 FL, Champ WG, C-O-C DF, C-O-C-S WDG, C-O-C WP, Copper Count N, Cuprofix Ultra 40D, Cueva, Kentan DF, Kocide 2000, Kocide 3000, Kocide DF, Nordox, Nordox 75WP, Nu Cop 3L, Nu Cop 50DF, Nu Cop HB |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
0 |
Varies from 4 hr to 2 days. |
Frequent use of copper fungicides may cause foliar burn. |
|
|
|
M1 + M2 |
Top Cop with sulfur (basic copper sulfate + sulfur) |
2–3 qt |
See label |
0 |
1 |
Do not use during hot weather or within 4 weeks of an oil application. |
|
|
M1 + M3 |
Mankocide (copper hydroxide + mancozeb) |
2.25 lb |
160 lb (per crop) |
7 |
2 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
|
M3 |
(mancozeb) Many brands available: Dithane DF, Dithane F45, Dithane M45, Koverall, Manzate, Manzate Pro-Stik, Penncozeb 4FL, Penncozeb 75DF, Penncozeb 80WP |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
|
(Suppression only) |
M5 |
(chlorothalonil) Many brands available: Bravo Ultrex, Bravo Weather Stik, Bravo Zn, Chloronil 720, Chlorothalonil 720 EC, Echo 720, Echo 90 DF, Echo Zn, Equus 500 Zn, Equus 720 SST, Equus DF, Initiate 720, Initiate ZN |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
Green: 14 Dry bulb: 7 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
4 + M1 |
Ridomil Gold/Copper (mefenoxam + copper hydroxide) |
2 lb |
|
Green: 7 Dry bulb: 10 |
2 |
Maximum 0.4 lb/A a.i. of metalaxyl or mefenoxam. |
|
|
4 + M3 |
Ridomil Gold MZ WG (mefenoxam + mancozeb) |
2.5 lb |
|
Dry bulb: 7 |
2 |
|
|
|
4 + M5 |
Ridomil Gold Bravo SC (mefenoxam + chlorothalonil) |
See label |
|
Dry bulb: 7 Green: 14/21 |
2 |
|
|
|
11 |
Cabrio EG (pyraclostrobin) |
12 oz |
72 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. Make no more than 5 applications/crop. |
|
|
11 |
Quadris (azoxystrobin) |
See label |
92.3 fl oz |
See label |
4 hr |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 |
Reason 500SC (fenamidone) |
5.5 fl oz |
22 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 + M5 |
Quadris Opti (azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil) |
3.7 pt |
See label |
14 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. Make no more than 3 applications/crop. Do not tank-mix with COC, MSO, or silicon adjuvant. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quilt Xcel (azoxystrobin + propiconazole) |
Dry bulb: 21 fl oz Green: 26 fl oz |
56 fl oz |
Dry bulb: 14 Green: 0 |
0.5 |
Make only 1 application before alternating to a non-group 11 fungicide. |
|
(Suppression only) |
11 + 7 |
Pristine (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) |
18.5 oz |
111 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. No more than 6 appl./crop. |
|
(Suppression only) |
21 |
Actigard 50WG (acibenzolar-S-methyl) |
1 oz |
4 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not apply to plants that are stressed or prior or within 5 days transplanting. |
|
|
21 |
Ranman (cyazofamid) |
3 fl oz |
16.5 fl oz |
0 |
0.5 |
Alternate with fungicides of dissimilar modes of action. Do not make more than 3 sequential applications. |
|
|
22 + M5 |
Zing (zoxamide + chlorothanil) |
30 fl oz |
7.5 qt |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 8 applications per year. |
|
|
27 + 11 |
Tanos (cymoxanil + famoxadone) |
8 oz |
84 oz |
3 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
29 |
Omega 500F (fluazinam) |
1 pt |
6 pt |
7 |
2 |
|
|
|
33 |
Aliette WDG Linebacker WDG (fosetyl-Al) |
3 lb |
7 appl. |
See label |
See label |
Do not tank mix with copper fungicides, adjuvants or foliar fertilizers. |
|
|
33 |
(mono- and dipotassium salts of phosphorous acid) Many brands available: Alude, Confine Extra, Fosiphite, Fungi-Phite, K-Phite 7LP, Oxiphos, Phiticide, Prophyt, Phostrol, Rampart, Reveille |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
0 |
4 hr |
See label for details. |
|
|
|
40 |
Forum (dimethomorph) |
6 oz |
30 oz |
0 |
0.5 |
Must be applied in a tank mix with another fungicide active against downy mildew. Do not make more than 2 sequential applications. |
|
|
40 |
Revus (mandipropamid) |
8 fl oz |
Dry: 32 fl oz Green: 24 fl oz |
7 |
4 hr |
Make no more than 2 consecutive applications before switching to a non-group 40 fungicide. A silicon-based adjuvant must be added at recommended rates. |
|
|
40 + 45 |
Zampro (dimethomorph + ametoctradin) |
14 fl oz |
42 fl oz |
0 |
0.5 |
See label. |
|
|
43 |
Presidio (fluopicolide) |
