Dry Heat: Baking, Roasting, and Broiling

M. Arick, K. Zamojski, and A. Simonne


This publication is the first in a series of documents to complement A Healthy Table Virtual Cooking School. The purpose is to educate the general public on how to safely prepare healthy meals at home.

Research suggests there are many health benefits to preparing meals at home. For example, it is possible to use healthier recipes that include more wholesome ingredients lower in saturated fats, sodium, and sugar. Healthier recipes that include more fruits and vegetables make more nutrient-dense meals. Portion sizes are more easily controlled at home. By embracing food safety as well as healthy meal preparation and practices, home-prepared meals can lead to better health outcomes.

Recognizing the differences among various cooking methods is an important step in meal preparation. The preparation method used varies by recipe. The term “baking” is commonly applied to cooking food in the oven. Although the terms “baking” and “roasting” seem to be used interchangeably, there are a few differences. Broiling is a distinct cooking method. All three cooking methods use dry heat.

Cooking technique selection display on an oven.
Figure 1. Cooking technique selection display on an oven.
Credit: Marie Arick

Baking takes a food product from one state to another. A good example would be cake batter transforming into a cake. Baking browns the outside of the product while also cooking the inside.

With roasting, the food product holds its basic shape. Roasting uses a higher heat than baking, leading to a crisper exterior while also cooking the inside of the food. Some foods that are often roasted include vegetables, chicken, and various beef and pork cuts.

Broiling uses the top oven element and high heat to cook or sear food quickly. It crisps the outside while keeping the inside of the food moist. Broiling is generally used for leaner and thinner cuts of meat, fish, and vegetables. The broiler setting is versatile; it can be used to brown an already cooked food such as a casserole or melt cheese for toast or nachos.

Cooking Method

Cooking Temperature

Heat Source

Impact on Food Product

Baking

375°F or less

Heat from the bottom of the oven

Basic food form changes

Roasting

400°F to 475°F or more

Heat comes from the bottom and top of the oven

Food retains basic shape

Broiling

500°F to 550°F

Heat from the top of the oven

High heat, fast cooking; ideal for thinner foods, searing, melting

Additionally, there are two types of ovens. The chart below describes the differences between a conventional oven and a convection oven.

Oven Type

Cooking Time

Advantages

Disadvantages

Conventional

Standard to most recipes.

Delicate baked goods are not disturbed by the fan.

Heat is provided by the element under the food and can cook unevenly.

Convection

Shorter cooking time; must adjust cooking times on recipe unless convection is specified.

Fan utilized to distribute heat more evenly to provide an even cooking of the food.

Can interfere with the rise of cakes or other baked goods.

Cooking to the appropriate internal temperature ensures food is safe for consumption. Utilize a calibrated food thermometer to ensure appropriate doneness.

Food

Optimal Internal Cooking Temperature

Breads—yeast-crusted

210°F

Soft rolls

190°F

Quick breads, cakes, biscuits

200°F–210°F

Casseroles

165°F

Fish and shellfish

145°F

Eggs

160°F

Ground meats except poultry

160°F

Ground poultry

165°F

Ham

145°F

Steak, chops, roasts—beef, pork, veal, and lamb

145°F

Remember to include a variety of fruits and vegetables in your main dishes and side dishes. Preparing and eating meals together is not only a fun way to teach healthy eating habits and cooking skills, but it is also a great way to connect with each other at the end of the day.

Resources

USDA Safe Minimum Internal Temperatures: https://www.fsis.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsis/topics/food-safety-education/get-answers/food-safety-fact-sheets/safe-food-handling/safe-minimum-internal-temperature-chart/ct_index

Baking Food Safety 101: https://www.homebaking.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/bakingfoodsafety101-1.pdf

“Health and Social Determinants and Outcomes of Home Cooking: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies”: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0195666316309576

“Cooking at Home: A Strategy to Comply with U.S. Dietary Guidelines at No Extra Cost”: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0749379717300235?casa_token=9YWtpm-q2ooAAAAA:fqy1NuW45UCcTVK50y-5j6AfW33kB9Y_RZXVpUTlHd0BstxCdidp48Nsuzfkh-wH0Iby9bA7DXQ

Cooking Foods with Dry Heat (Dieticians of Canada): https://www.unlockfood.ca/en/Articles/Cooking-Food-Preparation/Food-Dictionary--Cooking-Foods-with-Dry-Heat-Methods.aspx