4 fl oz |
|
2 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 4 applications of Presidio per season. |
|
|
49 + M5 |
Orondis Opti (oxathiapiprolin + chlorothalonil) |
2.5 pt |
10 pt |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 sequential applications and do not exceed more than 33% of all fungicide applications with Orondis. |
|
|
49 + 40 |
Orondis Ultra (oxathiapiprolin + mandipropamid) |
8 fl oz |
Dry: 32 fl oz Green: 24 fl oz |
7 |
4 hr |
Do not make more than 2 sequential applications and do not exceed more than 33% of all fungicide applications with Orondis. |
|
Iris Yellow Spot (Iris yellow spot virus) (Suppression only) |
21 |
Actigard 50WG (acibenzolar-S-methyl) |
1 oz |
4 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not apply to plants that are stressed or prior or within 5 days transplanting. Suppression only. |
|
Powdery mildew |
M2 |
(sulfur) Many brands available: Kumulus DF, Microfine Sulfur, Micro Sulf, Microthiol Disperss, Sulfur 90W, Yellow Jacket Wettable Sulfur |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
0 |
1 |
Do not use during hot weather or within 4 weeks of an oil application. |
|
|
|
7 |
Fontelis (penthiopyrad) |
24 fl oz |
72 fl oz |
3 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
7 + 3 |
Aprovia Top (difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr) |
10.5 fl oz |
54.0 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Adjuvant recommended. Do not exceed 4 applications per year. |
|
|
9 + 3 |
Inspire Super (cyprodinil + difenoconazole) |
20 fl oz |
See label |
Green: 14 Dry bulb: 7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 applications before alternating with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 |
Cabrio EG (pyraclostrobin) |
12 oz |
72 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. Make no more than 5 appl./crop. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quadris Top (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) |
14 fl oz |
42 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Make no more than 1 application before alternating to another fungicide with a non-QoI (Group 11) mode of action. |
|
Purple blotch (Alternaria porri) |
M1 |
(copper compounds) Many brands available: Badge SC, Badge X2, Basic Copper 53, Champ DP, Champ F2 FL, Champ WG, C-O-C DF, C-O-C-S WDG, C-O-C WP, Copper Count N, Cueva, Cuprofix Ultra 40D, Cuproxat, Kentan DF, Kocide 2000, Kocide 3000, Kocide DF, Kop-hydroxide, Nordox, Nordox 75WP, Nu Cop 3L, Nu Cop 50DF, Nu Cop HB |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
0 |
Varies from 4 hr to 2 days. |
Frequent use of copper fungicides may cause foliar burn. |
|
|
|
M1 + M2 |
Top Cop with sulfur (basic copper sulfate + sulfur) |
3 qt |
See label |
0 |
1 |
Do not use during hot weather or within 4 weeks of an oil application. |
|
|
M1 + M3 |
Mankocide (copper hydroxide + mancozeb) |
2.25 lb |
160 lb (per crop) |
7 |
2 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
|
M3 |
(mancozeb) Many brands available: Dithane DF, Dithane F45, Dithane M45, Koverall, Manzate, Manzate Pro-Stik, Penncozeb 4FL, Penncozeb 75DF, Penncozeb 80WP, Roper DF |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
|
|
M5 |
(chlorothalonil) Many brands available: Bravo Ultrex, Bravo Weather Stik, Bravo Zn, Chloronil 720, Chlorothalonil 720 EC, Echo 720, Echo 90 DF, Echo Zn, Equus 500 Zn, Equus 720 SST, Equus DF, Initiate 720, Initiate Zn |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
Green: 14 Dry bulb: 7 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
2 |
(iprodione) Many brands available: Enclosure 4, Iprodione 4L AG, Meteor, Nevado 4F, Rovral 4 Flowable |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
3 |
(propiconazole) Many brands available: Amtide Propiconazole 41.8% EC, Bumper 41.8 EC, Bumper ES, Fitness, Propimax EC, Propistar EC, Shar-Shield PPZ, Tide Propionazole EC, Tilt |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
See label |
0.5 |
|
|
|
|
3 |
(tebuconazole) Many brands available: Monsoon, Onset 3.6L, Orius 3.6 F, Tebu-Crop 3.6F, Tebustar 3.6 L, Tebuzol 3.6F, Toledo |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
|
3 + M5 |
Muscle ADV (tebuconazole + chlorothalonil) |
1.6 pt |
3.2 pt |
7 |
0.5 |
Apply in a protective fungicide schedule. |
|
|
3 + 7 |
Luna Experience (fluopyram + tebuconazole) |
12.8 fl oz |
25.6 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate with fungicides of dissimilar modes of action. |
|
|
4 + M5 |
Ridomil Gold Bravo SC (mefenoxam + chlorothalonil) |
See label |
|
Dry bulb: 7 Green: 14/21 |
2 |
|
|
|
7 |
Endura (boscalid) |
6.8 oz |
41 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
7 |
Fontelis (penthiopyrad) |
24 fl oz |
72 fl oz |
3 |
0.5 |
See label. |
|
|
7 + 3 |
Aprovia Top (difenoconazole + benzovindiflupyr) |
10.5 fl oz |
54.0 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Adjuvant recommended. Do not exceed 4 applications per year. |
|
|
7 + 9 |
Luna Tranquility (fluopyram + pyrimethanil) |
27 fl oz |
54.7 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 applications per year. |
|
|
7 + 11 |
Merivon Xemium (fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin) |
11 fl oz |
33 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate with fungicides of dissimilar modes of action. |
|
|
9 |
Scala SC (pyrimethanil) |
18 fl oz |
54 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. |
|
|
9 |
Vangard WG (cyprodinil) |
10 oz |
28 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. |
|
|
9 + 3 |
Inspire Super (cyprodinil + difenoconazole) |
20 fl oz |
See label |
Green: 14 Dry bulb: 7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 applications before alternating with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
9 + 12 |
Switch 62.5WG (cyprodinil + fludioxonil) |
14 oz |
56 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. Do not plant crops not on the label for 30 days after last application. |
|
|
11 |
Cabrio EG (pyraclostrobin) |
12 oz |
72 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. Make no more than 5 applications/crop. |
|
|
11 |
Quadris (azoxystrobin) |
See label |
92.3 fl oz |
See label |
4 hr |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 |
Reason 500SC (fenamidone) |
5.5 fl oz |
22 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 + M5 |
Quadris Opti (azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil) |
3.7 pt |
See label |
14 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with different fungicide groups. Make no more than 3 applications/crop. Do not tank-mix with COC, MSO, or silicon adjuvant. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quadris Top (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) |
14 fl oz |
42 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Make no more than 1 application before alternating to another fungicide with a non-QoI (Group 11) mode of action. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quilt Xcel (azoxystrobin + propiconazole) |
Dry bulb: 21 fl oz Green: 26 fl oz |
56 fl oz |
Dry bulb: 14 Green: 0 |
0.5 |
Make only 1 application before alternating to a non-group 11 fungicide. |
|
|
11 + 7 |
Pristine (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) |
18.5 oz |
111 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. No more than 6 appl./crop. |
|
|
22 + M5 |
Zing (zoxamide + chlorothalonil) |
30 fl oz |
7.5 qt |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 8 applications per year. |
|
|
27 + 11 |
Tanos (cymoxanil + famoxadone) |
8 oz |
84 oz |
3 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
29 |
Omega 500F (fluazinam) |
1 pt |
6 pt |
7 |
2 |
|
|
(Suppression only) |
33 |
Aliette WDG Linebacker WDG (fosetyl-Al) |
3 lb |
7 appl. |
See label |
See label |
Do not tank mix with copper fungicides, adjuvants, or foliar fertilizers. |
|
|
49 + M5 |
Orondis Opti (oxathiapiprolin + chlorothalonil) |
2.5 pt |
10 pt |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 sequential applications, and do not exceed more than 33% of all fungicide applications with Orondis. |
|
Pythium damping-off |
4 |
(mefenoxam) Many brands available: Apron XL, Ridomil Gold EC, Ridomil Gold SL, Ultra Flourish |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
N/A |
2 |
|
|
|
|
4 |
(metalaxyl) Many brands available: Allegiance, Aquire, MetaStar 2E, Sebring 2.65 ST, Sebring 318 FS, Sebring 480 FS |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
11 + 4 |
Uniform (azoxystrobin + mefenoxam) |
See label |
|
|
|
|
|
Rhizoctonia damping off |
11 |
Dynasty (azoxystrobin) |
0.38 fl oz/100 lb seed |
See label |
See label |
4 hr |
Seed treatment only. |
|
|
11 |
Quadris (azoxystrobin) |
0.8 fl oz/1000 row feet |
See label |
0 |
4 hr |
|
|
|
11 + 4 |
Uniform (azoxystrobin + mefenoxam) |
See label |
|
|
|
|
|
Rust (Puccinia allii) |
3 |
(tebuconazole) Many brands available: Monsoon, Onset 3.6L, Orius 3.6 F, Tebu-Crop 3.6F, Tebustar 3.6 L, Tebuzol 3.6F, Toledo |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
|
3 + M5 |
Muscle ADV (tebuconazole + chlorothalonil) |
1.6 pt |
3.2 pt |
7 |
0.5 |
Apply in a protective fungicide schedule. |
|
|
9 + 3 |
Inspire Super (cyprodinil + difenoconazole) |
20 fl oz |
See label |
Green: 14 Dry bulb: 7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 applications before alternating with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 |
Cabrio EG (pyraclostrobin) |
12 oz |
72 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. Make no more than 5 appl./crop. |
|
|
11 |
Quadris (azoxystrobin) |
See label |
92.3 fl oz |
See label |
4 hr |
Alternate applications with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quilt Xcel (azoxystrobin + propiconazole) |
Dry bulb: 21 fl oz Green: 26 fl oz |
56 fl oz |
Dry bulb: 14 Green: 0 |
0.5 |
Make only 1 application before alternating to a non-group 11 fungicide. |
|
Seedling blight |
M3 |
(mancozeb) Many brands available: Dithane DF, Dithane F45, Dithane M45, Koverall, Manzate, Manzate Pro-Stik, Penncozeb 4FL, Penncozeb 75DF, Penncozeb 80WP, Roper DF |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
Do not apply to exposed bulbs. |
|
|
|
11 |
Dynasty (azoxystrobin) |
0.38 fl oz/100 lb seed |
See label |
See label |
4 hr |
|
|
|
12 |
Maxim 4FS Spirato 480 FS (fludioxonil) |
0.16 fl oz/100 lb seed |
- |
- |
0.5 |
|
|
|
14 |
Botran 5F (DCNA dicloran) |
3.5 lb |
See label |
14 |
See label |
|
|
Stemphylium blight (Stemphylium vesicarium) |
2 |
(iprodione) Many brands available: Enclosure 4, Iprodione 4L AG, Meteor, Nevado 4F, Rovral 4 Flowable |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
7 |
Fontelis (penthiopyrad) |
24 fl oz |
72 fl oz |
3 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
9 + 3 |
Inspire Super (cyprodinil + difenoconazole) |
20 fl oz |
See label |
Green: 14 Dry bulb: 7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 applications before alternating with a different fungicide group. |
|
|
9 + 12 |
Switch 62.5WG (cyprodinil + fludioxonil) |
14 oz |
56 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. Do not plant crops not on the label for 30 days after last application. |
|
|
11 + 3 |
Quadris Top (azoxystrobin + difenoconazole) |
14 fl oz |
42 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Make no more than 1 application before alternating to another fungicide with a non-QoI (Group 11) mode of action. |
|
|
11 + 7 |
Pristine (pyraclostrobin + boscalid) |
18.5 oz |
111 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. No more than 6 appl./crop. |
|
|
29 |
Omega (fluazinam) |
1 pt |
6 pt |
7 |
1 |
Begin sprays at first development and continue on 7–14 day schedule. |
|
White rot (Sclerotium cepivorum) |
1 |
(thiophanate-methyl) Many brands available: Incognito 4.5 F, NuFarm T-Methyl 4.5 F, NuFarm T-Methyl 70 WSB, Thiophanate-methyl 85 WDG, Topsin 4.5 FL, Topsin M 70 WDG, Topsin M 70 WP, Topsin M WSB |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
3 |
(tebuconazole) Many brands available: Onset 3.6L, Orius 3.6 F, Tebu-Crop 3.6F, Tebustar 3.6 L, Tebuzol 3.6F, Toledo |
SEE INDIVIDUAL LABEL |
7 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
|
7 |
Fontelis (penthiopyrad) |
24 fl oz |
72 fl oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Spray into empty furrow at time of planting. |
|
|
9 + 12 |
Switch 62.5WG (cyprodinil + fludioxonil) |
14 oz |
56 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
Do not make more than 2 consecutive applications. Do not plant crops not on the label for 30 days after last application. |
|
|
11 + M5 |
Quadris Opti (azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil) |
3.7 pt |
See label |
14 |
0.5 |
Alternate applications with different fungicide groups. Make no more than 3 appl./crop. Do not tank mix with COC, MSO, or silicon adjuvant. |
|
|
12 |
Cannonball WG (fludioxonil) |
7 oz |
32 oz |
7 |
0.5 |
|
|
|
12 |
Maxim 4FS (fludioxonil) |
0.16 fl oz/100 lb seed |
- |
- |
0.5 |
|
|
|
14 |
Botran 5F (DCNA dicloran) |
3.5 lb |
See label |
14 |
0.5 |
|
|
1 FRAC code (fungicide group): Number (1 through 45) and letters (U and P) are used to distinguish the fungicide mode of action groups. All fungicides within the same group (with the same number or letter) indicate the same active ingredient or a similar mode of action. This information must be considered for the fungicide resistance management decisions. U = unknown, or a mode of action that has not been classified yet and is typically associated with another number; P = host plant defense inducers. Source: FRAC Code List 2021; http://www.frac.info/ (FRAC = Fungicide Resistance Action Committee). 2 Information provided in this table applies only to Florida. Be sure to read a current product label before applying any chemical. The use of brand names and any mention or listing of commercial products or services in the publication does not imply endorsement by UF/IFAS Extension nor discrimination against similar products or services not mentioned. |
|||||||
Table 7. Nonfumigant nematicides for onion and alliums.
|
Product |
Application Directions |
|---|---|
|
Velum (a.i. fluopyram) |
Apply 6.5–6.8 fl oz/acre either (1) preplant banded or broadcast spray directed to the soil and incorporated into the planting bed or (2) via chemigation into root zone through low-pressure drip, trickle, microsprinkler, or equivalent irrigation. Minimum 14-day interval between applications. Do not apply more than 13.7 fl oz of Velum (0.446 lb fluopyram) per acre per year, regardless of formulation or method of application (soil or foliar). Do not apply within 30 days of harvest. |
Table 8. Fumigant nematicides for onion and alliums
|
Nematicide |
Broadcast Application1 |
In-the-Row Applications |
|
|
Gallons or lb per Acre |
fl oz/1000 ft/chisel spaced 12" apart |
||
|
Telone II |
9 to 12 gal |
26 to 35 |
For any row spacing, application rates given may be concentrated in the row but shall never exceed the labeled maximum for broadcast applications. Consult the product label for additional detail. |
|
Telone C-17 |
10.8 to 17.1 gal |
31.8 to 50.2 |
For any row spacing, application rates given may be concentrated in the row but shall never exceed the labeled maximum for broadcast applications. Consult the product label for additional detail. |
|
Telone C-35 |
13 to 20.5 gal |
38 to 60 |
For any row spacing, application rates given may be concentrated in the row but shall never exceed labeled maximum for broadcast applications. Consult the product label for additional detail. |
|
Pic-Clor 60 |
19 to 31.5 gal |
57 to 90 |
For any row spacing, application rates should never exceed the labeled maximum for broadcast applications. Consult the product label for additional detail. |
|
Vapam HL |
75 gal |
- |
For drip or in-row chisel fumigation, consult product label for proportionately reduced overall rates, drip concentration, and flow-modifying directions. |
|
KPam HL |
60 gal |
- |
For drip or in-row chisel fumigation, consult product label for proportionately reduced overall rates, drip concentration, and flow-modifying directions. |
|
Allyl Isothiocyanate (AITC) Dominus |
40 gal |
- |
For drip or in-row fumigation and crop termination, consult product label for overall rates, drip concentration, and flow-modifying directions. |
|
1 Gallons/acre and fl oz/1000 feet provided only for mineral soils. Higher rates may be possible for heavier-textured (loam, silt, clay) or highly organic soils. 2 All of the fumigants mentioned are for retail sale and use only by state-certified applicators or persons under their direct supervision. New supplemental labeling for the Telone products must be in the hands of the user at the time of application. See new label details for additional use restrictions based on soil characteristics, buffer zones, requirements for Fumigant Management Plans (FMP) and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), mandatory good agricultural practices (GAPs), product and applicator training certification, and other use and rate-modifying recommendations and restrictions. 3 Higher application rates are possible in the presence of cyst-forming nematodes. Rates are believed to be correct for products named, and similar products of other brand names, when applied to mineral soils. Higher rates are required for muck (organic) soils. However, the grower has the final responsibility to see that each product is used legally; read the label of the product to be sure that you are using it properly. |
|||
